The CHAPTER 9. A MAN

For origin of the man -  as the creature distinguished from all other kinds of fauna by ability not only to biological, but also, main, to public development, - were necessary  a changing of environments in a direction, favorable for origin and distribution of a family gominids - most developed from all mammals. Such conditions have was developed in geological epoch so-called plaistocen, in a tropical zone of the Earth - on Indian subcontinent and especially in Africa, to the south of Sahar. So, in Africa about 3 - 2,5 mill.years some kinds of nowadays died out anthropoids - australiopiteks (Fig. 31) moved more often on two back finitenesses and was fed among other and by a small animals.

But here, in Tropical Africa, in gorge Olduvai, nearby to lake Tanganica,   the bones of the certain humanoid were found that was called prezindjantrop and was living about 1 750 000 years back. Study of bone residuals has shown, that this creature was characterized by direct gait and had developed forward finitenesses close on a structure to a hand of the modern man. Moreover, in the same stratum of ground the stone items from roughly breaked pebbles were detected also, a making of which, certainly, assumes purposeful labour activity. The last circumstance has allowed to give to a kind prezindjantrop also title homo gabilis(« the skilful man»). Many scientists suppose, what exactly belongs to this creature a honorary place of the most ancient original person.
    The earliest period ancient-stone age  (paleolitos) - the lower paleolitos (Fig. 32) begins with time of manufacturing of the first instruments of a labour. Australiopiteks, as well as much other ancient gominids, a long time was lived by a neighbour with ancient men, but then have died out, but to be more exact, there were killed by the men, as competitors in the same ecological niche.  And, faster than everything, has been ate up. It was  because the men had more advanced brain, and consequently, was sharper. Therefore already at the ancient men the instincts prohibiting to kill of similar to were suppressed  that could have an effect on all of a consequent history.

The public organization, in main, was same, as well as at maximum primates generally - leader, females, children. The adult males at first were expelled, then were kept, but were on second roles in relation to leader so long as leader did not grow old and was expelled by more  young males (and if want - mans).
       The olduvaian men has been fed by animals (more often small): by a bird, fish, probably, alongside with fruits and roots. Systematically to hunt on large animals become later, in accordance with perfecting both person, and its group organization, and also by progress in the forms of instruments and methods of their manufacturing, but  in epoch a lower paleolits. Then begins to develop a complicated system of beeps, which began to transform  in conversation.
                     The representatives of the ancient people of later time were found on an Java (Indonesia) fossil residuals pitecantropos, or monkey-man. Are more interesting to the historians of a find under Pekin. Here were lived about 300 000 years the people which have received in science a title sinantropos («The Chinese person»). The right hand bore a load more, than left. A bonfire places of the hearthes testify about of a use of a fire (Fig. 33).  Sinantropos used as a food wild fruits and berries, but a main food they were delivered by hunting.

                    A bones, filling their ancient shelter and split for extraction of a brain, are bright the proof, that they lived by hunting. From quortz these ancient people produced a cutting instruments by a pebbles type. Probably, in communities of the ancient hunters already there were rather complicated work skills and traditions. The improvement of instruments and manners of hunting has allowed to expand a circle of possible booty.  
                      It were mainly deers, but there are also bones of an antelope, horses,  bison, buffalo and even rhinoseros and elephant. Sinantropos not deny and meat of "colleagues" - anthropoid, and to have been judgement by splited human bones,  and was not stranger to him a cannibalism .
      There are basis to suppose, as India was one from the centers of becoming of a human kind. Anyway, the elementary stone instruments refered arhaeologists to period lower paleolit, testify, that the men lived at many regions of India at least of half-million years back.
      On the African continent the ancient person mastered savannas, placing settlements near water sources. In Near East and on Caucasus the people found shelter in numerous caves and under rocky canopies.
     Technical experience and the work skills were accumulated and were transmitted very slowly, and all period lower paleolitos takes huge interval of time, on a duration making a large part of a history of mankind. But rates of this very slow development of a gradually have been increased, and already in limits paleolitos epoch we remark clear features of some accelerated progress. So, the hunters highly have advanced engineering of processing of  instruments on both sides. This engineering already  a mark of beginning of new historical epoch - time of the average paleolit, or Mustie (in cave Mustie, in the south of France, was made a first finding of this instruments type) (Fig. 34).

