HEADS OF THE PONTIFICAL OFFICES
Notes : - Many lists are very incomplete. All additional information will be appreciated. - When officials were non-Italian, their nation of origin is given when known. - The "job descriptions" are purely informative and by no means fully exact and/or complete definitions. The central administration of the Holy See included : - the Roman Curia - other Pontifical Offices ROMAN CURIA The offices which were part of the Roman Curia were the : - Sacred Congregations - Pontifical Offices and Secretariats - Tribuals (Sacred Penitentiaria, Sacred Roman Rota and Apostolic Signatura) (Heads not listed) HEADS OF PONTIFICAL OFFICES AND SECRETARIATS At the accession of Pope Pius X in 1903 the offices were : - the Apostolic Chancery - the Apostolic Dataria - the Apostolic Chamber The Secretariats were : - the Secretariat of State - the Secretariats of the Apostolic Briefs, of the Letters to Princes, of the Latin Letters and of the Memorials APOSTOLIC CHANCERY The Apostolic Chancery was established in the 4th century. For a long time it was one of the most important offices of the Holy See, but from the 16th century onwards it gradually lost much of its tasks to the Secretariat of State and to the Sacred Congregations. The reforms of 1908 formally confirmed this evolution and restricted its competence to the expedition of Bulls - solemn Papal letters (concerning the appointment of Bishops, the erection of new dioceses, etc) - issued by the Sacred Congregation of the Consistory. Vice Chancellors and Chancellors of the Holy Roman Church (All incumbents were ex-officio Cardinal Deacon, Cardinal Priest or - when they were Cardinal Bishop - Custodian of San Lorenzo in Damaso) Vice Chancellors 1844 - 1852 Tommaso Bernetti, Cardinal Deacon of San Lorenzo in Damaso 1779 - 1852 1852 - 1878 Luigi Amat di San Filippo e Sorso, Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina 1852 - 1870, then of Porto e Santa Rufina until 1877 and then of Ostia and of Velletri 1877 - 1878, Custodian of San Lorenzo in Damaso 1852 - 1878 1796 - 1878 1878 - 1883 Antonino Saverio De Luca, Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina, Custodian of San Lorenzo in Damaso 1878 - 1883 1805 - 1893 1884 - 1899 Teodolfo Mertel, Cardinal Priest of San Lorenzo in Damaso 1806 - 1899 1899 - 1903 Lucido Maria Parocchi, Cardinal Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina, Custodian of San Lorenzo in Damaso 1899 - 1903 1833 - 1903 1903 - 1908 Antonio Agliardi, Cardinal Bishop of Albano, Custodian of San Lorenzo in Damaso 1903 - 1908 1872 - 1915 Chancellors 1908 - 1915 Antonio Agliardi, Cardinal Bishop of Albano, Custodian of San Lorenzo in Damaso 1908 - 1915 s.a. 1915 - 1927 Ottavio Cagiano de Azevedo, Cardinal Priest of San Lorenzo in Damaso 1845 - 1927 1927 - 1933 Andreas Franz Frühwirtz (Austria), Cardinal Priest of San Lorenzo in Damaso 1845 - 1933 1933 - 1942 Tommaso Pio Boggiani, Cardinal Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina, Custodian of San Lorenzo in Damaso 1933 - 1942 1863 - 1942 1942 - 1954 vacant APOSTOLIC DATARIA The Apostolic Dataria was founded in the early 15th century, when the marking of dates on pontifical letters was entrusted to a specific official, the Datarius.(or Datary). Its competences were later extended to include the right to grant certain indults, graces and dispensations. By the early 20th century it was mainly concerned with : - the granting of dispensations for marriages (until 1908), - the granting of non-consistorial benefits (= the sacred offices confered by the Holy See and the right to receive the revenues attached to these offices). As such the Dataria : - examined the qualifications and the fitness of candidates for a benefit, - granted - when necessary - dispensations in matters concerning the benefits, - payed the pensions of incumbents who had resigned, etc, etc. Apostolic Pro Dataries and Dataries Apostolic Pro Dataries (The Pro Datary replaced the