Please Note that there is a Glossary of Human and Nonhuman primates, a Glossary of Terms, and an Index in the back of your textbook. There is also a Vocabulary page and a Glossary Page on this website and photos of all of the Lab Specimens and Hominids.WEEK ONE Lecture I anthropology physical anthropology archaeology cultural anthropology linguistics chimpanzees science theory hypothesis data explanation narratives bipedalism Piltdown genetics Lecture II Hegel Great chain of being progressivism Linnaeus teleology Darwin natural selection Wallace Origin of Species Voyage of the Beagle Cuvier catastrophism Lamarck Lamarckian evolution Lyell Uniformitarianism Bishop Ussher Boucher de Perthes Neandertal Richard Owen osteology gorilla Malthus Lecture III meiosis mitosis chromosomes DNA loci alleles genotype phenotype Mendel genes zygote gamete sperm ovum diploid x chromosome y chromosome dominant recessive polygenic monogenic & pleiotropic heterozygote co-dominant alleles ABO blood linked alleles sickle cell anemia LAB I morphology bipedalism Know your Bones: cranium clavicle scapula sternum ribs humerus vertebrae ilium sacrum coccyx neck of the femur radius ulna carpal bones metacarpal bones femur patella tibia fibula tarsal metatarsal phalanges frontal brow ridge (supra-orbital torus) parietal temporal occipital zygomatic arch maxilla mandible foramen magnum incisors (2) canine (1) premolars (2) molars (3) WEEK TWO Lecture 4 population evolution Hardy-Weinberg law crossing over gene pool species mutation genetic drift gene flow natural selection balanced polymorphism directional selection disruptive selection domestication mimicry founder effect Lecture 5 race ethnicity macro evolution anatomically modern Homo sapiens sapiens Zoukoudien Neandertal speciation adaptation stasis extinction geographic separation ecological separation punctuated equilibrium classification Genus species Linnean system of classification cladistics phylogeny dichotomies derived traits automorph primitive traits convergent similarity homologous similarity taxonomy phylogram Film: "Life in the trees" with David Attenborough 1)Notice the range of habitats for primates 2)Notice the differences between prosimians and other primates (leaping lemurs!) 3)Notice the differences between Old World Monkeys and New World Monkeys 4)Notice the habiat and culture of Macaques (e.g. the ones in Japan) 5)Notice the differences between apes and other primates Prosimians Madagascar Ring-tailed lemur-grasping hands, scenting trees Shifka-a white lemur that leaps across the ground Indri-loud vocalizer Brown lemu Aye-aye Galagos Loris-nocturnal lemur Tarsier-nocturnal very large eyes Marmoset-furry ears, gum eaters (1/2 way to a monkey) Squirrel Monkey-New World Monkey with grasping tails (organ grinder monkey) Howler Monkey-largest noise of any mammal (5km) good color vision So. America Vervet-Old World Monkey Baboon-Old World ground dwelling Macaque-Gibraltar to Japan; learned to wash sweet potatoes;babies watch and learn; have a shared culture;adaptable Orang-utan-heavy ape that is "4 handed"; swinging; no tail; SE Asia Gibbon-long arms;permanently curved fingers; 1/3 have fractures Gorilla-ground adapted; the foot has lost most of its grasp Chimpanzee-our closest "cousin" (given millions of years) nimble mind;uses facial recognition; eats everything;tool-using;tastes everything; curious; experimental;mother/child bonding; grooming;social communication;group hunting;flexible;transmit learned behavior to the young Lecture 6 primate phylogeny DNA hybridization amino acid molecular clocks human derived traits genetics haemoglobin chimpanzee gorilla orangutan gibbon population distribution genetic structure endocast brain/body weight correlations canine teeth menstrual estrus Birute Galdikas Louis Leakey Jane Goodall Dian Fossey LAB II Mechanisms of Evolution 1.genetic drift 2.gene flow 3.natural selection 4.sexual selection 5.mutation 6.meiosis and uniqueness or individuality Vocabulary: population a breeding group of organisms that tends to choose mates within the group gene the discrete unit of heredity allele genes whose locus is the same, but which are recognizably distinct (Alternate forms of a gene. There are usually two alleles per gene. If they are the same they are homozygous. If they are different they are heterozygous). locus the position of a particular gene and its alleles within the genome homozygous a zygote having two indistinguishable genes at a particular locus heterozygous a zygote having two recognizably different genes at a particular locus adaptive a feature or characteristic produced when a species responds and adjusts to changes in its environment (the functional response of organisms or populations to the environment) dominant trait one that is expressed phenotypically in both heterozygotes and homozygotes (A trait governed by an allele). recessive trait one that is expressed only in homozygotes co-dominant trait the situation where both alleles are expressed in the phenotype of heterozygotes (The expression of two alleles in heterozygotes). genotype the genes carried by an individual, or the combination of genes that an individual has at a particular locus phenotype an individual’s observable characteristics natural selection the force of evolution, clarified by Darwin, which acts deterministically through the differential fitness of genotypes in a population, to produce adaption chromosome long, thread-like structures consisting of DNA molecules and protein packaging (Discrete structures composed of DNA and protein found only in the nuclei of cells) gene pool the combined genes of a Mendelian population from which are drawn the genotypes of individual population members founder effect radical change in gene frequencies in an isolate, due to sampling error gene flow the movement of genes from one gene pool to another mutation a change in the genetic material, giving rise to a new allele in the population’s gene