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Bigears would like to thank the original owner of this page as all credit for it goes to him and not Bigears.
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So if you've ever wondered what's beyond the dial on your ordinary radio, this is the page for you. Just be aware that you shouldn't tune in to anything private - if someone is talking loudly in the street and you can easily overhear, you still don't morally have the right to listen do you? If the vast amount of broadcasts and ham radio conversations aren't enough to amuse you (and the rest of what life in general has to offer) then that's quite sad. If I ever have time to switch on my receiver (to see what the propagation's like) the only bands I need to go to are amateur ones. And good music is much more satisfying. If you can find it.
In a decade or so there may not be all that much else to listen to anyway on current scanners, with FM broadcasters moving to DAB, analogue TV making way to DTV, PMR and emergency services changing to TETRA, and both Marine and Aero traffic increasingly using digital modes and satellites for routine traffic, cellphones all digital. Maybe the spectrum will one day consist of just one system for mobile access to THE NET which provides for all possible communication needs - a load of buzzing noises wherever you tune, except for the long-established amateur bands! Then you scanner owners can relax, you won't be able to do anything illegal with them if you try - unless you decide to throw them through someone's window...
I would say that if you have an interest in these matters, devote your energies to Amateur Radio PLEASE! We need more activity in the bands. Amateur radio covers bands from Low Frequencies (with 2km wavelengths) to ultra-high micro-wave bands (wavelengths in millimeters) with modes ranging from good old-fashioned morse code (CW) to AM/FM speech (communications bandwidths) to advanced narrowband speech (Single Side Band) to Television (slow scan like FAX through to full motion/definition FMW broadcast quality) to digital/data modes like RTTY and Packet. Transmissions can be direct, fixed and mobile (and Maritime Mobile), via satellite, bent through the troposphere, bounced off various layer of charged particles in the upper atmosphere, or even bounced off the moon (EME), or shooting stars (MS)! And all for just 15 quid per year - bargain. Go on - prove you know what you're talking about - take the RAE examination soon. Even if you don't ever use it... See the RA web-page info, or the Radio Society of Groovy Britain site for more details, or the UK Ham Radio FAQ. And the G7KPF Quick Links. Join and support the RSGB too, it's a good idea as they do tend to negotiate new bands for us.
Here then, is my quick tour of the spectrum of 1998, with links to other sites where appropriate.
All information sourced from freely published books, magazines and web-sites (RA,ERO),
without the need for a scanner, as part of an ongoing quest to figure out what lies beyond
the broadcasting bands...
NOTE 2: Home Office for the Emergency Services - previous versions of this document did not mention these allocations, but as the bands are shown on RA pages, and in various books, some are now included for the sake of clarity. Only the BANDS are shown, not actual frequencies in use. Do NOT listen in!
NOTE 3: Military - various web pages will show that there is a world market for equipment operating in the
bands such as HF, 30-87.5 (25kHz FM), 116-155 & 225-400 (25kHz AM), 470-512 etc. Note that whilst the odd Combat Net
here and there may be "in the clear" any serious tactical use would be very hard to find. Frequency hopping and
scrambling are used - after all, would you want your country defended by forces that could be easily monitored?
Operational use (like PMR) for base security, training, Mil. Police, MOULD etc. involves fixed frequencies, and
various books show that Low VHF, Low Band, Mid Band, 406.1-420 and UHF1 are heavily used for these purposes. This type
of radio traffic is still not to be listened to!
lower than 1Hz? Slowly-changing DC more like.
--0.000001--(1Hz, 1 per sec.)---
Natural "Earth waves"
Hz Brainwaves... (Electrical activity in your thinking-gear)
0.1... Delta - Sleep
3... Theta - Sluggish, day-dreaming
7... Alpha - Relaxed and receptive
13... Beta - Very alert
30... High Beta - Paranormal powers!
--0.00002---(20Hz)--------------
Audible if converted to soundwaves (like with, er, speakers)
0.000050 UK mains AC electricity (50Hz, 240V) - 6000 km wavelength
0.000067 CTCSS (Tone squelch) tones
67 69.3 71.9 74.4 77 79.7 82.5 85.4 88.5 91.5 94.8 97.4 100 103.5 107.2 110.9
114.8 118.8 123 127.3 131.8 136.5 141.3 146.2 151.4 156.7 162.2 167.9 173.8
179.9 186.2 192.8 203.5 206.5 210.7 218.1 225.7 229.1 233.6 241.8 250.3 254.1Hz
(150 Hz is a military standard)
---music---
0.000016,35 C-1 nice and bass-y (16Hz)
0.000261,63 C3 note "middle C" (see Piano Tuning)
277.18 C# (these in Hz)
293.66 D
311.13 D# To double a frequency in 12 equal steps (semi-tones) to complete
329.63 E one octave, multiply a note by 2 to the power of 1/12th to obtain
349.23 F the next note. 440 (A) x 1.059463094 = 466.16 (A#)
369.99 F#
392.0 G
415.3 G#
440.0 A used for main reference
466.16 A#
493.88 B
0.000523,25 C4 the note C again. Only an octave higher. (x2, yeah?)
4186.00 C7 a really annoying 4kHz note C
7902.13 B7
0.012543,85 G8 highest midi note
0.002700.. above 2.7 kHz not neccessary for comms speech, phones etc, and so for
phones it's filtered out. Hence too the 3kHz channel spacings on HF.
0.015... FM broadcast audio is filtered out above 15kHz
0.019 FM stereo "pilot tone"
0.020 approx. limit of human hearing. Bats, on the other hand...
--0.003------(3kHz)-------------
VLF,LF: Mobile, Fixed, Navigation, DGPS, Time Signals (20,25,50,60,66.6,75kHz)
Enormous wavelengths are very useful for penetrating rock (cave to surface - molephones) and
the oceans (for submarines) but the antennas need to be rather large, or magnetic loops.
0.0102 Omega hyperbolic fix Nav. (& 11.05 & 11.33 & 13.6 kHz) ** ceased sep97 **
0.060 MSF British Time signal
0.070...Decca Nav. purple slaves, to 72kHz Llancarfan
0.073 Ham 4km band ( 71.6- 74.4 kHz) ** UK only, until 30.June.2000 **
0.084...Decca Nav. masters, to 86kHz Bolberry Down
0.100 NELS Loran-C Navigation. pulsed. Loophead,Lessay,Sylt,Soustons
0.112...Decca Nav. red slaves, to 117.6kHz Jersey
0.126...Decca Nav. green slaves, to 129kHz St.Marys
0.13675 Ham 2km band (135.7-137.8 kHz) ** new Euro band, 1998 **
--0.1485------------------------
0.153.. LW AM Broadcasting, to 0.279 - 9kHz channels (ITU Region1) + some Nav. (NDB)
See the British DX Club's Lists.
