Some episodes of the 1755 Acadian Deportation
Beaubassin / Grand-Pré / Pisiguit

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HISTORICAL NOTES

1755 - Acadian Deportation

In the early fall of 1755, over 8,000 people were forcibly
removed from their homes.... here are
some episodes with the St-Castin, when, yes, people also escaped ....

by Danielle Duval LeMyre

e-mail: stcastin1685@yahoo.com  or  dlemyre@yahoo.com
CANADA 514 995-4677
www.oocities.org/strivingmom/acadia.html

The story of how Louis d'Abbadie de St-Castin, born in 1713,
his cousin Joseph (St-Castin) Meunier
and his other Abenakis cousins helped the people of
Beaubassin and Grand-Pre escape the British
on three separate occasions, in 1746, 1750 and in 1755
during the Great Deportation of the 7,000-8,000 Acadians.
Each time is a story of it's own, and they go like this:

* * * * * * * *

First event where St-Castin were mentioned during The Troubles
(reported by the historian Sir Charles Lucas):

In December of 1746 Shirley of Massachussetts sent Colonel Noble with 500 men
to Grand Pre in an effort to make the supposedly NEW subjects of
his British Majesty understand their new position,
and these troups occupied the village.
They were quartered throughout the village,
taking no sufficient precautions against surprise;
De Ramezay who had been wounded in an accident
sent Coulon de Villiers to lead an attack on the British
at the end of January 1747,
with the inside help of people from the village,
including Robardis and Joseph Meunier (St-Castin by his mother Claire), b. 1689,
and his family who were residents of the village,
including Louis de St Castin (b.1713, son of Anselme)
who was often living in the household of this cousin who had been raised
with his Father to which he was very close.
Under the cover of night, on February 10 1747,
one party and another attacked the detached houses where the English were lodged;
Colonel Noble and over seventy of his followers were killed,
sixty were wounded, fifty-four were taken prisonners.
The rest capitulated on condition of safe return to Annapolis
and were marched out on February 14.

* * * * * * * *

The second event took place in April 1750: the French had occupied a hill called Beausejour, just across the bay from Beaubassin (Grand Pre) and Cornwallis sent 400 men under Major Lawrence to occupy a position in Beaubassin, directly in front of the French, but when they arrived in the town, Lawrence and his men found Beaubassin in flames,(a few dozens of houses) a fire set by LeLoutre and the Abenakis (still under a St-Castin) in an effort to stop the British and to force the remaining French to cross over the French lines. The commandant of the French Fort at Beausejour was De Vergor, son of Duchambon, with LeLoutre at his side. This fire in Beaubassin was a precursor of the larger one set this time by the same Lawrence and his men in December 1755, when over 600 houses along the coast were burnt down.

* * * * * * * *

In 1749 the Acadian population was still around 13,000 souls, but five years later, it was down to 9,000 souls because of the emigration of the residents to other French locations.

* * * * * * * *

The third event involving a St-Castin happened in August 1755:
During the month of May 1755, Lawrence takes away all light crafts and all arms from the people of Port Royal, Grand Pre and other towns. Also the people are kept ignorant of the June/July capitulation of the French Fort Beausejour, and of the July French victory at Fort Duquesne (Pittsburg), lost by Major Edward Braddock, defeat which stung and humiliated the British greatly. On August 1st 1755 Lawrence arrests the last three priests still left in Acadia: L'abbe Chaulvreux of St-Charles-des-Mines in Grand Pre who had preached subsurvience to the British to his flock; l'abbe LeMaire of La Riviere aux Canards who first went to each of his large region chapels to eat the Holy Emblems before giving himself up on August 10 at Fort Pisiguit, and l'abbe Daudin from Annapolis Royal who is arrested as he is saying Mass, though permission is given him to finish it.

When the ordinance to gather on August 9 1755 was given to the people they were suspicious, but no one expected what had been arranged. They were told that "this convocation by the Governor of Halifax is about the conservation of your land" So four hundred individuals did go, as ordered, to Fort Cumberland to listen to the reading of this letter of the Governor and were immediaqtly put under arrest and made prisonners. Since most people of Beaubassin, Chipoudy, Petitcodiac and Memramcook had taken to the woods (being also helped by the Micmacs and Abenakis) on the advice of l'abbe LeGuerne, there was room for the 400 prisonners on the few ships from Massachussetts and for another 140 individuals (mostly the wives of the prisonners who chose to go on board voluntarily rather than be separated from their loved ones).

On August 26, 1755, French Lt Boishebert, commandant at Miramichi, with 30 soldiers, 100 settlers or men, including a St-Castin, and several Abenaquis, encountered 200 men under Major Frye who had just finished burning the Church of Chipoudy and 181 houses near it, and was now just about to set fire to 250 houses in Petitcoudiac. Boishebert attacks the British as they set fire to the Church of Petitcoudiac and the Englis retreat, leaving 50 dead and 60 wounded. This was how over 200 families escaped the Deportation and took to the maquis. Most went to St.John River or Quebec and those who spentthe winter hiding in Shediac and Cocagne went to Miramichi in the spring, whereas many followed the advice of l'abbe LeGuerne and went to "Ile St-Jean" (P.E.I) by the way of Green Bay, still others went up to the Baie des Chaleurs.

