NOUN. - The noun ends in -o in the singular; in -i in the plural:
frat-ulo, brother; frat-uli, brothers.
la frat-ino, the sister; la frat-ini, the sisters.

ADJECTIVE. - The adjective ends in -a (singular and plural):
bon-a, good; long-a, long.
bona patrulo, bona patruli.

VERB. - The present infinitive of verbs ends in -ar (bearing the accent or stress of voice):
kred-ar, to believe; don-ar, to give.
The present tense ends in -as:
me kred-as, I believe. me don-as, I give.
The past infinitive ends in -ir (accented):
kred-ir, to have believed. don-ir, to have given.
The past tense ends in -is:
me kred-is, I believed, I have believed.
me don-is, I gave, I have given.

QUESTIONS. - Questions are asked by beginning the sentence with kad:
Kad vu kredas? Do you believe?
Kad vu komprenis? Did you understand? (= Question you understood.)
If there is a word like who, where, etc., kad is not used:
Ube vu lojas? Where do you live?

NEGATION. - The word ne, not, is always placed before the verb or word it modifies:
Il ne esas, He is not.

DO, DID. - The English auxiliaries, do, did, are not translated:

Do you come? (= Question you come),	He does not say (= He not says),
Kad vu venas?	Il ne dicas.
Did you speak? (= Question you spoke),	They did not go (= They not went),
Kad vu parolis?	Li ne iris.

AFFIXES. - Gender is usually left unmarked in Ido, as is often the case in English:
filio, child. sekretario, secretary. kuzo, cousin.
When necessary, the suffix -ul marks masculine, -in feminine:
fili-ul-o, son; fili-in-o, daughter.
kuz-ul-o, male cousin; kuz-in-o, female cousin.
doktor-ul-o, man doctor, doktor-in-o, woman doctor.
When necessary, the prefix ge- marks common gender (both sexes together):
ge-patri, parents.
ge-avi, grandparents.
ge-filii, children, sons and daughters.
A few words are of one gender only:
viro, man. matro, mother. amazono, amazon. damo, married lady.
The suffix -id denotes offspring: Izrael-id-o, Israelite.
bo- = -in-law: bo-patrulo, father-in-law.*

ELISION. - In the following words the final d is part of the root; it may be dropped before a consonant. But the elision is not compulsory; those who prefer to use either form only may do so:

ka, kad, question word.	e, ed, and.
a, ad, to.	o, od, or.

KARA AMIKO,
Ka vu ja lernas la nova linguo internaciona? Me komencis studiar ol kelka dii ante nun, e me trovas, ke ol esas vere tre facila. Omna-die me lektas texto dum un horo; me sempre lektas laute. Pose me facas kurta traduko e fine me skribas letro en la nova linguo. Ka vu komprenas to?
Kun kordiala saluto,
Vua amiko,
B.

* For Reference List of affixes see the section `Grammatical Terminations and Affixes'.