Datary from the 17th century to 1908) 1844 - 1858 Ugo Pietro Spinola, Cardinal Priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti 1791 - 1858 1858 - 1870 Mario Mattei, Cardinal Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina until 1860, then of Ostia and of Velletri 1792 - 1870 1870 - 1877 Luigi Vannicelli Casoni, Archbishop of Ferrara and Cardinal Priest of Santa Prassede 1801 - 1877 1877 - 1889 Carlo Conte di Sacconi, Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina until 1878, then of Porto e Santa Rufina until 1884, then of Ostia and of Velletri 1808 - 1889 1889 - 1897 Angelo Bianchi, Cardinal Priest of Santa Prassede until 1889, then Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina and Custodian of Santa Prased 1817 - 1897 1897 - 1902 Gaetano Aloisi Masella, Cardinal Priest of Santa Prassede 1826 - 1902 1902 - 1908 Angelo Di Pietro, Cardinal Priest of Santi Bonifacio e Alessio until 1903, then of San Lorenzo in Lucina 1828 - 1914 Apostolic Dataries 1908 - 1914 Angelo Di Pietro, Cardinal Priest of San Lorenzo in Lucina 1836 - 1930 1914 - 1930 Vincenzo Vannutelli, Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina and since 1915 also of Ostia 1930 - 1933 Raffaele Scapinelli di Leguigno, Cardinal Priest of San Girolamo degli Schiavoni 1858 - 1933 1933 - 1938 Luigi Capotosti, Cardinal Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli 1863 - 1938 1938 - 1959 Federico Tedeschini, Cardinal Priest of Santa Maria della Vittoria (until 1951) 1873 - 1959 Other Officials Among the other officials of the Dataria were the Sub Dataries, who were ex-officio Secretaries of the Sacred Congregation for the Holy House of Loreto until 1908. APOSTOLIC CHAMBER Together with the Apostolic Chancery (s.a.), the Apostolic Chamber - going back to the 12th and 13th centuries - was for a long time one of the principal offices of the Roman Curia. It was mainly concerned with the administration of the finances of the Church and of the Papal States, but until the reforms of 1847/1848 - when modern ministries were created (see here) - its senior officers performed also other tasks : - the Camerlengo was concerned with the general administration and acted as a kind of Minister of Economic Affairs, - the Vice Camerlengo was in charge of law and order and became later ex officio Director General of Police of the Papal States, - the Auditor General - the high judge of the financial court - acted as Minister of Justice of the Papal States, - the Treasurer General managed the financial affairs and was a kind of Minister of Finance of the Papal States. After 1870 the Apostolic Chamber lost its importance and its offices became largely honorific posts, the post of Treasurer General even remaining vacant for at least 40 years. The Camerlengo continued however as one of the leading officials in the periods of papal vacancy, when he was in charge of the affairs linked to the funerals of the deceased pope, to thoe affairs linked to the election of a new pope and to those concerning the temporal goods and rights of the papacy. Camerlengos of the Holy Roman Church 1843 - 1857 Tommaso Riario Sforza, Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Via Lata 1782 - 1857 1857 - 1867 Lodovico Altieri, Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Portico until 1860, then Cardinal Bishop of Albano 1805 - 1867 1867 - 1877 Filippo De Angelis, Cardinal Priest with the title of San Lorenzo in Lucina, Archbishop of Fermo 1792 - 1877 1877 - 1878 Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Aloisio Pecci, Cardinal Priest with the title of San Crisogono, Archbishop of Perugia (elected Pope Leo XIII) 1810 - 1903 1878 - 1884 Camillo Di Pietro, Cardinal Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina until 1878, then of Ostia and of Velletri 1806 - 1884 1884 Domenico Consolini, Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Domenico 1806 - 1884 1885 - 1913 Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano, Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina until 1889, then of Porto e San Rufina until 1896, then of Ostia and of Velletri 1828 - 1913 1914 - 1916 Francesco Salesio Della Volpe, Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Aquiro 1844 - 1916 1916 - 1934 Pietro Gasparri, Cardinal Priest with the title of San Lorenzo in Lucina 1852 - 1934 1935 - 1939 Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santi Giovanni e Paolo (elected Pope Pius XII) 1876 -1958 1939 - 1941 Lorenzo Lauri, Cardinal Priest with the title of San Pancrazio 1864 - 1941 1941 - 1958 vacant Acting Vice Camerlengo 1941 - 1947 Tito Trocchi, Titular Archbishop of Lacedemonia in Peloponnesos II 1864 - 1947 Other Officials Vice Camerlengos 1847 - 1848 ... 1848 - 1853 Domenico Savelli, also Minister of the Interior and Police of the Papal States 1849 - 1853 1792 - 1864 1853 - 1856 Antonio Matteucci, also Director General of Police of the Papal States 1802 - 1866 1856 - 1875 Lorenzo Ilarione Randi, also Director General of Police of the Papal States until 1870 1818 - 1887 1875 - 1876 Giuseppe Arborio Mella 1807 - 1876 1877 - 1881 Giacomo Gallo, since 1878 Titular Latin Patriarch of Constantinople 1807 - 1881 1881 - 188. A. Pellegrini 1884 - 1889 Achille Apolloni 1823 - 1893 18.. - 1894 Giovanni Battista Casali del Drago 1836 - 1908 1894 - 1915 Lorenzo Passerini, Titular Archbishop of Ptolemais in Phoenicia until 1901, then Titular Latin Patriarch of Antiochia 1837 - 1915 1916 - 1919 Augusto Silj, Titular Archbishop of Cesarea in Cappadocia 1846 - 1926 1921 - 1935 Ugo dei Principi Boncompagni-Ludovisi, Duca di Sora 1856 - 1935 1936 - 1939 Frediano Giannini, Titular Archbishop of Serre in Macedonia II 1861 - 1939 - 1947 Tito Trocchi, Titular Archbishop of Lacedemonia in Peloponnesos II s.a. Auditors General 1845 - 1849 Roberto Giovanni Roberti 1788 - 1867 18.. - 1852 Domizio Marchese Meli-Lupi di Soragna 1... - 1852 1852 - 1865 Francisco Maria Giannuzzi 1865 - 1868 Andrea Pila 1811 - 1868 1868 - 187. Salvo Maria Sagretti 1875 - 1883 Ruggero Luigi Emidio, Marchese Antici Mattei, Cardinal Priest with the title of San Lorenzo in Panisperna 1811 - 1883 1883 - 1887 ... 1887 - 1899 Alessandro Sanminiatelli Zabarella, Titular Archbishop of Tiana in Cappadocia II 1840 - 1910 1899 - 190. ... Pericoli 1906 - 1920 Antonio Sabatucci, Titular Archbishop of Antinoe in Tebaide I 1835 - 1920 1921 - 1926 Francesco Moretti, Titular Archbishop of Laodicea in Siria I 1851 - 1926 1927 - 1939 Tito Trocchi, Titular Archbishop of Lacedemonia in Peloponnesos II s.a. 1939 - 1944 Giovanni Battista Federico Vallega, Titular Arvhbishop of Nicopolis in Epiruc Vetus 1876 - 1944 - 1947 ... Tresaurers General 1847 - 1852 Carlo Luigi Morichini, Titular Archbishop of Nisibis in Mesopotamia I, also Minister of Finances of the Papal States 1847 - 1848 1805 - 1879 1852 - 1854 ... 1854 1870 Giuseppe Ferrari, also Minister of Finances of the Papal States 1870 - 19.. vacant 19.. - 1943 Bartolomeo Cattaneo, Titular Archbishop of Palmira in Phoenicia II 1866 - 1943 1943 - 19.. ... SECRETARIAT OF STATE The office of Private Secretary to the Pope was created in the early 16th century. At first its incumbent was no more then an assistant of the "Cardinal Nephew", the confidant of the Pope. Later the Private Secretary - a Cardinal styled Secretary of State since 1644 - became more important and in 1692 he replaced the Cardinal Nephwe as confidant and advisor, soon becoming the leading official of Church and State. Cardinal Secretaries of State The Cardinal Secretaries of State also ex-officio were : - Prefects of the Sacred Congregation for the Holy House of Loreto (1698 - 1908) - Presiding Officials (1814 - 1925) and Prefects (1925 - 1967) of the Sacred Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs - Administrators and Presidents of the Administration of the Assets of the Holy See (since 1878 - s.b.) - in charge of the Foreign Affairs of the State