153 Germany, Romania, Algeria
162 France, Turkey
171 Russia, Morocco,
177 Germany
183 Germany
189 Italy
198 UK BBC Radio 4
207 Germany, Morocco
216 France, Norway
225 Poland, spare UK allocation
234 Luxembourg, Russia
243 Denmark
252 EIRE Atlantic 252, Algeria
261 Moscow
270 Czech
279 Belarus, Isle of Man (soon)
--0.2835------------------------
Marine/Aero Navigation (NDB beacons) + Maritime Mobile (CW)
0.500 Calling, Distress (CW)
0.518 Navtex, (& 490 & 4209.5 kHz)
--0.5265--MF--------------------
0.531.. MW AM Broadcasting, to 1.602 - 9 kHz channels (10kHz to 1.700 in USA)
See the British DX Club's Lists.
0.648 BBC World Service
0.693 BBC Radio 5
0.909 BBC Radio 5
1.053 Talk Radio UK
1.089 Talk Radio UK
1.197 Virgin Radio
1.215 Virgin Radio
--1.6065-------------------------
MF mobile, Maritime and Aero. (OR)
1.642...Cordless phones (base), to 1782 (8x 20kHz FM),
handsets at 47.443-47.543 MHz (12.5kHz spacing, 6.25 offsets)
Amateur Radio 160m "Top Band" (1.81-2.0) (SSB used is mainly LSB)
2.182 Calling, Distress
--2.85----HF-------------------- the "real shortwave bands"!
mobile, fixed, military, ISM, SRD, and... "numbers stations". More.
AM Broadcasting
(around 2.4, 3.3, 3.975, 5, 6, 7.2, 9.7, 11.8, 13.7, 15.3, 17.8, 21.6, 25.8)
Amateur Radio
80m ( 3.5 - 3.8) (SSB mainly LSB)
40m ( 7.0 - 7.1) (SSB mainly LSB)
30m (10.1 - 10.15) (SSB not recommended) (WARC)
20m (14.0 - 14.35)
16.5m (18.068-18.168) (WARC)
15m (21.0 - 21.45)
12m (24.89- 24.99) (WARC)
Standard Frequency references, and Time signals
(at 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 25.0)
Maritime (3kHz SSB channels) more more
2046+ 2049 intership (kHz)
2053+ 2056 intership
2241 British intership
2246 British intership
2301 British intership
4146+ 4149 intership
4357- 4435 shore chs 401- 427 ( -292kHz split: 4065- 4143) 4417/ 4125 calling
6224- 6230 intership
6501- 6522 shore chs 601- 608 ( -301kHz split: 6200- 6221) 6516/ 6215 calling
8291 ch 833 GMDSS
8294+ 8297 intership
8707- 8716 chs 834-837
8719- 8812 shore chs 801- 832 ( -524kHz split: 8195- 8288) 8779/ 8255 calling
12353-12365 intership
13077-13197 shore chs 1201-1241 ( -847kHz split: 12230-12350) 13137/12290 calling
16528-16546 intership
17242-17410 shore chs 1601-1656 ( -882kHz split: 16360-16525) 17302/16420 calling
18825-18843 intership
19755-19797 shore chs 1801-1815 ( -975kHz split: 18780-18822) 19770/18795 calling
22159-22177 intership
22696-22852 shore chs 2201-2253 ( -696kHz split: 22000-22156) 22756/22060 calling
25100-25118 intership
26145-26172 shore chs 2501-2510 (-1075kHz split: 25070-25097) 26172/25097 calling
Aeronautical R or ER (En-Route on fixed airways; so mainly civil) (3kHz SSB channels) more
2851- 3019 kHz
3401- 3497
4651- 4696
5481- 5676
6526- 6682
8816- 8960
10006-10096
11276-11396
13261-13357
17901-17967
21925-21997
Aeronautical OR (Off-Route; so mainly military) (3kHz SSB channels) GHFS
3023- 3152 kHz
4700- 4995
5680- GMDSS SAR
5684- 5726
6685- 6763
8965- 9037
11175-11271
13200-13257
15010-15097
17970-18027
23200-23350
--26.175--------------------------
Fixed & Mobile (not aero)
26.243..Paging, to 26.8625
SRD, models, ISM
26.995 "Brown" (AM) 1mW
27.045 "Red"
27.095 "Orange"
27.120 Test/Dev., ISM
27.145 "Yellow"
27.195 "Green"
27.245 "Blue"
26.965..CB, to 27.405 (40 CEPT "EURO" FM channels : 10kHz spacings with gaps) (PR27)
27.41... Alarms
27.5 ... Mobile, to 28 Weather balloons (sondes)
27.601..CB, to 27.991 (40 UK FM 10 kHz channels) (27/81)
27.731 UK calling: Channel 14
CB can be fairly useful (when you want to speak to normal people, not just radio
nutters), but what a pity we're stuck with an HF allocation clogged up with
foreign SSB rather too often... We need a system that allows silent monitoring,
like CTCSS, or (even better) a 460 MHz system as they do in the USA, Australia etc.
28... Amateur 10m band, to 29.7 CW,USB,Satellite,FM
29.6 FM calling
29.55...overseas FM repeaters, to 29.7
The use of HF spectrum as we know it changes near 26.1MHz, where usage becomes more
like VHF/6 meters. You'd think that if any Tom, Dick or Harriet can use 4W on 26 MHz,
that a licenced Class B amateur would be able to use at least 3W (novice level)
somewhere in this band, wouldn't you? But no, 30MHz is the cut off point (despite
not corresponding to the edge of any practical band usage) where you need to pass a
Morse test just to be able to use SSB! And who do they survey, to see if things
should change? The very people who have already suffered the ordeal!
SELFISH B*****DS. Don't get caught up in the way things happened in the past, riding
waves of nostalgia, but concentrate on the present, the future, what today's very
different generations could enjoy - share your precious bands with those who can
already do the same thing at 50MHz when the conditions are right. When ever we're at
work, that is. Or make the Morse test need to be re-taken every five years, we'll
see how quickly it gets dropped then!
Suppose there was no Amateur Radio, but such a service was being planned, to start
next year, with the rules and regulation we currently endure. There would be an uproar,
wouldn't there? Nobody would seriously suggest a morse requirement. I rest my case.
