This document has been optically scanned by a character recognition program and may contain typographical errors Midterm Exam: Take Home Essay Question Due at the beginning of the in-class exam next Thursdav, October 23, 1997 Directions: Please answer ONE of the following questions using information from lectures, readings and labs. Please type your answer and limit your answer to one page. Content, organization, and clear writing will be considered i 1. Consider the physical and mental skills and abilities required to play baseball. Use examples of at least a) one skill or ability that we share with all living primates; b) one skill or ability that we share with another living ape AND c) one skill or ability that is unique to us among living primates to support a discussion of how baseball reflects both our heritage as primates AND our uniquely human adaptations. 2. Natural Selection has worked to shape many different kinds of adaptations to diet, including behavioral, morphological and physiological adaptations. Based on what has been covered in the course so far, compare and contrast some prirnate adaptations to frugivory vs. folivory. Try to use specific examples as well as general trends. Note: There is another handout called "Guidelines for Written Assignments,
Summer Session II 1997" which you will want to pick up. Fall 1997 Midterm Study Guide Be sure you understand the following terms and concepts, can define them, and can apply them. For example, don"t only memorize a definition of "mutation" but know how often they happen, which kinds matter to evolution and why, what causes them. Palaeoanthropology actualistic studies Uniformitarianism behavioral biology mutation random genetic drift natural selection --including 3 necessary and sufficient conditions; modes of selection; meiosis subtypes sexual selection and artificial selection migration genotype phenotype norm of reaction gamete population evolution allele gene founder effect adaptation environment Darwinian fitness reproductive success (RS) positional repertoire = (posture and locomotion) cancellous bone cortical bone directional terms for anatomy positional terms for anatomy major bones types of teeth sexual dimorphism Modern Synthesis of genetics Romer's rule vs. Great Chain of Being microevolution vs, macroevolution molecular genetics transmission genetics population genetics molecular clock neutral theory rate test meiosis mitosis Mendel's rules of independent assortment or ยท segregation Mendel's rule of particulate inheritance genome chromosome homologous pair diploid/haploid zygote homozygous and heterozygous polygenic trait/continuous variation monogenic trait/discontinuous variation DNA exon, intron base pair protein enzyme codon (and why 64 codons for 20 amino acids in humans) - redundancy in the code locus dominant/recessive & codominant nature vs, nurture fallacy ~e.g., PKU sexual reproduction (disadvantages and advantages) internal vs. external fertilization parental input or investment: incubation (eggs vs. gestation), (lactation and provisioning of young) sexual selection: intersexual competition intrasexual competition male vs. female reproduction strategies philandery (male fails to provide expected parental investment) cuckoldry (male invests in offspring of another male) Punnett square derived, novel features ancestral or primitive features comparative anatomy homoplasy (e.g. convergent evolution) vs. homology (inherited from common ancestor) taxonomy cladistics phylogeny Linnaeus, Carl (Carolus) visual predation hypothesis folivore- e.g. fiugivore insectivore carnivore omnivore polyandry (e.g. marmosets, tamarins, and twinning) Darwin, Charles Mendel,Gregor Lyell, Charles polarity of a character outgroup Prosimian Anthropoid or Simian Catarrhine/Old World primate Platyrrhine/New World monkey Tarsier Cercopithecoidea/Old World monkey Great apes/lesser apes Hominoidea hominoid/hominid Gibbon (Hylobates) Orangutans (Pongo) Gorilla (Gorilla) Chimpanzee (Pan) orthograde pronograde biological species concept
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