of Vatican City (since 1929) (PF) = also President of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Papal States (PR) = also President of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Religious Foreign Affairs of the Papal States 1847 - 1848 Gabriele Ferretti, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santi Quirico e Giulitta (PF) 1795 - 1860 1848 Giuseppe Bofondi, Cardinal Deacon of San Cesareo in Palatio (PF) 1795 - 1867 1848 Giacomo Antonelli, Cardinal Deacon of Santa Agata alla Suburra (PF) 1806 - 1876 1848 Antonio Francesco Orioli*, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santa Maria sopra Minerva (PR) (1) 1778 - 1852 1848 Giovanni Soglia Ceroni, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santi Quattri Coronati, Archbishop of Osimo and Cingoli (PR) 1779 - 1856 1848 - 1876 Giacomo Antonelli, Cardinal Deacon of Santa Agata alla Suburra and (since 1868) also of Santa Maria in Via Lata, Pro Secretary of State 1848 - 1852, Secretary of State 1852 - 1876 (2x) (PF 1850 - 1870) s.a. 1876 - 1878 Giovanni Simeoni, Cardinal Priest with the title of San Pietro in Vincoli 1816 - 1892 1878 Alessandro Franchi, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santa Maria in Trastevere 1819 - 1878 1878 - 1880 Lorenzo Nina, Cardinal Deacon of San Angelo in Pescheria (until 1879), then Cardinal Priest with the title of Santa Maria in Tratevere 1812 - 1885 1880 - 1887 Luigi Jacobini, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santa Maria della Vittoria 1832 - 1887 1887 - 1903 Mariano Rampolla, Marchese del Tindaro, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santa Cecilia 1843 - 1913 1903 - 1914 Raffaele Merry del Val y Zulueta (Spain), Cardinal Priest with the title of Santa Prassede 1865 - 1930 1914 Domenico Ferrata, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santa Prisca 1847 - 1914 1914 - 1930 Pietro Gasparri, Cardinal Priest with the title of San Bernardo alle Terme (until 1915), then of San Lorenzo in Lucina [first Secretary of State to be formally appointed Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs (1925)] 1852 - 1934 1930 - 1939 Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santi Giovanni e Paolo (elected Pope Pius XII) s.a. 1939 - 1944 Luigi Maglione, Cardinal Priest with the title of San Pudenziana 1887 - 1944 1944 - 1958 vacant. Pope Pius XII assumed himself the leadersip of the Secretariat of State. Substitutes of the Secretary of State and Secretaries of the Cypher (Cypher = secret diplomatic code) 1844 - 1851 Vincenzo Santucci, 1796 - 1861 together with the next one 1848 - 1849 Gaetano Bedini (2) 1806 - 1864 1851 - 1868 Giuseppe Berardi 1810 - 1878 1868 - 1875 M. Marini 1875 - 1878 Vincenzo Vannutelli (Pro- Substitute 1875 - 1876) 1836 - 1930 1879 - 1880 Serafino Cretoni 1833 - 1909 1880 - 1882 Luigi Pallotti 1829 - 1890 1882 - 1893 Mario Mocenni, Titular Archbishop of Heliopolis in Phoenicia II 1823 - 1904 1893 - 1896 Aristide Rinaldini 1844 - 1920 1896 - 1901 Luigi Tripepi 1836 - 1906 1901 - 1907 Giacomo Giambattista, Marchese della Chiesa (future Pope Benedict XV) 1854 - 1922 1908 Nicola Canali, continued in office after the reform of 1908 1874 - 1961 In 1908 the Secretariat of State was devided into 3 sections : - the 1st Section for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs Assumed most tasks of the (still existing) Sacred Congregation of Extrapdinary Ecclesiastical Affairs. - the 2nd section for Ordinary Ecclsiastical Affairs Conducted the daily diplomatic relations with the secular states, was in charge of the Corps Diplomatic and of the distribution of the offices of the Curia, granted decorations, honours and titles, etc. - the 3rd section or Chancery of the Briefs Asumed the tasks of the former Secretariat of the Apostolic Briefs. (s.b) Secretaries for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs 1908 - 1914 Raffaele Scapinelli di Leguigno 1858 - 1933 1914 - 1917 Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli s.a. 1917 - 1921 Bonaventura Cerretti, Titular Archbishop of Corinthus in Peloponnesos I 1872 - 1933 1922 - 1928 Francesco Borgongini-Duca 1884 - 1954 1929 - 1937 Giuseppe Pizzardo, Titular Archbishop of Cyrrhus in Syria Eufratensis I in 1930, then of Nicaea in Bitinia II 1877 - 1970 1937 - 1958 Domenico Tardini 1888 - 1961 Substitutes for Ordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs and Secretaries of the Cipher 1908 - 1914 Nicola Canali s.a. 1914 - 1921 Federico Tedeschini s.a. 1921 - 1930 Giuseppe Pizzardo s.a. 1930 - 1935 Alfredo Ottaviani 1890 - 1979 1935 - 1937 Domenico Tardini s.a. 1937 - 1954 Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (future Pope Paul VI) 1897 - 1978 Chancellors of the Apostolic Briefs 1908 - 1914 Federico Tedeschini s.a. 1914 - 1922 Nicola Sebastiani 1922 - 1949 Domenico Spada (1) Replaced Luigi Ciacchi, Cardinal Deacon of San Angelo in Pescheria (1788 - 1865) at that time Pontifical Legate of Ferrara, who seems not to have taken up office (or at least to have resigned immediately) and is ommited from many lists. (2) During the troubled period 1848 - 1849, when there was a rapid succession of Cardinal Secretaries of State, Gaetano Bedini seems to have been the real head of the Secretariat SECRETARIATS OF THE APOSTOLIC BRIEFS, OF THE LETTERS TO PRINCES, OF THE LATIN LETTERS AND OF THE MEMORIALS An Apostolic Secretariat was established in 1487. Each secertary started assuming a different task and soon emerged : - the Cardinal Secretaries of the Apostolic Briefs : in charge of the letters on public affairs, writen in a brief non-solemn style [as opposed to the very formal ans solemn letters (Bulls) sent by the Apostolic Chancery - s.a.], - the Secretaries of the Letters to Princes : in charge of the letters written to hihj placed individuals, - the Secretaries of the Latin Letters, - the Cardinal Secretaries of the Memorials : received and examined the argumented, requests and petitions made to the Pope and presented them to him. (This office was abolished in 1908 and its tasks were taken over by an official of the Papal household). Cardinal Secretaries of the Apostolic Briefs 1839 - 1854 Luigi Emmanuele Nicolo Lambruschini, Carddinal Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina (1847) 1776 - 1854 1854 - 1860 Vincenzo Macchi, Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and of Velletri 1770 - 1860 1860 - 1861 Gabriele Della Genga Sermattei, Cardinal Priest with the title of San Giorlamo degli Schiavoni 1801 - 1861 1861 - 1862 Gaspare Bernardo Pianetti, Cardinal Priest with the title of San Sisto 1780 - 1862 1862 - 1863 Benedetto Colonna Barberini Di Sciarra, Cardinal Priest with the titles of Santa Maria in Trastevere and of San Lorenzo in Lucina 1788 - 18693 1863 - 1872 Niccola Clarelli-Paracciani, Cardinal Priest with the title of San Pietro in Vincoli (until 1867), then Cardinal Bishop of Frascati 1799 - 1872 1872 - 1878 Fabio Maria Asquini, Cardinal Priest with the title of San Stefano al Monte Celio untl 1877, then of San Lorenzo in Lucina 1802 - 1878 1879 Domenico Carafa Della Spina Di Traetto, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santa Maria degli Angeli (until 1879), then of San Lorenzo in Lucina 1805 - 1879 1879 - 1884 Teodolfo Mertel, Cardinal Deacon of San Eustachio (until 1881), then of Santa Maria in Via Lata 1806 - 1899 1884 - 1885 Flavio III Principe Chigi Albani della Rovere, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santa Maria del Popolo 1810 - 1885 1885 - 1892 Mieczyslaw Halka Ledóchowski (Poland), Cardinal Priest with the title of Santa Maria in Aracoeli 1822 - 1902 1892 - 1893 Serafino Vannutelli, Cardinal Priest with the title of San Girolamo degli Schiavoni 1834 - 1915 1893 - 1894 Luigi Serafini, Cardinal Bishop of Sabina 1808 - 1894. 1894 - 1896 ... 