We do not NEED different licence classes apart from Novice and Full. And don't use that
tired old "wally filter" argument, I've already gone to the trouble of passing the RA Exam.
Don't interfere with MY life, go and live your OWN.
I do acknowledge the "true spirit of amateur radio" (homebrew and experimentation) IS
different from the fanatical pursuit of "radio DXing". I'd settle then for a two class
system where existing Novices and Class B licencees could use HF SSB on restricted parts
of the bands using type-approved equipment. With DXing available to the public with properly
regulated callsigns maybe 27MHz would become a peaceful haven for local FM comms, and the
Aero (R) 6.6MHz channels could be clear at last.
And I DO realise that CW can get through when all else fails, and that if I ever reached
12 words per minutes I might get to enjoy it. Maybe. But I object strongly to HAVING to.
Similar argument - you've no right to force someone to drink something that you're sure
they'll like. And if you disagree with that, change the subject to sex then try again.
Again, the Golden Rule in life - don't live someone else's life for them - live your own!
Glad I've got that off my chest...
--29.7----VHF-------------------
Mobile (French splits 4.4, -15)
military + SRD Short Range Devices, R/C Models, Cordless Phones, Alarms, Hospital Paging
On rare occasions ion layer conditions allow the reception of FM business/police signals here from the USA.
35.0... Model aircraft, to 35.25 (25x 10kHz) 100mW
39.9375.Cordless phones, to 40.1125 (split -8.9: 31.0375-31.2125)
40.500 Distress (often wrongly listed as 40.050)
40.665..Surface models, to 40.955 (33x 10kHz) 100mW cars and boats
--47---------------------------
Band I - TV Broadcasting (not in UK since 1984 - so, great for TV DXing!)
UK: Mobile - SRD, Radio Mics, Alarms
Euro TV 7MHz ch.: E2 47-54, E3 54-61, E4 61-68
Old UK 5MHz ch.: B1 41.25-46.25, B2 48-53, B3 53-58, B4 58-63, B5 63-68 (snd. @ +0.25, vis. @ +3.75)
47.3... Cordless phones & alarms, to 47.55
47.550..SAB, to 48.550
48.975..Paging, to 49.4875
49.82...SRD, to 49.98 baby alarms etc.
50... Amateur Radio 6m band, to 52 (varies in other countries). Primary. See GJ4ICD site.
Beacons...
50.09...CW/SSB...
50.11 Inter-continental SSB DX
50.15 SSB centre-of-activity
50.71.. UK Repeaters, to 50.88 (split +0.5)
51... secondary...
51.21.. repeater inputs, to 51.39 (both UK and Euro systems)
51.41.. FM simplex, to 51.59 (20 kHz channels)
51.51 FM calling channel
51.81.. Euro. repeaters, to 51.99 (split -0.6)
52...
53.75.. SAB, to 55.75
55.75 ... PBR, see 62.75
57.5... CBS (planned), to 60.75 (split +7: 64.5 -67.75)
60.75.. SAB...
62.75.. PBR (planned), to 64.5 (split -7: 55.75-57.50)
64.5 ... CBS, see 57.5
67.7625...
--68------Low Band-------------
Mobile, military, emergency services (French splits -4.05, -5, -3)
Military PTARMIGAN access links
Various countries overseas allow FM radio broadcasting from 65 to 87.5 (OIRT), this often reaches us.
68.0875.PBR, to 69.9875 single, dual: see 81.5875
70... Amateur 4m band, to 70.5 Secondary
Beacons...
70.03.. CW/SSB
70.15 Meteor Scatter calling
70.185 Cross-band centre-of-activity
70.2 SSB calling
70.25.. FM simplex, to 70.4875 (12.5 kHz channels)
70.26 old AM frequency still in use
70.3 RTTY/FAX
70.3125 Packet, to 70.3375
70.45 FM Calling channel
70.4875 Packet
70.5... Home Office - Fire Service mainscheme, to 71.5 (with 80-81.5)
71.5125.PBR, to 72.7875 single, dual: see 85.0125
72.8 ... MoD
75.0 CAA ILS runway marker beacons (Guard band 74.8-75.2) 200ft, 1 & 3.5 miles from touchdown
75.2 ... MoD
76.7125.PBR, to 77.4875 single, dual: see 86.7125 ...
77.5... PBR, to 77.9875 (used to be paired with 87.5 to 88), Cordless phones
78... MoD
80... H.O.
81.5125.PBR, to 81.575
81.5875.PBR, to 83.4875 (split -13.5: 68.0875-69.9875) new for the 1990s
83.5 ... H.O.
84 ... MoD
PBR listed so that you can avoid tuning in by accident.
(same info can be found on Radiocomms Agency site anyway)
12.5kHz channels. (Started in 1947 with 100 kHz channels, 25 kHz from 1960)
85.0125.PBR, to 86.2875 (split -13.5: 71.5125-72.7875)
86.3....PBR, to 86.7
86.7125.PBR, to 87.4875 (split -10: 76.7125-77.4875)
87.34.. Eurosignal paging, to 87.415 (4 x 25kHz channels A-D) heard in UK from Europe
--87.5-------------------------
Band II - FM Broadcasting (100 kHz channels) 87.6-107.9 RDS, more
See the British DX Club's Lists. Tuners.
Latest news : Newstide.
87.6... RSLs (Restricted Service Licences)
88.0... BBC Radio 2
90.2... BBC Radio 3
92.4... BBC Radio 4, BBC Wales/Scotland
94.6... BBC Local Radio, Radio 4, ILR
96.1... Independent Local Radio
97.6... BBC Radio 1
99.8... Independent National Radio - Classic FM, ILR
102.0... Independent Local Radio
103.5... BBC Local Radio, Radio 4, ILR
105.0... Independent Local Radio, RSLs
107.0... RSLs and other low power broadcasting, to 107.9
87.5 to 88 MHz was once used for base PMR (split -10: 77.5-77.9875).
97.6 to 102.1 MHz was used by the Home Office for Emergency Services AMRT base,
until the late 1980s (split to 82.5-84).
105 to 108 MHz used from 1969 until the early 1990s for mobile JRC PBR (split to 138-141),
and became available to Broadcasting in 1995.
Long distance reception is more common via the troposphere here, rather than the ionosphere...
i.e a "lift" rather than "sporadic-E". "Tropo" tends to improve the higher the frequency, and lower
frequencies are not affected; whereas ionospheric "skip" builds up from HF, maybe reaching as high as
150 MHz rarely - but leaves higher bands unaffected.
-108---------------------------
Aero. Navigation
108.05.. ILS/VOR/ATIS, to 117.95 (50 kHz channels)
-117.975-----------------------
Aero. Mobile "Civil Air Band" - NATS National Air Traffic Services, Volmet
See Javiation's list. RTCA. ICAO.