 The epoch mustie can be refered approximately to time 60 000 - 30 000 years B.C.. The hunting communities, was placing their settlements in large lighted caves of Palestine, Northern Iraq, Turkey, the Uzbekistans, represented rather high-duty collectives, each of which was strongly soldered and is organized by  something, unknown to us, as by  internal links. 
                    The outcomes of excavation in cave Shanidar in Iraq are in this respect especially interesting, where the skeletons of three neandartalians has been  perished under fallen vault of cave were detected. One from them has appeared by inhering  to the one-hand man in the age of about 50 years. The detail study has shown, that the right hand he has lost in youthful age and afterwards, continuing to participate in labour operations of the collective, constantly transferred any subjects by toothes, why they hardly have erased. The hunting economy, thus, have achieved already level permitting to support the defective member of collective, and if the history of this life is correctly restored, it testifies about unity and that the feeling of company reigned in collective.
       Between different groups could happen both exchange by industrial skills, and collision; on thigh bone of skeleton from Palestinian cave Mugaret es-Shul was the traces of a wound that was marked by wooden spear. There are basis to suppose, that the separate hunting communities connected, obviously, relationship, were integrated (probably, also on a principle of relationship) in larger communities conditionally called "before-tribe". Separate "before-tribe" took space in 50 - 200 km; the hunting territory necessary for maintaining of existence and reproduction of all community was those, probably.
                      One from parameters of an increased level  of neandartalian society is the emerging of burial. On terrace before the Mugaret-es-Shul cave   were revealed ten burial of  neandartalians ; the bodys are buried in a writhed poses and, probably, in specially dug tombs. In Uzbekistan  the tomb of the boy in cave Teshik-Tash was covered by horns of a mountain goat, that is that animal, which in main are hunted by the local hunters. Before us the obvious certificate of funeral rite origin  and, probably, also of rudiments of totemistycal submissions about animals - ancestors, bearers of the hunting production, for which reverence therefore is necessary. Anyway, the person already began to think about life and death.
                      The final period in a history of the hunters  of ancient-stone age, so-called upper paleolit, concerns approximately to 35 000 - 10 000 years B.C.. In this period the men of a modern type - homo sapience dominates already.
                      The men was and is exist as a first  and unique on our planet  an alive creature which is capable to a working and for production of tools of a work, and therefore and for public development. But with origin of production  was not terminated of the factor of a biological variability: from homo habilis of lower paleolit  up to homo sapiense upper paleolit the types of the man morfologically varied so much, that from a biological point of view of it is necessary to consider them as various kinds, though, probably, and developing sequentially one from another. The modifications were caused by genetic mutations fixed during of the adaptation to conditions of an external medium. But these modifications were accompanied also by influence on process of shaping of the men  of a labour, and process of public development caused by him, which made a gradually biological mechanisms of the adaptation to a varying medium less necessary.
                      The latter, biologically already poorly significant, and in the public relation practically  indifferent genetic modification of morphology of the men, was origin in epoch upper paleolit large race inside one kind homo sapience, after then some essential modifications in anatomy and physiology of the men did not happen. The public development of the men completely has superseded biological. 

With the beginning of transition to new period of a history - epoch  of middle-stone age (mesolit), which is characterized by significant improvement of stone instruments of a  made by break and a retouch (Fig. 35), and is dated by time approximately 10 000 - 8000 years B.C., we observed origin of new obtaining methods  of food - agriculture and cattle breeding.
        At this time begin to be constructed cities. One from the most ancient cities is considered Jerichon. Discovery of a fortify settlement on a boundary between mesolit and neolit was for archaeologists by large unexpectedness. Until then it was supposed, that the skirmishes between so primitive tribes were no more than casual fights because of hunt places or because of the women, and it was confirmed also by ethnographic observations on a archaic tribes of the Earth. But, as it is visible, in Palestine eighth - seventh millenniums B.C. living conditions so were disturbing, that the inhabitants had to spend a lot of time and forces for a structure of high-power solidifyings (Photo 17 - cult tower). It speaks about much. Already were the quite organized wars. Have begun to occur armies and professional warriors. The social stratification, division of labour began, the shaping of technologies etc. Can quite be told, that epoch neolit was connected with beginning of formation of a ancient civilizations.