1896 - 1907 Luigi Macchi, Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Via Lata 1832 - 1907 1907 - 1908 ... Secretaries of the Letters to Princes 18.. - 1870 Luca Pacifici di Sermoneta 1802 - 1870 187. - 188. Francesco Mercurelli 1808 - 1892 1884 - 1892 Carlo Nocella 1892 - 1903 ... Volpini 1903 - 1908 V. Sardi 1908 - 1911 P. Agostini 1911 - 1923 Aurelio Galli 1866 - 1929 1923 - 19. Nicola Sebastiani 1931 - 1960 Antonio Bacci 1885 - 1971 Secretaries for the Latin Letters 1848 - 1862 Domenico Fioramonti 1... - 1862 18.. - 187. Francesco Mercurelli s.a. 187. - 1884 Carlo Nocella 1884 - 1892 ... Volpini s.a. 1892 - 1903 Vincenzo Tarozzi 18.. - 1918 1903 - 1911 Aurelio Galli s.a. 1911 - 1914 ... 1914 - 1922 Pacifico Massella 1922 - 1923 Nicola Sebastiani 1924 - 19 . Pro-Sekretär Giuseppe Zaccarella 1931 - 1960 Angelo Perugini 1889 - 1960 Cardinal Secretaries of the Memorials 1847 - 1848 Gabriele Ferretti, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santi Quirico e Giulitta, also Secretary of State s.a. 1848 - 1852 ... 1852 - 1855 Lorenzo Simonetti, Cardinal Priest with the title of San Lorenzo in Pansiperna 1789 - 1855 1855 - 1857 Lodovico Altieri, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santa Maria in Portico s.a. 1857 - 1859 Chiarissimo Falconieri Mellini, Cardinal Priest with the title of San Marcello 1794 - 1859 1859 - 1867 Roberto Giovanni Roberti, Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Domnica until 1863, then of Santa Maria ad Martyres s.a. 1867 - 1870 Luigi Vannicelli Casoni, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santa Prassede, Archbishop of Ferrara s.a. 1870 - 1876 Raffaele Monaco La Valletta, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme 1827 - 1896 1876 - 1878 Carlo Luigi Morichini, Cardinal Priest with the title of San Onofrio until 1877, then Cardinal Bishop of Albano s.a. 1878 - 1879 Teodolfo Mertel, Cardinal Deacon of San Eustachio 1806 - 1899 1879 - 1881 Pietro Giannelli, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santa Agnese fuori le Mura 1807 - 1881 1881 - 1884 Flavio III Principe Chigi Albani della Rovere, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santa Maria del Popolo 1810 - 1885 1884 - 1885 Mieczyslaw Halka Ledóchowski (Poland), Cardinal Priest with the title of Santa Maria in Aracoeli 1822 - 1902 1885 - 1889 Carlo Laurenzi, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santa Anastasia 1821 - 1895 1889 - 1892 ... 1892 - 1894 Francesco Ricci Paracciani, Cardinal Priest with the title of San Pancrazio 1830 - 1894 1894 - 1908 ... (possibly vacant) __________________________________________________________________________________ OTHER PONTIFICAL OFFICES "Independent" Offices and institutions not seen as part of the Roman Curia included the : (incomplete) - Administration of the Assets of the Holy See - Special Administration of the Holy See - Vatican Library - Vatican Secret Archives After 1929 some were transferred to the administration of Vatican City : - the Vatican Observatory ADMINISTRATION OF THE ASSETS OF THE HOLY SEE In 1878 the Pope entrusted his Secretary of State with the administration of : - all palaces, gardens, buildings and other assets, which had remained under papal authority after the end of the Papal States in 1870, - the funds resulting of the investment of the surplus from donations made to the Holy See. In 1926 the administration became a separate pontifical office, the Administration of the Assets of the Holy See. It lost part of its competencies to the new Vatican authorities in 1929. Administrators (1878 - 1891), Presidents of the Commission for the Administration of the Patrimony of the Holy See (1891 - 1926), Presidents of the administration of the Assets of the Holy See (since 1926) 1878 - 196. The Cardinal Secretaries of State s.a. SPECIAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE HOLY SEE The Special Administration of the Holy See was established in 1929 to manage the funds received from the Italian state in execution of the Lateran treaties of the same year. Delegate 1929 - 1954 Bernardino Nogara (3) 1870 - 1958 (3) Nogara was the last of the three advisors who modernized the finances of the Holy See. His predecessors were : 1878 - 1891 Enrico Folch 1891 - 1925 Ernesto Pacelli 1... - 1925 VATICAN LIBRARY The Vatican Library was establshed in 1481. Until the early 17th century it also included the papal archives (s.b.). Cardinal Librarians Untril 1879 also in charge of the Secret Archives (s.b.). From 1912 to 1917 and from 1919 to 2... also Cardinal Archivists. 