118.0... AM comms, to 136.975 (25 kHz channels)
Until recently 50kHz channel spacing was used, and soon the channels will be three
times closer with 8.333kHz spacings; in Europe in 1999, in the UK in 2000.
So will the first channel be 117.983 or 118.0?
The use of 136 - 137 dates from 1990, and it's still shared with satellite services.
121.5 Distress, EPIRBs
121.6 airport Fire Services
121.9 common Ground frequency
122.475 Balloons and Hangliders
123.1 SAR Search and Rescue
129.7... many private airline channels, to 132
130.1 Gliders, +130.125 +130.4
131.725 ACARS Packet data (Europe & USA) Air Comms Addressing/Reporting System
135.375 London VOLMET (main)
-137------Mid Band-------------
Mobile, military, Aero OR, emergency services (French splits +/-4.6)
Military PTARMIGAN access links
137... Weather Satellites, to 138
137... LEO MSS Sat. downlinks, to 138 (up at 148-149.9) Orbcomm (4800 bps FSK)
137.975..Paging, to 138.2
138.2... future Euro. SRD band, to 138.45
138... MoD
139.5... JRC Joint Radio Co. PBR, to 140.5 (split 8.5: 148-149) Trunked.
139.51875-140.48125 J22-J99, main channels 12.5kHz spaced (no J01-J21)
139.525 -140.475 K22-K98, interleaved (J+6.25kHz)
140.375 JRC paging (simplex use of J90 below & J91 above)
Fuel and Power industries.
From 1969 until the early 1990s AM was used in the band 138-141 (split -33: 105-108).
140.5... MoD
141... SAB Services Ancillary to Broadcasting, to 141.5 (previously 141.9) 6.25 kHz offsets
141.006..ILR, to 141.193
141.206..BBC radio, to 141.256
141.268 not available to BBC - & 141.281
141.293..BBC radio, to 141.318 (.318 BBC News)
141.375 BBC 75kHz wideband
141.418 BBC
141.4625 BBC 75kHz wideband
141.5 ... MoD
143.0 ... H.O., to 144 - see 152
143.625 Space - MIR station
144... Amateur 2m band, to 146 Primary - IARU Bandplan:
EME (Moonbounce)...
144.035..CW
144.150..SSB - calling 144.3
144.4... Beacons, to 144.49
144.5... All modes
144.725 in the south - you'll appear on F5ZBF when there's a lift...
144.8... Digital, to 144.99
145.0... Repeater inputs, to 145.1875
145.2... FM Simplex, to 145.5875 (12.5 kHz channels) older 25kHz channels listed:
145.2 S8, V16 Raynet priority, MIR (with 145.8)
145.225 S9, V18 Raynet priority
145.25 S10, V20 Slow Morse
145.275 S11, V22
145.3 S12, V24
145.325 S13, V26 + French R8b/RV26 F5ZBF repeater Caen (split normal -0.6)
145.35 S14, V28 + French R9b/RV28
145.375 S15, V30 + French R10b/RV30
145.4 S16, V32 + French R11b/RV32
145.425 S17, V34 + French R12b/RV34
145.45 S18, V36
145.475 S19, V38
145.5 S20, V40 FM calling channel
145.525 S21, V42 GB2RS news, Sundays
145.55 S22, V44
145.575 S23, V46
145.5875 V47
(Repeaters 145.6 - 145.7875, split -0.6)
145.600 R0, RV48 FZ3VHF St.Brieuc
145.6125 R0x, RV49 F5ZBL Evreux
145.625 R1, RV50 FZ3VHD Quimper
145.6375 R1x, RV51 F5ZDE Chateauroux
145.650 R2, RV52
145.6625 R2x, RV53 F5ZCR Vernon
145.675 R3, RV54 F1ZBX Rennes
145.6875 R3x, RV55 FZ2VHF Lille
145.700 R4, RV56 F6ZCE Alencon
145.7125 R4x, RV57
145.725 R5, RV58 FZ2VHC Le Havre
145.7375 R5x, RV59
145.750 R6, RV60
145.7625 R6x, RV61
145.775 R7, RV62 FZ3VHB Les Herbiers
145.7875 R7x, RV63
145.8... Satellite Service, to 146
146... H.O., see 154
148... JRC,LEO, see 139.5 and 137
149... MoD
149.9... Satellite Navigation, to 150.05
150.05.. Radio Astronomy, to 152 + Oil-slick markers
152... Home Office - Emergency Services, to 153 (with 143-144)
153.025..Paging, to 153.475 (25kHz channels) POCSAG (bursts)
153.025 FLEX paging (continuous)
153.5... MoD
154... Home Office - Emergency Services, to 155.975 (with 146-148)
-156---------------------------
Mobile, Marine VHF (SAR, MBR/CSR)
PMR/PBR + CBS + STH, Ambulances, Paging (ERMES), SRD, Packnet, Civil Defence
156... Marine, to 163 - International and private 25kHz channels, single and dual (split -4.6).
was 50 kHz spacing until SOLAS 1972, new channels were fitted in between old...
Some sets may be set from "international" to "USA" mode, and then some
of the dual frequency channels can be used as single (ship channel) frequencies;
which could be handy for a "private" channel, no-one else would hear you! (apart
from coast stations that use that channel. So you'd want to pick a clear one - and
bear in mind that if you don't you won't be able to hear them telling you to move!)
Maybe it's best not to, then. Interesting thought though, isn't it?
156.0-158.4 lines up with 160.6-163.0 at 4.6MHz higher, the lower section being the ship/mobile
side of dual-freq. channels, the higher side being for shore/base.
156.375-156.875 and 160.975-161.475 are not joined, and have single-freq usage with international
channels at 156 and private at 161. The international channels finish at 157.425/162.025 and the
rest are private channels, which may be dual or single.
Between 158.4 and 160.6 the mobile channels of a PBR band can be found. As this 163.0375-165.0375
band utilises a 4.5 MHz split, the mobile side covers 158.5365-160.5375 - the gap at the bottom is
used for a few more single-freq. private marine channels, and at the top there are three local
authority alarm channels.
Let's track this in two columns 4.6 MHz apart...
** First, two single freq.s...
--------------------------- -------
160.600 99 Coastguards 156.000 0 Coastguards (99 was 00 but they couldn't dial that!)