* * * * * * * *

September 2nd 1755 Proclamation by Colonel John Winslow:

It's Excellence Lt-Governor Lawrence wishes to make known the wishes of Her Majesty in a convocation to all people, men, women, children and elderly on September 5th 1755 in the Church of Grand Pre at 3 PM. No excuse shall be permitted.

The same letter was also distributed by Captain Alexander Murray in Pisiguit and Cobequid but there were few people still there, they had run away to P.E.I. or the St.John River.

So, there, one month after the beginning of the transports, the same scenario was being re-enacted: on Friday September 5th 1755, 418 Acadians gather in the Church of St-Charles-des-Mines.

They are told they are prisonners: the speech by Winslow is translated in French by Deschamps, a Protestant Huguenot clerk for the storekeeper MAUGER.

Five transports arrive on Sunday September 7 to start boarding the prisonners on Wednesday September 10 at la Riviere Gaspareaux, a mile and a half from the actual Souvenir-Church at Place Evangeline.

At that time, Grandpre and Le Bassin des Mines had almost 8,000 cattle, 9,000 sheep, 4,000 pigs and 500 horses.

Winslow's journal of the events was found in the Archives of Boston in 1825. In it he tells how the authorities were worried by the agitation, restlessness and secrecy between the people, so they called their best interpretor, le pere Landry (Francois) and explained how they would be separated in groups of fifty per ship, starting with the young men, in the five ships.

First they refused to go without their fathers, but when bayonnets were pointed to their families, they went slowly, praying, singing while crying. By September 19, Winslow informs Lawrence that he has 530 prisonners, of which 230 are in the ships bowels. Because of the delays to get more ships, Winslow allows the wives and children to bring foodstuff to their men on the ships. On October 8 1755, Winslow in Grand Pre and Murray in Pisiguit decide to "pile in" as many bodies and to set sail. Eighty families were then brought on board in GrandPre, but another 98 families of 600 souls were still awaiting shipment.

On October 27 1755, fourteen transport ships of Grand Pre, Riviere-aux-Canards, Pisiguit and Cobequid, which is a total of 2,900 souls, meet the ten other ships which have been waiting for them for a month, in the Bay of Fundy, the previous 1900 souls from Beaubassin area, which are dying by the day from mal-nourishment and pestilence.

Many of the ships had been requesitioned: they were old and in need of repairs. Because of the lenghty proceedings, when expected ships did not arrive on time, especially bad management, the lack of foodstuff killed many who simply died of hunger and the pestilences had easy preys. Yes, there were some ships who shipwrecked and some bodies thus survived and
there is at least one instance, the Pembroke where the crew was subdued, as reported by l'Abbe Casgrain, when a strongman (Casgrain said: Beaulieu, but it was Charles Beliveau) overpowered the Captain, opened "l'écoutille" and after subduying the ship landed it's 32 families (225 people) who came from the Port Royal region at the St.John River. But, in general, it is a certainty, only a fraction of the prisonners survived the first five years of captivity, whence conditions changed when France lost it's foothold in North America in 1759 and the survivors of the Deportation were included in the 1763 Treaty of Paris.

In 1785, permission would be granted to any deportee who had survived the Deportation, or their descendants, to go to Louisiana. At that time, many tried to go back to Nova Scotia, and few of those who made it back chose to remain because everything was changed: the English settlers were now occupying the area. Still they did form Acadian nucleuses, here and there, with old customs mixed with curious ones brought back from wherever they had lived.

On the positive side, this awfull mess was a lesson to the British government which forged future better living terms for the colonists; the British were probably more careful of their handling of the situation. Also, when in 1759 England gained these new possessions, these 1755 tragic events were certainly conducive to a greater obedience from the general population of the newly conquered New France.

In 1755 the population had been dispersed along the Atlantic seacoast, Louisiana and the Seaward Islands or sent to English prisons in Falmouth, Liverpool or SouthHampton, then resettled in France, in regions like the Poitou or in towns like Bordeaux or Belle-Ile-en-Mer which the personal property of LOUIS XV, an island off the coast of Brittany where Alexandre LeBorgne had once lived. READ BELLE-ISLE.

The great kindness of countless French small towns and their inhabitants helped the survivors and many chose to remain there after 1785.

* * * * * * * *

So, altogether, in 1755, two thirds of the inhabitants of Beaubassin and the isthmus of Chignectou escaped Lawrence's men during the actual Great Deportation.

RECORDS

On the other hand, all the Church records were burnt and there were usually no name records of the people who were on each ship, so genealogically, for the next ten years the families had to rely on oral records, stories transmitted to their children during the next thirty years.
Indeed, on the National level, 3000 souls would escape the English during 1755-1756 Deportation and of the 11,000 people who were supposed to be taken away, only 7,000 were sent to the other states, including Louisiana, or held three years (if they survived it!) in England in the prisons of Falmouth, Liverpool, Southampton and/or taken to be re-settled in Bordeaux, France.

