Darwin did establish a mechanism for slow and gradual change within a species but ignored completely how change within a species could led to the evolution of new species. Evolution of species is an inherent part of the synchronous folds of the enfolding universe. The enfolding of force and form constantly leads to the engorgement of existing forms with new matter no longer appropriate for their expression, thereby matter in the prior existing form expresses itself by assuming another form. The form assumed is not a part of slow and gradual change but is assumed as a result of the centripetal and centrifugal forces in their relationship to form. The form is not a product of matter but in its enfolding with force give rise to matter. The theory of evolution puts the cart before the horse.

The Enfolding Universe disproves the presupposition by Darwin that a slow and gradual process of changes led to the evolution of man. His theory was that only those changes that further the survival of a species would be passed on, with eventually new species being formed as a result of slow and gradual changes leading to species with more survival value. The fossil record does not support the presumption that new species evolve as a result of slow and gradual changes, and does not show how a new species could be assumed by members of another species. The fossil records, however, clearly support the discovery and findings as to evolution under the Enfolding Universe.

Darwin never confronted the mechanism by which changes in genetic material could occur. Thereafter, Mandel formulated the theory of genes and used this theory to explain changes that occurred in his study of sweet peas. It became clear that different patterns of organization of genes would explain differences within species and that sudden and abrupt changes in genes could explain how individuals of one species could give birth to individuals with markedly different attributes than they processed. When a member of one species gives birth to a member of a new species, what is really occurring is that a species of one form is giving birth to a species of another form. That is, a mutation has occurred. This fact was not recognized by Darwin and, for this reason, he never set forth a coherent theory of evolutionary change. Thus, Darwinism could become acceptable only if the requirement that change is slow and gradual is discarded and an abrupt change in species becomes acceptable..

As discussed in the paper on Emergence of Life (click here for paper), the differences among species are clearly not differences in the genes or biotons of which they are formed. The differences are differences in the manner of utilizations of genes that may be identical in many different species. The manner of utilization is dependent upon the life form to which individuals of different species are attracted. We human beings are attracted to the life form homo sapiens.

It is the constant two-way flow going from the microcosm to the macrocosm and from the macrocosm to the microcosm that result in the formation of biotons with the capacity to enter into new patterns of organization with other biotons that gives rise to changes in species. Biotons themselves do not fundmentally differ among various species. What does change is the utilization of the biotons as a part of a larger pattern of organization fueled by the synchronous enfolding of force with form. Biotons do not by a slow and gradual process evolve into biotons more highly imvoled than they are. Biotons of chimpampnzees, fruit flies, and mankind are nearly identical. At the same time, by a mutation in their genes or genetic code they do not evolve from one species to another.

Many biologists do not understand the procces by which new species are formed. As a result of the synchronous enfolding of the two-way flow, any point in space can serve as a point that gives rise to origination or extinction of space-time units, and the same point as a result a pattern of origination and extinction occurring together might be both a point of origination and extinction. When that point occurs within a living life form, that life form becomes engorged with the recently originated unitons and biotons and by the force of the origination enters into a new life form. The life form is not one resulting from evolutionary processes but as a form is preexistent. As a life form it draws newly emergent unitons and biotons to it, thereby leading to the manifestation of the life form as a biotonic space-time unit of manifestation. In fact, it is the enfolding of force with form that gives rise to motion and space-time. There is no conceivable manner in which space-time units could become drawn towards life forms if the life forms were not preexistent.

We must understand that differences among species do not arise from differences among their genes. Ninety-eight percent of genes of homo sapiens are identical with those of the chimpanzee. The differences among the species and the evolution of species depend upon the life form in which biotons or genes originate. Many scientists have great reluctance in recognizing the significance of life forms in evolution of the species. Changes within species can result from the doctrine of survival of the fittest, and changes within species may also result from mutations. Differences among species are differences among life forms and not their genes.

The Darwinian Doctrine of Survival of the Fittest does explain changes within species. These changes are all with the same life form and do contribute to the survival value of individual members of the same life form. Moths that are white in the English country side become gray in London. These changes often contribute to fulfillment by the species of the maximum potential. Changes within the species contribute to to the species` reaching its fullest potential in two ways:

(1) Those changes that are negative or adverse to the perpetuation of the life form die out; and

(2) Those changes that are positive or beneficial to the perpetuation of the life form become a part of the attributes of individual members of a species in ever increasing numbers.

Changes within the species must be distinguished from changes from one species to another, which result from engorgement of existing life form with newly evolved biotons that lead to manifestion of life in a more evolved life form.

