Anth 1101 Human Origins
Fall 1997 Final Study Guide
REVIEW SESSIONS: Review sessions will be offered Wednesday, Dec. 10, 5:00 -
6:00 pm in Room 155 Ford; and Thursday, Dec. 11, 10:00-11:00 am, in Room 155
Ford Hall.
FINAL EXAM: FRIDAY, DECEMBER 12, 1:30 - 3:30 pm in Room 175 Willey Hall.
NOTE: The exam will be comprehensive, including material from before the
midterm that is not included in this study guide (for example, concepts of
genetic drift and the founder effect; the link between primate behaviors and
morphology). Be sure you understand the following terms and concepts, can
define them, and can apply them. For the specimens: Know the species,
approximate age, location it was found, and significance. For the species:
Know the physical characteristics, approximate ages/dates, range (where found
and what the environment(s) was like), and behaviors; and why we learned about
this species (why is it significant). For the geological epochs: Know what
important events were happening in climate/weather, but especially in hominid
evolution.
hunting: evidence for it from primate behavior (remember the film, "Too Close
for Comfort"; consider cladograms), human ethnography, archaeology, and
physical adaptations
agriculture: when transition began, significant changes in human behavior and
biology (e.g., population density)
EEA: environment of evolutionary adaptiveness
hunter-gatherer basic adaptations
Efe and Bushmen as models of hunter-gatherers
reciprocity (reciprocal altruism)
nuclear family
EPP: environmental potential for polygyny
kin recognition (and its significance as an adaptation)
marriage (its significance as a social/economic contract)
microevolution vs. macroevolution
speciation: allopatric, parapatric
biological species concept
alpha taxonomy
anagenesis vs. cladogenesis
punctuated equilibrium
gradualism (Darwinian gradualism)
competitive exclusion
adaptive radiation
paleontology
fossils & fossilization
archaeology
behavioral biology
deposition and erosion history
Pliocene (5-1.8 mya)
Pleistocene (1.8-.01 mya)
Holocene (10 kya - today)
biggest trends in earlier epochs (e.g., Miocene = radiation of apes)
Sivapithecus
Ardipithecus ramidus
Australopithecus anamensis
A. afarensis: D. Johanson, "Lucy"
A. africanus: R. Dart, Taung baby
Paranthropus aethiopicus: Richard Leakey
P. robustus
P. boisei: Louis & Mary Leakey
evidence for positional behavior of australopithecines
endocasts of brain
Piltdown man
Robinson's dietary hypothesis
gracile vs. robust australopithecines (who is which, and what the differences
are)
important new anatomical terms from the labs, relative to the various species
and to behaviors (e.g., masticatory system; diastema; enamel thickness; conical
thorax; bicondylar angle)
australopithecine diets:
anatomical comparisons
tooth wear analysis
isotopic analysis of teeth (C3 & C4 pathways; Sr/Ca ratios)
tool use: anatomical evidence; archaeology
Robert Brain (& bone tool use in S. Africa)
fire: evidence for use, species associated with it
Why become bipedal:
savanna hypothesis
weapon use
threat displays
hunting
scavenging
vigilance
heat dissipation
carrying
provisioning
seed eating
postural arboreal feeding
brain expansion
sexual division of labor
Type A, B, and C sites
scavenging behavior (and recognizing it in archaeology)
HAS site (hippo artifact site), Kenya
FxJj 50 site, Koobi Fora, Kenya (Gl. Isaac)
FLK Zinj site, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania (Mary Leakey)
cutmarks vs. toothmarks
early access to carcasses: evidence for it, significance
age profile of prey
MNI, NISP
faunal analysis, faunal assemblage
taphonomic processes
ethnoarchaeology
Central Place Foraging (Mary Leakey, Gl. Isaac)
routed foraging (L. Binford)
stone caching (R. Potts)
riparian woodland scavenging (Blumenschine)
early Homo (and what makes it Homo?):
H. habilis? (e.g., ER 1813)
H. rudolfensis? (e.g., ER 1470 R. Leakey, Alan Walker)
other important examples of early Homo were covered in text and lecture (e.g.,
OH 8) which will not be referred to by specimen number alone, but you should
know the range of evidence they present
mean, range, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, index of dimorphism
artifact
lithic analysis
Lower Paleolithic: Oldowan, Acheulean
Middle Paleolithic: Mousterian
Upper Paleolithic
debitage
use-wear analysis
flake (and the parts of a flake)
core (and the parts of a core)
chopper
biface
hammerstone
refitting
spatial distribution
Kanzi the toolmaker
Homo erectus: WT 15000 (Turkana Boy); ER 1808 (meat-eating)
archaic Homo sapiens: Kabwe
Homo neanderthalensis (and what happened to them)
anatomically modern humans (AMH): Skhul
replacement model
African origins ("Out of Africa")
multiregional model
mtDNA
Becky Cann
Christopher Stringer
language: evidence for it; did Neandertal have it?; vs. speech
Other important sites to know (what species, what kinds of sites, why the
place
is important, and where is it on a map):
Rift Valley
Hadar, Ethiopia
Afar triangle, Ethiopia
Chad
Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
Laetoli, Tanzania
Lake Turkana
Kebara Cave, Israel
Swartkrans, S. Africa
Sterkfontein, S. Africa
Koobi Fora, Kenya
Kada Gona, Awash River, Ethiopia
Nariokotome, West Turkana, Kenya
Java sites (Trinil, Modjokerto, Sangiran)
Zhoukoudian, China
Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia
Ubeidiya, Israel
Qafzeh and Skhul, Israel
Kabwe (Broken Hill), Zambia
Klasies River Mouth, S. Africa
La Ferrassie, France
Mount Carmel, Israel
Katanda, Zaire
Get your own Free Home Page