pool Darwinian fitness (of a genotype or phenotype) an individual’s success in transmitting its gene’s to the next generation, relative to that of others in the population (A measure of relative reproductive success of individuals measured by their genetic contribution to the next generation). Evolution the change in a group of the same species over a long period of time through inheritance; the change in allele frequencies in a population over time; the change in the characteristics of a population through time. genetic drift an undirected, random change of allele frequencies from generation to generation demography the scientific study of population change differential fertility the more fertile individuals contribute more of their traits to the succeding populations differential mortality those who live longer tend to produce more offspring species a collection of individuals who can potentially mate and produce fertile offspring ((it does not mean the same thing as a "population") gametes a sex cell zygote a fertilized egg gene frequency LECTURE 7 stabilizing selection maintains gene frequency frequency dependent selection directional selection disruptive selection race sociological definition (a social categorization) vs. biological definition a division of a species that differs by the frequency that traits appear among its members; there is no agreement on the number of "races" because there is continuous variation in all of the usually selected polygenetic component "traits" e.g. there is continuous variation with regard to the cellular components that make up skin pigmentation (melanin,hemoglobin,carotene) with no discontinuities; there are no sharp breaks or discontinuous variations; biologically (as an animal) we are one undifferentiated species and differences in traits are problematic since Homo sapiens are clinal across the landscape (Q: Do you think an illusion of sharp variation can be created by transportation from one environment to another and unfamiliarity with the worldwide cline?) clines gradual transitions over space rickets a disease resulting from insufficient or too much Vitamin D that can cause kidney failure or deformation of the pelvis and no childbirth; (a problem in e.g. overcast England where people with rickets were sometimes ritually passed through holed upright standing stones in an attempt to cure the disease; African-Americans had a problem with rickets in No. America before Vitamin D was put in milk). skin cancer a mutation in DNA resulting in excessive cell division; mutation can occur from overexposure to solar radiation which can burn skin cells. frostbite injury to skin from cold; darker skin pigmentation may be (4x) more susceptible to this kind of cold injury than lighter skin for reasons that are not entirely clear. LECTURE 8 & 9 vervet baboon macaque leaf mokey gibraltar orang-utan gibbon gorilla chimpanzee microevolution-how genes change in a population;the short time scale macroevolution-species emergence;the long time scale classification taxonomy anagenesis-the linear evolution of a species over time cladogenesis-a branching evolution speciation geographical isolation reproductive isolation Sulawesi Borneo-the change from ice age sea levels created isolation; monkeys don't swim; macaques evolved into 6 species genetic divergence Sudenese Maasi Inuit sickle cell anemia malaria law of competitive exclusion genetic divergence-lemurs in Madagascar separated by continental drift Madagascar paleontology gradualism punctuated equilibrium convergent evolution parallel evolution deme clades taxonomy prosimian lemur loris tarsier squirrel monkey prehensile tail pygmy marmoset 2-1-2-3 dental pattern 2-1-3-3 dental pattern incisor canine premolar molar 5 digits post-orbital bar post-orbital partition binocular vision prognathism wet nose dry nose old world new world hylobate cercopithocoidea catarrhini anthropidea prosimian platyrrhini continental drift hominoidea pongids savanna squirrel monkey analogy tarsier prehensile tail pygmy marmoset knuckle walking bipedalism primatology and analogy Jolly's seed eating hypothesis grain collection and nimble fingers imitative learning chimp sign language S.I.V. H.I.V. termite sticks Bonobo chimps-pygmy chimps arboreal existence orbital convergence binocular vision depth perception Matt Cartmill's nocturnal insect-hunting primates- 1)grasping hands and feet, 2)nails not claws, 3)post-orbital enclosure of the eye insect-hunting hypothesis tarsier eyes nocturnal tropics seasonal forest woodland scrubland savannahAlpine elfin wood primate diet & the tropics PRIMATE EVOLUTION ancestral traits (primitive) derived traits 3 mammalian traits Cretaceous extinction (65 mya) Eocene epoch (56.5-35.5 mya) Oligocene epoch (35.5-23.3 mya)- diurnal/nocturnal Miocene (23.3-5.2 mya) neocortex Proconsul 5-Y cusp pattern-apes 4 cusp pattern-monkeys Dental shapes: < (prosimians); U (monkeys); [ apes; parabolic (humans) DNA hybridization amino acid sequencing immunological reaction studies-closest primate relative socioecology sociobiology affiliative/aggressive behaviors food sharing situationally dependent sex infantacide Noyau territorial pairs multi-male groups female clusters multi-female groups fission/fusion expedient tool use premeditated tool use primate medicine cerebral cortex (neocortex) brachiation 4 handed climbing clinging/leaping quadrupedalism knuckle walking bipedalism LECTURE 10 Primate Social Behavior 1)Primate Social Organization sex,environment,food,aggression,politics-alliances & dominance relationships presenting. submission, grooming, social networks, context 2)Interpreting primate behavior 3)Case studies of Baboons and Chimps 4)What might "determine" social organization sexual dimorphism presenting primate politics grooming foraging ranges anthropomorphization monandrous polygynous harem fission/fusion sociobiology socioecology sympatry GO TO THE NEXT PAGE
© 1997 call0031@tc.umn.edu
Get your own Free Home Page