** Now dual freq. pairs
Shore/Base Ship/mobile 4.6 MHz lower
--------------------------------------
160.625---156.025 60
160.650---156.050 1
160.675---156.075 61
160.700---156.100 2
160.725---156.125 62
160.750---156.150 3
160.775---156.175 63
160.800---156.200 4
160.825---156.225 64
160.850---156.250 5
160.875---156.275 65
160.900 ?reserved? 156.300 6 SAR/intership
156.925---156.325 66
156.950---156.350 7
** Now single freq.s
---------------------------- -------
160.975 - 161.475 156.375 67 Safety
MBR, CSR, Paging returns 156.400 8 intership
156.425 68
156.450 9 intership/Pilots
156.475 69 intership/Customs
156.500 10 intership/SAR
156.525 70 DSC Digital SelCall ONLY, GMDSS
156.550 11 SAR
156.575 71
156.600 12 Ports
156.625 72 intership
156.650 13 intership
161.275 Marine 10mW Alarms 156.675 73 intership/SAR
161.300 On-board handhelds 156.700 14 Ports
156.725 74 Ports
161.350 On-board handhelds 156.750 15 intership
--16 only--
156.775 75 not yet used (guardband)
161.400 Radio Nav. 156.800 16 Calling, Distress
161.425 M2 (marinas) 156.825 76 not yet used (guardband)
-----------
156.850 17 intership
161.475 CSR 156.875 77 intership
** Now dual freq. pairs again
--------------------------------------
161.500---156.900 18
161.525---156.925 78
to (19-27, 79-89)
162.000---157.400 28
162.025---157.425 88 No more "Radio Lighthouses"
** Private channels, single or dual Marine Business Radio
** and some land-based PMR, same split -4.6
---------------------------- -------
162.050 MBR single... 157.450 29 MBR single
OR 162.050---157.450 29 MBR dual
to
162.450 Diff. GPS 157.850 35/M marinas
to
162.825 104A Telex 158.225 104B Fax.
to
163.000 MBR single 158.400 48 MBR single
OR 163.000---158.400 48 MBR dual
** Now private single freq.s
---------------------------- -------
163.025 Diff. GPS 158.425 108 MBR
158.450 49 MBR
0.1 MHz gap where 158.475 109 MBR
"4.6 split" and 158.500 50 MBR
"4.5 split" systems meet
** We'll change now to a 4.5 MHz difference for the land mobile band, and 12.5 kHz spacings
---------------------------------------
163.0375---158.5375 PBR/CBS (split -4.5)
to...
The first 70 per cent used to be used for the old BT RadioTelephones :
163.0375... BT System 4, to 164.425 (split -4.5: 158.5375-159.925) channels U001-U111
and before that :
163.050 ... BT System 3, to 164.400 (split -4.5, 25kHz channels 55-1 in reverse!) ch17 was control
(until the 1980's saw the arrival of TACS at 935-950 MHz)
164.4375... the top section, to 165.0375, was mainly Private Message Handling - operators speaking
to mobile doctors etc, and is now seeing more Common Base Stations (PBR via a dealer who
supplies equipment and airtime) including some multi-channel trunked CBS.
(PAMR Public Access Mobile Radio is mainly confined to Band III,
and as with other trunked systems the control channels are continuous).
163.900... now PMR dual and single, to 164.2 (159.4-159.7) with many S.T.Hire channels.
164.225... now used by the Paknet system, to 164.3875 (base continuous)
The lowest portions are filling up with CBS and PBR.
Despite this section only being allocated to LAND MOBILE, (12.5 kHz PMR) in some
books and magazines you may find extra marine channels given (channel number
greater than 50), either single or -4.6 dual, in the first 150kHz or so.
Seems a bit odd, that. Marine channels are 25kHz bandwidth too, so that ruins
half of the 12.5kHz channel above and below. How wasteful.
And was 160.9 just forgotten about? How sad that it would make my day to find out.
Another mystery is the continued appearance in lists of the top channels 165 to 165.0375
being paired with 4.8 higher, rather than 4.5 lower. An RA document clearly shows 165.050
as channel 1 in the high band. And 169.8375 is a simplex channel, etc. Makes you wonder...
to
165.0375---160.5375
---------------------------- --------
165.050 start of high band 160.550 - 160.575 Alarms (3x 12.5kHz)
** the end of this 2nd column now joins the start of the 1st. now we've covered 4.6MHz **
** We'll change now to a new 4.8 MHz difference UPWARDS
---------------------------------------
165.0375 end of mid band 169.8375 end of single freq simplex section
165.0500---169.8500 ch 001 PBR High Band
to...
Private Mobile Radio channels are allocated in all bands to different categories such as :
National exclusive (53 dual, 12 single here in high band),
CBS (8 dual here),
On-site shared (5 dual, 31 single here - 3km range),
Wide Area Shared (189 dual - 30kms, taxis etc),
Short Term Hire (4 - 169.0125, 169.1375, 169.1625, 169.1875),
STH/demo/"parking"/Test&Dev (1 - 167.2000---172.000),
Road Construction (1 - 165.075---169.875),
UK General (5 single - mobile only, anywhere in UK, 5W ERP max, for not more than 12 months in one place).
Which explains why that "spare channel" can't be used for anything else in your area!
to...
168.2375---173.0375 ch 256 PBR
** single freq.s
---------------------------- --------
168.2500 PBR 173.050 PBR
to to
168.2875 Alarms 173.0875 PBR
168.3000 PBR 173.100... H.O. + low power / short range devices (LPD/SRD)
-168.3125--boundary----------
168.325 Home Office
to
168.825
-168.8375--------------------
168.8500 PBR
to
168.9375 Alarms
to
169.0500 JRC
to
169.3875 PBR
-169.39375-------------------
169.4250 ERMES Paging (25kHz, continuous) - PBR being cleared?
to
169.8000
-169.81875-------------------
169.825 PBR
169.8375 PBR which is where we started the second column this time
or in my usual format...
156.0... Marine, to 158.525 single OR dual: see 160.625
158.5375.PBR, to 160.5375 single OR dual: see 163.0375
... alarms
160.6... Marine, to 163.025 single OR dual (split -4.6: 156.025-158.4)
163.0375.PBR, to 165.0375 (split -4.5: 158.5375-160.5375) Mid Band
165.05...PBR, to 168.2375 (split +4.8: 169.850 -173.0375) High Band (French splits -4.6)
168.25...PBR, to 168.3 single
168.3125... H.O.