1834 - 1853 Luigi Emmanuele Nicolo Lambruschini, Cardinal Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina since 1847 s.a. 1853 - 1854 Angelo Mai, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santa Anastasia 1782 - 1854 1854 - 1860 vacant 1860 - 1866 Antonio Tosti, Cardinal Priest with the title of San Pietro in Montorio 1776 - 1866 1866 - 1869 vacant 1869 - 1889 Jean Baptiste François Pitra (France), Cardinal Priest with the title of San Tommaso in Parione until 1879, then Cardinal Bishop of Frascati until 1884, then of Porto e Santa Rufina 1812 - 1889 1889 Placido Maria Schiaffino, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santi Giovanni e Paolo 1829 - 1889 1890 - 1912 Alfonso Capecelatro di Castelpagano, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santa Maria del Popolo 1824 - 1912 1912 - 1913 Mariano Rampolla, Marchese del Tindaro, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santa Cecilia s.a. 1914 - 1919 Francesco di Paola Cassetta, Cardinal Bishop of Frascati 1841 - 1919 1919 - 1929 Francis Aidan Gasquet (UK), Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Portico until 1924, then Cardinal Priest with the title of Santa Maria in Portico 1846 - 1929 1929 - 1934 Franz Ehrle (Germany), Cardinal Deacon of San Cesareo in Palatio 1845 - 1934 1934 - 1936 ... 1936 - 1957 Giovanni Mercati, Cardinal Deacon of San Giorgio in Velabro 1866 - 1957 Prefects ... 1890 - 1895 Isidoro Carini 1843 - 1895 1895 - 1914 Franz Ehrle s.a. 1914 - 1919 Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (future Pope Pius XI) 1857 - 1939 1919 - 1936 Giovanni Mercati s.a. 1936 - 1962 Joaquín Anselmo María Albareda (Spain) 1892 - 1966 VATICAN SECRET ARCHIVES The Vatican Archives - going back to the 12th century at least - were removed from the Vatican Library in 1610. They remained closed to non-clericals until 1881, when they were gradually opened (1881 : period before 1815, 1924 : period between 1815 and 1846) Cardinal Archivists The archives remeined under the supervision of the Cardinal Librarians until 1879 when a separate Cardinal Archivist was appointed. 1879 - 1890 Joseph Hergenröther, Cardinal Deacon of San Nicola in Carcere Tuliano, also Prefect 1824 - 1890 1890 - 1894 ... 1894 - 1896 Luigi Galimberti, Cardinal Priest with the title of Santi Nereo ed Achilleo 1836 - 1896 1896 - 1908 Francesco Segna, Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Portico 1836 - 1911 1908 - 1909 Francesco Salesio Della Volpe, Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Aquiro 1844 - 1916 1909 - 1912 ... 1912 - 1917 The Cardinal Librarians s.a. 1917 - 1929 Francis Aidan Gasquet (UK), Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Portico, since 1919 also Cardinal Librarian s.a. 1929 - 2... The Cardinal Librarians s.a. Sub-Archivist 1883 - 1905 Friedrich Heinrich Suso (Joseph) Denifle (Austria) 1844 - 1905 Prefects 1815 - 1855 -Marino Marini -Callisto Marini 1822 - 1855 Pier Filippo Boatti 1855 - 1870 Augustin Theiner (Prussia) 1804 - 1874 1870 - 1873 Giuseppe Cardoni 1802 - 1873 1873 - 1877 Carlo Cristofori 1813 - 1891 1877 - 1879 Francesco Rosi Bernardini 1... - 1879 1879 - 1890 Joseph Hergenröther, Cardinal Deacon of San Nicola in Carcere Tuliano s.a. 1891 - 1892 Agostino Ciasca, Titular Archbishop of Larissa in Syria II 1835 - 1902 1892 - 1894 Luigi Tripepi s.a. 1894 - 1909 Peter Wenzel (...) 1909 - 1925 Mariano Ugolini 1925 - 1955 Angelo Mercati
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