The re-settlement was helped by the great kindness of countless French small towns who would make room for 5-10 families, as on the Island of Belle-Ile-en-Mer, off the coast of Brittany which was the personal property of Louis XV and which extended welcome to 78 Acadian families in their four villages, or the lands which were given in the Poitou in later years.

The stories of heroism (as depicted in Longfellow's novel of Evangeline) in these years were screenplays on our heart which remembers. "...Remember, so slow were the days, fraught with anxiety and insecurity and so fast were the nights gone, alone together in the warm blankets, so secure, and yet with such an early daybreak standing behind the window...

* * * * * * * *

Much Info taken from:
"
Columbia Encyclopedia" (1942),

"Histoire de l'Acadie" 
by Bona Arsenault (1978)

"Maine, Resources, Attractions and it's People, a History"
Compiled by Harrie B. Coe, The Lewis Historical Publishing Company (1928)

"
Historical Geography of the British Dominions: Vol.5 Canada"
by Sir Charles Lucas
Oxford, 1923
"


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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Danielle Duval LeMyre

* * * * * * * * *

What happened to the Acadians who were deported???
The following shows an example of what you can find at the page Belle-Ile-en-Mer, where there is a list of the Acadians who were welcomed in Belle-Ile-en-Mer in 1763 was compiled by
MR RENE DALIGAUT
the Director for the History Association of Belle-Ile-en-Mer,
and
MR BONA ARSENAULT
who incorporated this list of the Acadian in Belle-ile-en-mer in his book
Histoire et Genealogie des Acadiens, Tome 6

Belle-Ile-en-Mer, is a large island off the coast of Brittany, in France,
which was the personal property of
LOUIS XV

...then, in 1766, it was divided between the inhabitants,
which included 78 Acadian families.

Of these, 55 Acadian families were from the group refused by
Virginia in 1755 and who were imprisonned in Falmouth and Liverpool prisons between 1756 and 1763 and then had gone to Morlaix.

Another 22 Acadian families had spent the same years in
the Southhampton prison, before going to St-Malo

Belle-Ile-en-Mer was divided in 4 Parishes:
who became Communes in 1789, when the French Revolution started
Palais
Locmaria
Bangor
Sauzon

This list also includes the French who married some of the Acadians.

Some later left the Island, going to Lorient, Auray, Vannes, Quimper, Concarneau, and other places in France, then, after 1785, when permission was given, some went back to Louisiana, where they hoped to find back friends and family.
Many individuals and families also remained in Belle-Ile-en-Mer or were given land in the Poitou.

ALIQUIN
Pierre-Marie Aliquin,
widower of a Danielo, married in Sauzon in 1826,
Marie-Josephe Le Gloabec Granger,
daughter of Jean-Joseph Granger (from Palais) and Marie-Vincente Le Gloahec, widow of Francois Thomas.

ARCHAMBAUX
Jean-Baptiste Archambaux
married Charlotte Moge, born in 1771.
A clandestine marriage during the Revolution, authentified by the Notary D'Ambon Muzillac, in Morbihan.
Their son, Jean-Francois Moge Archambaux,
born in Bangor, in 1796, who was a sailor,
married Julienne Rohan in 1819 and
their daughter, Constance Rohan Archambaud, born in 1823,
married Mathurin Jouan CLICK HERE FOR THE ACADIAN FAMILIES IN BELLE-ILE

"

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LINKS and other websites:

St Castin's Biography by Pete Landry
St Castin, Morpain and History of Nova Scotia and of the Atlantic Sea Coast
St Castin's Biography
www.blupete.com/Hist/BiosNS/1700-63/Castin.htm

ACADIAN-CAJUN Genealogy: 1695 Acadian Census
... Census of the Lands Owned by the Sr. Damours' on the River St Jean. The land of Jemseg in which the Sr. Damours Deschofour is seigneur: Le Sr. Deschofour
1695 Acadian Census
www.acadian-cajun.com/1695cens.htm

Historic Castine Resource Centre
www.kalama.com/~mariner/hiscas.htm

The Rumskulls Picaroons of Chesapeake Bay
This site is a treasure trove of information: 16th & 17th c. piracy, definitions, life at sea, riggings, clothing and food, spirits, weapons, health, navigation and tactics for anyone with an interest in the 18th-century maritime history of the Chesapeake Bay.
Rumskulls Picaroons of Chesapeake Bay
members.aol.com/_ht_a/rumskulls

Dan Colin's Compilation of Canadian Privateering
An extensive array of information about Canadian privateers, as well as the ships on which they sailed by Dan Conlin, a marine historian in Halifax.As well, travel aboard a privateer as she sails the West Indies in search of prey!
Dan Colin's Canadian Privateering
www.chebucto.ns.ca/~jacktar/privateering.html

The Port Royal Project by Dr. Donny L. Hamilton
Port Royal, once a haven for pirates, disappeared into the sea during a massive earthquake in 1692. In 1981, the Institute of Nautical Archaeology joined with other organizations to explore the submerged city. This site tells the story of the underwater excavations.
The Port Royal Project
www.nautarch.tamu.edu/portroyal


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DANIELLE LEMYRE
(514) 995-4677


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