168.85...PBR, to 169.8375 single - with ERMES paging 169.425 to 169.8 (25kHz channels)
169.85...PBR, to 173.0375 single OR dual: see 165.05
173.05...PBR, to 173.0875 single
12.5kHz channels. Talkthrough...
** These are your main business radio bands, mate. So I'm told.
** D
on't ever listen here. It's not nice to eavesdrop.
** The technology might be fascinating, but there's no point listening, is there?
173.1... SRD, to 177.2 Mics, SAB, Theatres, Telemetry, Alarms, Telecommand, Deaf-aids
-174---------------------------
Band III - TV Broadcasting (Not UK since 1984), DAB Digital Audio
UK: Mobile - PAMR/PBR/SAB/SAP/PMSE (mics) + RMR
French TV: 8MHz ch. F5-F10 vision at 176, 184, 192, 200, 208, 216 sound at +6.5
Euro TV (7MHz) E5 174-181, E6 181-188, ... E11 216-223, E12 223-230
Old UK (5MHz) B6 176-181, B7 181-186, ... B13 211-216
174.0 ... mics
177.2125.PAMR/PBR, to 183.4875 (split +8: 185.2-191.5) except 181.7-181.8
183.5 ... RMR Remote Meter Reading (183.8875)
184.5 ... SAB
185.2 ... PBR, see -8
191.5 ... SAB
193.2 ... PBR, see +8
199.5 ... SAB, SRD
200.5 ... mics
201.2125.PAMR/PBR, to 207.4875 (split -8: 193.2-199.5)
207.5 ... SAB, mics
209.26... PBR, see +3.3
210.26... SRD
210.97... PBR,SAB, see +3.3
212.2 ... SRD
212.5625.PAMR/PBR, to 213.55 (split -3.3: 209.26-210.25)
213.56... ?SRD?
214.275..PAMR/PBR, to 215.2625 (split -3.3: 210.97-211.96) Narrowband modes
215.275..SAB, to 215.4875 (split -3.3: 211.97-212.18)
215.5 ... SRD
217.5... DAB, to 230 (1.536 MHz bandwidth) Vertical Pol. (more)
Eureka 147 - COFDM - Umpteen hundred narrowband carriers all sharing the bits...
218.640 (E11-B) LOCAL n/a
220.352 (E11-C) LOCAL/INR Isle of Man + Channel Islands
222.064 (E11-D) LOCAL/INR England + Wales
223.936 (E12-A) LOCAL/INR Scotland
225.648 (E12-B) BBC UK + Gibraltar (224.88-226.416)
227.360 (E12-C) LOCAL n/a
229.072 (E12-D) LOCAL/INR Northern Ireland
A whopping 6 programmes carried on each transmission. That's 12 in any one
location then. And that's supposed to be more efficient than the current FM
system? But I can get two or three times that many stations already, check
the FM band in London or Paris for example. Progress.
Ah, they'll say, but we can also use BandII when the analogue signals are
phased out, and there's L-band too (1.5 GHz).
Yee-ess, I'll say, but try fitting the processing power needed into a walkman,
and make the batteries last more than half an hour. Ha.
Oh, silly me, I nearly forgot. We don't really need more than ONE music station
anyway, as they all play the same 500 tired worn out "hits" over and over again.
And there's never enough advertising revenue to support TWO stations in the same
area, is there?
Am I the only person in the UK who wants to listen to good new music, rather than
the same old Simply Red/Phil Collins/Toto/60's/kiddie pop/REM/Peter Gabriel etc?
Most people I mention this to usually agree (willingly, too) and would rather
feel more "up to date" than all this living in the past. It is after all a great
pleasure to hear a fresh bit of pop and find you really like it - that is what
makes us go out and buy the stuff isn't it? Trouble is, when they do play the
latest releases, they play them every hour until you're sick if them - if you
have the radio on all day at work it'll drive you nuts.
So, from my experience most people are fed up with it, but as there's no
alternative the audience figures will remain high, that pleases the advertisers,
nothing needs to change, keep it bland, and the vicious circle continues...
How DO they manage to make even music I LIKE sound so awful?
224.0125.SAB, PMSE, to 224.4875
-230---------------------------
NATO military band (Equipment). ARFA/DRFB/FMSC/NJFA/CEAC
Air-Ground-Air, Air-Air AM comms (25kHz channels)
Radio Relay, Satellite, PTARMIGAN multi-channel trunk links
243.0 Distress, EPIRBs
326.5... Astronomy, to 328.5 - deuterium spectral line
328.6... Aero. Nav., to 335.4 - ILS, glideslopes
390.0125.PSRCP H.O. TETRA, to 392.9875 (digital 25 kHz channels) (split -10: 380-383) more. Base continuous.
may eventually extend to 395 & 385.
-399.9----UHF------------------
Mobile (French splits +/-10)
400.15.. Met. sondes, Satellite, EPIRBS, to 406.1
406.1 ... MoD
UHF1: 420 to 450 - military (shares with PBR), SRD, SAB
420... PBR: civil TETRA, to 425 (split -10: 410-415)
425... PBR, see 440
429... MoD
430... Amateur 70cm band, to 440 Secondary
430.025. RU1 French/Neth. repeaters, to 430.375 (RU15) (split +1.6: 431.625-431.975)
432.0... Narrow band CW/SSB
433.0... RB0 UK repeaters, to 433.375 (RB15) (split +1.6: 434.6-434.975)
433.475 SU19
433.5 SU20 FM calling channel
433.525 SU21
434.6... Euro. repeaters, to 434.975 (split -1.6: reverse of UK)
438.2... Euro. repeaters, to 439.475 (split -7.6: 430.6-431.875) Germany/Swiss/Austria
UHF1 PBR limited mainly to large cities - London, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool, Glasgow, Edinb., Manchester
Coventry, Bristol, Cardiff, Swansea, Newport. 12.5kHz channels.
440.0125.PBR, to 442.2625 (split -14.5: 425.5125-427.7625)
442.275 ... SAB
442.525..PBR, to 443.4875 (split -14.5: 428.025 -428.9875) 13 JRC ch.
443.5 ... MoD
445.5125.PBR, to 445.9875 (split -20.5: 425.0125-425.4875)
446.0... PBR, to 446.4 - future Euro SRBR 446-446.1
446.425 ... SAB
447.525..PBR, to 449.4875
448... PBR, to 449 (split -17: shared with amateur 431-432) London. 6.25kHz offsets
449.5 ... MoD
UHF2: 450 to 470 - emergency services, PBR, Paging, Telemetry, SRD, SAB
PBR mobile segments may contain single frequency simplex use. 12.5kHz channels.