Photo 17

We stipulate, as usual, that in this case this book is not the tutorial of a history. But if soon we try to clarify a problem on a possibility of existence of civilizations in the universe, then on an example of an own civilization we should be defined that such is a civilization generally, meaning definition of a civilizations indicated in the first chapter.

The CHAPTER 10. A CIVILIZATION

So, if to mean definition of the academician V.S.Troitski, indicated in the first chapter, a civilization it: at first, generality of reasonable creatures; secondly, information interchange; thirdly, exchange by energy;and at last, exchange by a mass. And all it, certainly to support the life and progressive development.
       This definition approaches already to the people upper paleolit. Really, they already possessed language, and consequently, concepts and reason. They lived within the framework of communities. Used words for information interchange, used a light as energy and all that extracted in a nature as a mass. However, I think (and is sure, that you, dear reader, with me agree), that in paleolit the civilization  was not.
        Certainly, the development of human society happened a gradually, by growth of quantitative characteristics, which as imperceptibly have come in qualitative transition. Therefore to conduct the strict boundary separating civilization from primitive societys, it is hardly possible. The history usually begins its narration from times of origin of the first ancient civilizations of Egypt, Shumer, Elam, India and China. Manifestation them were: construction  of cities, temples, origin of the complicatedly arranged states, social stratification, division of labour, an emerging of first writing (first of all - hieroglyphic). As we mentioned, the first city on ground considers Jerichon, arisen not earlier eighth millennium B.C.
       The idea of transfer of ideas with the help of of Figures and conditional badges came in a head to the people many neolitikal tribes  independent from each other and in the miscellaneous time. However, one would think, was not possibilities to transmit by this method an orderly exposition of ideas as systematically, as it transmits by sounds of speech forming a words and grammar parameters of language. Separate badges or pictures  long  probably, were invented arbitrary, off and on. But even, when for transmitting of concepts also began a developing something like a constant  a system of signed labels, it was not  present writing, that is system of transfer of connected sounding speech.
      Nevertheless, the entry in custom of idea of alienation of ideas from its carrier - of a man, and fixing of it on any material carriers already speaks that the epoch of a civilization occurs.