Changes to the gene pool of a species can take place in one of two ways. Both ways might be termed mutation, but the first way might be better termed an engorgement instead of mutation.

The first way, discussed above, is a continual engorgement of a species with recently manifested units of energy that causes members of the species to enter into a new life form.

The second method is a randon change in the gene pool resulting from origination or extinction of unitons or biotons in cells incorporated as a part of a species.

All changes, however, in the gene pool of a species must be distinguihed from changes in the species itself. The species as a life form does not change but the gene pool of members attracted to the life form of the species necessarily undergo constant change, and these changes within a speciies might be such that the engorgement of genes with newly emergent biotons causes these genes to become attracted to a more advanced life form.

These two types of mutations are often confused with one another. They are similar in that each type affects the genetic inheritance of the species and is distinguishable from the slow and gradual and selective process of change that does not affect the genetic inheritance of members of the species. The selective process affect only the utilization of genes from the total pool of genes upon which the life form of the particular species depends. The selective process is clearly subject to the Darwinian Doctrine of Survival of the Fittest. The genes in the pool that do not further survival would be selected with a lesser frequency than genes that favor the perpetuaion of the species. But genes although unutilized remain a part of the genetic pool. They are not eliminated.

Randon or non-evolutionary mutations are not a part of the evolution of consciousness, and in this respect differ from engorgement mutations that are a part of consciousness in evolution. They are non-evolutionary in the sense that they are nondirectional and fit into no pattern of organization inherent in the manifestations that the universe uses in its expression. These mutations could be deliberately caused by depraved persons in subjecting unwilling victims to radiation. Radiation treatment in medicine necessarily result in these random mutations, even though the underlying purpose of such treatment may be beneficial.

Non-evolutionary mutations can be either beneficial or adverse in nature. The random change might be beneficial to the recipient of the change or it might be adverse. These random changes ordinarily do not permnently change the genetic pool of the species, would not be inheritable, and thus the Doctrine of Survival of the Fittest would not be applicable to them. If the random change does affect sperm or egg cells, the Doctrine of Survival of the Fittest might become applicable to the changes. But, it is more likely that the random change in these cells would adversely affect the inheritance of the mutated gene, and the change would not affect the process of selecting and utilizing genes for perpetuation.

Jumping genes were discovered by Barbara McClintock, and for this discovery she won the Nobel Prize in the early 1980s. She proved that contrary to Mandel genes did not have fixed and rigid locations and could change their location relative to other genes. Thus, she called them jumping genes. By accident, I had discovered jumping genes before she won the Nobel Prize but many years after my discovery she proved that genes could jump. I wrote a poem in her honor, called Jumping Genes in my Planter Box. Her experiments affected Mandelian principles considerably and were experiments done on corn, and she proved variation in coloration among ears of corn with identical inheritances. It took many years for conventional scientists to understand the significance of the variation in color, a variation completely inconsistent with Mandel. In my accidental discovery, I notice that a bamboo plant in the same planter box as a fern took on in an irregular manner the coloration and serrated leaves of the fern, showing that fern genes that invaded the roots of the bamboo plant had no fixed locations.

Dr. McClintock believes that jumping genes is a major factor in evolution of species. Jumping genes would be consistent with the Darwinian Doctrine of Survival of the Fittest. Jumping genes could lead to either beneficial or adverse changes in a species, but if only some but not all genes jump, jumping genes might not lead to permanent and inheritable changes in a species. Under synchronous enfolding of force with form, genes might readily jump as a result of the engorgement of these genes with recently originated biotons. Thus, jumping genes in their leading to evolutionary change might be treated as a form of change resulting from members of a life form being engorged with recently originated biotons. But jumping genes do not seem to be directed towards the manifestation of a more evolved life form. In my accidental discovery, the bamboo died and did not produce shoots of new bamboo with the darker coloration and serrated leaves of the fern.

Changes take place in species by three different means, which are very different from each other. They are as follows:

(1) A slow and gradual means of change that results from a selective process applying to the genetic pool, and to which the Darwinian doctrine of survival of the fittest would be applicable.

(2) A continual engorgement of members of a life forms with recently formed biotons and space-time units of energy that directs members of the life form to a more advanced and evolved life form, to which the doctrine of survival of the fittest would not be applicable.

(3) Randon changes in genes that are a part of the genetic pool of members of a species and that result from centripetal and centrufugal forces leading to extinction and original of unitons and biotons in component parts of members of a species, to which the doctrine of survival of fittest under appropriate circumstances might become applicable.

© Wilson Ogg