450... Home Office - Emergency Services, to 453 (with 464-467.25)
453.0125 PBR
453.025..PBR, to 453.9875 (split +6.5: 459.525-460.4875)
454.025 ... Paging
454.85...PBR, to 454.975 (some Railways split -6.5)
454.993 ... SAB, to 455.456 (with 468.018-468.506)
455.475..PBR, to 455.85 (split +5.3: 460.775-461.25) airports only
... H.O.
456.0... PBR, to 456.9875 (split +5.5: 461.500-462.4875)
456.0625... 21 JRC ch., to 456.3125
457.0 ... H.O. (+5.5?)
457.256 ... SAB JFMG short term / OB, to 457.468 (with 467.293-467.531) 6.25 kHz offsets
457.475 ... H.O.
457.5... Scanning Telemetry, to 458.5 (split +5.5: 463-464)
457.525..Marine on-board comms, to 457.575 (may be split +10)
458.5... Telemetry, SRD, to 459.1
458.85.. On-site paging / local comms, to 459.475
... H.O.
459.525 ... PBR, see 453.025
460.500 ... SAB, H.O.
460.775 ... PBR, see 455.475,
461.2375... SAB, & 461.25 (split +7.2875: 468.525 & 468.5375)
461.2625.PBR and SRBR, to 461.4875
461.500 ... PBR, see 456
462.500 ... H.O.
462.756 ... SAB JFMG fixed sites (split +6.7375/+6.875: 469.493-469.868) 6.25kHz offsets
463.000 ... ST, see 457.5
464.000 ... H.O.,see 450
467.275 ... SAB, see 457.25
467.525..Marine on-board, to 467.575 single, or dual: see -10
467.600 ... SAB
468.018 ... SAB, to 468.5375, see 455 and 461.237
469.493 ... SAB fixed sites, see 462.756
469.875 ... H.O.
-470---------------------------
Band IV - TV Broadcasting in 8MHz channels (21 to 35) + mobile (SAB)
UK System I (PAL) : Offsets of +/- 25 kHz may be used to alleviate co-channel interference
AM Vision carrier at +1.25 (Lower Sideband vestigial)
FMW Sound carrier at +7.25 (sound 6 higher than video)
Nicam digital sound at +7.802
French System L (Secam) : Offsets of +/- 37.5 kHz may be used.
AM Vision carrier at +1.25 (inverted video)
AM Sound carrier at +7.75 (sound 6.5 higher than video)
Nicam digital sound at +7.55
470-478 21 477.25 sound
478-486 22 485.25
486-494 23 493.25
494-502 24 501.25
502-510 25 509.25
510-518 26 517.25
518-526 27 525.25
526-534 28 533.25
534-542 29 541.25
542-550 30 549.25
550-558 31 557.25
558-566 32 565.25
566-574 33 573.25
574-582 34 581.25
582-590 35 589.25
-590---------------------------
UK Aero. Navigation
594 Radar 50cm
590-598 (36) VCRs / Computers etc
-598---------------------------
Band V - TV Broadcasting in 8MHz channels (37 to 68) + mobile (SAB)
598-606 37 605.25
606-614 38 613.25
610 Radio Astronomy
614-622 39 621.25
622-630 40 629.25
630-638 41 637.25
638-646 42 645.25
646-654 43 653.25
654-662 44 661.25
662-670 45 669.25
670-678 46 677.25
678-686 47 685.25
686-694 48 693.25
694-702 49 701.25
702-710 50 709.25
710-718 51 717.25
718-726 52 725.25
726-734 53 733.25
734-742 54 741.25
742-750 55 749.25
750-758 56 757.25
758-766 57 765.25
766-774 58 773.25
774-782 59 781.25
782-790 60 789.25
790-798 61 797.25
798-806 62 805.25
806-814 63 813.25
814-822 64 821.25
822-830 65 829.25
830-838 66 837.25
838-846 67 845.25
846-854 68 853.25
854-862 (often refered to as channel 69, a proposed extension) - SAB
-854---------------------------
Mobile, military
854... SAB, mics, SRD, CT2 cordless phones, to 870
915... Base section, to 960 (split -45: 870-915) Cellphones - GSM Global System for Mobility
917.0125.ETACS/TACS, to 949.9875 (25 kHz channels, 12.5kHz offsets) to be phased out by 2005
921... UIC, to 925 (by 2005) Euro. Railways GSM system
925.2... EGSM - Extended GSM, to 935
935.2... GSM, to 959.8 (124x TDMA 200kHz channels) Digital. Scrambled. Base continuous.
933... DSRR, to 935 (Digital Short Range Radio), will NOT happen, Euro plans withdrawn
934.0125.UK CB, to 934.9625 (934/81) (20 channels, 50kHz spacing) band to end 31/12/98
-960---------------------------
Aero. Navigation (DME/IFF), military JTIDS
966 Astronomy +/-4 MHz
978.... DME Ground reply X channels, to 1087 (paired with 1xx.x0 MHz) (to +63)
1025... DME Air mobile channels, to 1150 (1-126 x 1 MHz channels; 1-16 and 60-69 not used)
Selected in aircraft by tuning to a paired channel between 108 and 118 MHz
Pulses transmitted by the aircraft, returned by the ground station & time difference measured.
1104... DME Ground reply Y channels, to 1213 (paired with 1xx.x5 MHz) (to -63)
1030 SSR/IFF (Squalk) Ground (secondary radar - rotating), air reply on 1090
-1,215----microwaves-----------
Mobile, military, radar
1246... Russian GPS GLONASS (GLObal NAv. Sat. Sys.) L2, 0-12: 1246+n(0.4375) see 1602
1240... Amateur 23cm band, to 1325 CW,SSB/FM/TV
1296... narrowband modes, beacons, to 1297
1297... FM repeaters RM0 to RM19 (split -6: 1291..)
1297.0 RM0
1297.05 RM2
1297.075 RM3
1297.125 RM5
1297.15 RM6
1297.225 RM9
1297.375 RM15
1297.475 RM19 (not in use)
1297.5.. FM simplex, to 1298
1297.50 FM calling
1298.275.German repeaters, to 1298.65 (split -28: 1270..)
-1,325----(1.325 GHz)-----------
Mobile, Satellite, Fixed, Navigation etc...
Rather specialist, wavelengths of less than 30cm really do allow
for high gain antennas, with very narrow beamwidths. Cable losses
become very noticeable and/or untenable. Mobile "flutter" quite
severe, mobile systems need many more base stations to cover a given
area. Most useful uses are direct fixed links, point to point, satellite
(line of sight), low range etc.