On a Photo 18 most ancient are shown Shumer  written documents dated about 3000 - 2800 up to ours of era. Proceeding from this, we hardly to have mistake, if we shall suppose, that the human civilization has appeared from sixth millennium B.C. or about eight thousands of years back.
     From that time a lot of time  was flowed away. The empires varied. After the civilizations Sumer, the civilization of Babylon come, then  Assiria, farther Persia. The ancient empires of Egypt were replaced by average one, then a new.  Changed the dynasties in China. Then Greek civilization, than a civilization of ancient Rome, middle ages and, at last, our time is come. Difference between all these civilizations certainly large, but not essential. The technologies developed first of all. They called  more developed specialization and division of labour. In this connection the economy, and behind it and public relations became complicated. Was improved the writing. On change to simple use of a light there come furnaces, then steam machines, the internal combustion engines, and recently have begun to use and energy of atom. From the elementary tools, passed to mechanisms, then to machines, and recently and to automatons developed up to a level of robots and robotic systems. In the interstate relations from one nothing of the covered robbery, violence  transmit to more refined methods. The weapon from pointed rod have advanced up to such power, that began probable generally to destroy all alive on the Earth. All of this we name as progress of our civilization.
      And for all this time the man, basis of bases of a civilization practically was not changed. Earlier we spoke, that the difference of the man from any other animal is, that he has reason. It is certainly correct, but not completely. The person consists of three component:
    -  Body, that is animal component;
    -  Intelligence, that is ability to think and logically to reason;
    -  The soul, that is that thin component of a human essence, which links us with the God. The life of the person also consists in a constant struggle of this three components. Body demands meal, prolongation of a kind and pleasant conditions of stay. Body demands economies of energy. Therefore greed, envy, laziness, sexual excitability are inherent in each person, the man it or woman is independent.
      The reason helps to produce such behaviour, which would allow to satisfy these needs most effectively in concrete conditions of natural circumstances, social settings and concrete vital situation. The generalized experience of the people allows to produce some system of legal, moral and ethical norms facilitating choice of a correct behaviour, ordering life of society. But in any convenient case the person can on them generally to spit.
       And only soul of the person is directed on subconscious choice between goods and evil and helps to select kindness. But quite often and she can make an error, because in a concrete situation the edge between goods and evil  is hardly perceptible.
       For this reason, the ratio of the kind people both malicious, legislative and criminals from ancient times practically does not vary.
       And when the wars, revolution happen, the rage, hatred, cruelty, all animal essence of the person blossoms by violent colour. Here is how it sounds in Biblia, when Jesus Navin has taken city Jerichon - « 20. Also was bring to kill all in city, both of husbands and wives, both of young and old, of oxes, and sheeps, and asses, of all has exterminated by swords.» And so Jesus Navin and his peoples doing in each case, when won the next city.
        Certainly, the fact of a conquest of Jerichon by the historians is not confirmed. It was destroyed more than for a thousand years before emerging simits in Palestine. It is a legend. And simits were settled in poorly populated by then Palestine rather peacefully, mixing up and assimilating, creating the Jewish people. But that in wars of that time was usual «to kill all that is breathing», does not doubt to as. To that testifies not only Biblia, but also "Illiada", a hett and urart annals etc.
       In case of a taking of city, all captives was killed, including on and children. As to the women, they all would be subjected to violence, if majority from them were not ready to meet with destiny as natural and inevitable.  The womans blamed more unfavourable disposition of the gods and caused by it unluckiness, than winners: the women knew, that their husbands in case of a victory did(made) and would make and now same.
      If all men in peace time on celebratory sacrifice was executed a  butchers roles, and during wars (which have begun already to conduct annually: a gradually even tradition was produced to be at war in the certain month of a year) accepted after of fight a participation in killing of captives, not excluding and children, it is understandable, that the bloodshed, as such, was not considered immoral. Frequently, that was allowed, so it to save life to the women that «not cognize of a bed of the her husband».
       There were centuries and millenniums, but the rage of the person practically did not decrease. All also happened and on taking Troia, and when was taking Jerusalem by crusaders. Only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries certain rules of war have appeared which moderated of the bloodthirstenity .  All  to kill not. But generally on murders, and not only on a field of fight, not especially  take attentions. What  problem is that have thrown a nuclear bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki? Also that that there practically all peace inhabitants and mainly woman, children and old men (the adult men were in main in army).
      Army ancient Shumer in fight (Fig. 36 Click on Figure to increase). Replace chariots by tanks. Dress an infantry by the modern form, add artillery, airplanes and you have a face of our civilization with its atrocious kind.

Also it would be strange to hear, that those times have passed. No, they have not passed, and is not present basis to hope on that, that they generally ever will pass. Only - only we have saved from nightmare of the Chechen war. And absolutely recently were both Afghani war, and war in Vietnam and, at last, second world war, with a concentration camps, a holocaust  of Jews, gipsys, by bombardments of cities, including on and nuclear.  So, the thesis that a moral of the man by a history was changed, is rather doubtful. And that fact, that science and engineering, which are considered by indications of a developed civilization, have achieved such startling successes does not speak that in bases of human life have taken place of a principle modification.
                    Moreover, the events of the last decades generate the quite certain fears, that the achievements in science and engineering have begun dangerously to outstrip moral development of the person. To this a mass of examples. Dear reader can them reduce and itself. At least, to all are known also threat of thermonuclear war, and diverse of technogenial catastrophes, and indications of a dangerous level of contamination of an environment, and growth of a political, ethnic and religious extremism, reaching up to terrorisms.
                  A frightening level of the organized criminality taking already a global character and penetrating practically into all orbs of human activity, including in governmental structures fast grows.  Terrorists and the criminals receive access to more high-power means of an destruction of the person. I think, that not so will pass much time, when in their order there will be also means of a mass destruction, including nuclear weapons. At least, such organization religious extremists as Aum-Senrikoe means of a mass destruction, chemical poisoning substance zarine, already has received.  So that, whether the boon of achievement of science and engineering for the person, or trouble, it is a large problem.
       Now, some idea that such is a civilization, we have received. Further we shall try as to evaluate of its perspective.  

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