Linux

Linux Tips
Linux Frequently Used Commands
Linux Utilities

Linux Tips
1)Lost password?
LILO
If you forgotten your root password, type 'linux single' at the LILO boot prompt to start Linux in single user mode, skiping the login prompt. Then edit the password list /etc/passwd(/etc/shadow if you enabled shodow passwords) remove the encrypted text between the first two colons in the entry for root. Back at the prompt, type 'init3' to switch to the normal start up program (or 'init5' if you want graphical login).(If you are using the graphical LILO, you must press [Ctrl]-[x] to exit the graphical screen and go to the boot prompt)
GRUB
1.If you have a GRUB password configured, type p and enter the password.
2.Select Linux with the version of the kernel that you wish to boot and type e for edit. You will be presented with a list of items in the configuration file for the title you just selected.
3.Select the line that starts with kernel and type e to edit the line.
4.Go to the end of the line and type single as a separate word (press the [Spacebar] and then type single). Press [Enter] to exit edit mode.
5.Back at the GRUB screen, type b to boot into single user mode.

2)Listen Music.
To configure your sound card, switch to root login and type 'sndconfig'. This utility helps to configure Sound Card.(RedHat only)
3)Configure Screen Resolution.
To configure your Screen Resolution and Setting Diaplay Card, switch to root login and type 'Xconfigurator'.(RedHat only)
4)Multiple X Servers.
If you want two graphical X Servers running at once, start the first server, then switch to some virtual console, login agin and type startx -- /user/X11R6/bin/X :1 use Ctrl+Alt+F7 and Ctrl+Alt+F8 to switch between the two.

Linux Frequently Used Commands.

• To mount the file system use mount commad. Here is example of mounting the Samba partation.
  #mount -t smbfs -o username=username,password=password //machinename/sharename /mnt/smbmountpoint
• To change the Password.
  #passwd
• To shut down system.
  #init 0
• To re-start system.
  #init 6

Linux Utilities This is short list of most frequenly used Linux Tools.

• mc : Midnight Commander [Linux clone of Norton Commander]
• x11amp : Linux clone of WinAmp
• mp3blaster : Commandline MP3 Player
• acroread : PDF file Reader from Adobe.
• xpdf : PDF file Reader.
• netstat : Print network connections, routing tables,interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships.
• ymessenger : Yahoo Messenger clone for Linux
• du : estimate file space usage
• df : report filesystem disk space usage
• tar : The GNU version of the tar archiving utility.
  e.g. $tar -xzvf abc.tar.gz
• wget : A non-interactive network retriever.[A file downloader utility].
  $wget -bdrct 10 url
• lynx : a general purpose distributed information browser for the World Wide Web
• free : displays the total amount of free and used physical and swap memory in the system, as well as the shared memory and buffers used by the kernel.
• yast(Yet another Setup Tool):YaST improves installing a complex system like Linux(SuSE only)
• tgif : Xlib based interactive 2-D drawing facility under X11. Supports hierarchical construction of drawings and easy navigation between sets of drawings. It's also a hyper-graphics (or hyper-structured-graphics) browser on the World-Wide-Web.
• gimp : The GIMP is the GNU Image Manipulation Program. It is used to edit and manipulate images. It can load and save a variety of image formats and can be used to convert between formats.
• ghostview : PostScript documents viewing tool
• xv : Interactive image display for the X Window System