So - mostly un-interceptable and/or digital.
1,400 Astronomy, Space Research, SETI, Hydrogen Line. Certain frequencies around here
propagate very well through the universe, so the boffins listen here for extra-
terrestial transmissions. But surely the little grey men are doing the same thing?
1,452... L-Band DAB, to 1492
1,525... Satellite comms downlinks, to 1559 Inmarsat GMDSS etc (uplinks 1626.5-1660.5) (+101.5?)
1,575.42 Navstar GPS Nav L1 C/A (military accuracy with 1227.6 L2) (L3 1381.05 used)
1,602... Russian GLONASS L1, 0-12: 1602+n(0.5625) spread spectrum
1,610... LEO MSS, to 1626.5 (up&down) CDMA i.e. Globalstar, Iridium (TDMA, 780km up)
1,800.30.TFTS in-flight digital phones (air-ground), to 1804.969 (164 x 30.303 kHz channels : ground at -130)
1,690... Weather Satellite HRPT (Hi-res pics), to 1710 NOAA, GOES, MeteoSat
1,825... PCN mobile phones, to 1875 (split -95: 1730..) Orange etc.
1,880... DECT Digital Euro. Cordless Telephones, to 1900
1,900... future UMTS, to 2025 (with 2110-2200) IMT-2000, FPLMTS 3rd generation mobile (-190?)
2,310... Ham 13cm band, to 2,450
2,450 ISM Industrial/Scientific/Medical, your microwave oven. Really.
3,000 Radar 10cm
3,400... Ham 9cm band, to 3,475
3,675... C-Band satellite TV, to 4,200
5,650... Ham 6cm band, to 5,850
9,400 Radar 3cm
10,000... Ham 3cm band, to 10,150 - and 10,300 to 10,500
-10,700---(10.7 GHz)-----------
Satellite TV, Ku band - Astra,Eutelsat,Intelsat etc. (35,800km up)
10,700...FSS
11,700...BSS DBS (Band VI)
12,500...Telecom
-12,750------------------------
These are really small radio wavelengths...
24,000...Ham 12mm band, to 24,250
40,500...future ITC 7mm MVDS Multipoint Video Distribution, to 42.5 GHz
47,000...Ham 6mm band, to 47,200
75,500...Ham 4mm band, to 76,000
142,000..Ham 2mm band, to 144,000
248,000 Ham 1.2mm band, to 250,000 - 248 GHz, hmmmm.
Radio or Far Infra-Red? There's a bit of overlap near 1mm wavelengths...
-275,000------(275 GHz)--------
Far Infra-Red, to 25,000 GHz (over 1mm to 12µm)
-25,000,000---(25 THz)---------
Infra-red
-441 THz-----------------------
Visible wavelengths. Otherwise known as "Light". Red to Violet (680-420nm)
Some of my favourite frequencies. Green is rather nice.
-714 THz-----------------------
Near Ultraviolet. 300nm-180nm
-1,666 THz---------------------
Far Ultraviolet 180nm-91nm
-3,289 THz---------------------
Extreme Ultraviolet 91nm-10nm
912-100 Angstroms
-30,000,000,000---(30 PHz)-----
X-rays 10nm-10pm
100-0.1 Angstroms
-30,000,000,000,000--(30 EHz)--
Gamma rays 10pm-100fm and beyond
That's enough. Obsessive? Me?
Frequency multiplied by wavelength gives 300,000,000 m/s - the speed of light...
or 299,792,458 to be more exact.
300 mHz > 3000 mHz 1Gm > 100Mm easier to count s/cycle than c/s !
3 Hz > 30 Hz 100Mm > 10Mm VERY long waves! Natural 'Earth' waves
30 Hz > 300 Hz ELF 10Mm > 1Mm Bass!
300 Hz > 3000 Hz ILF 1000km > 100km Voice frequencies (sound)
3 kHz > 30 kHz VLF 100km > 10km
30 kHz > 300 kHz LF 10km > 1km
300 kHz > 3000 kHz MF 1km > 100m
3 MHz > 30 MHz HF 100m > 10m
30 MHz > 300 MHz VHF 10m > 1m
300 MHz > 3000 MHz UHF 1m > 10cm
3 GHz > 30 GHz SHF 10cm > 1cm
30 GHz > 300 GHz EHF 1cm > 1mm mainly experimental
300 GHz > 30 THz THF 1mm > 10um limits of radio / far infra-red
30 THz > 300 THz 10um > 1um infra-red light
300 THz > 3000 THz 1um > 100nm infra red > visible > ultra violet (near & far)
3 PHz > 30 PHz 100nm > 10nm extreme ultra violet
30 PHz > 30 EHz 10nm > 10pm x-rays
30 EHz > 10pm > Gamma rays
1 micron = 1 micrometer = 1um = 1000nm = one thousandth of a mm
10 Angstrom = 1 nanometer i.e. 5000A=500nm 1A=0.1nm=100pm
X unit (Xu) = approx. 0.001002 angstrom, or 100.2 femtometers, defined by
M. Siegbahn in 1925. Formerly used for measuring the wavelength of X rays
and gamma rays now measured in picometers (pm) or femtometers (fm).
1 Fermi = 1fm = about the size of an atom's nucleus
Metric prefixes
Ten to the power of
-27 vimto v
-24 yocto y
-21 zepto z
-18 atto a Greek: atten = eighteen
-15 femto f Greek: fempten = fifteen
-12 (trillionth) pico p 'little bit'
-9 (billionth) nano n nanos = dwarf
-6 (millionth) micro u mikros = small
-3 (thousandth) milli m mille = thousand
-2 (hundredth) centi c centum = hundred
-1 (tenth) deci d decimus = tenth
1 (ten) deca da deka = ten
2 (hundred) hecto h hekaton = hundred
3 (thousand) kilo k Greek: Khilioi
6 (million) mega M megas = great
9 (billion) giga G gigas = giant
12 (trillion) tera T teras = monster
15 (quadrillion) peta P
18 (quintillion) exa E
21 (sextillion) zetta Z
24 (septillion) yotta Y
27 (octillion)
30 (nonillion)
33 (decillion
36 (undecillion)
39 (dodecillion) These American terms obviously increment by one per
42 (tredecillion) thousand. In Europe however, we prefer to do it by
45 (quattuordecillion) millions. Thus a Euro billion is a million millions
48 (quindecillion) and not a thousand millions.
51 (sexdecillion)
99 (dotrigintillion)
100 (googol)
120 (novemtrigintillion)
303 (centillion)
googol (googolplex)
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