ISLAMIC-ARABIC COINAGE

Contents :

Before Islam.
The Umayyad Period.
The Abbasid Period.
The Hamdanid, Tulunid, Ikhshid, Aghlabid, Fatimid States.
The Saljuqs , Atabegs , Ayyubids and Banu Urtuq.
The Mamluks and Ottomans.

Before Islam

Sassanid Coins before Islam :

The Sassanid money of Iran was current in the commercial exchange of the whole Orient before the advent of Islam. As the Arabs had close commercial dealings with Iran via Iraq and the Arabian Sea, they used to bring the Sassanid money for use in the Arabian Peninsula. They named this money the "Khosroites", pertaining to Khosrau whose portrait was struck on these coins. To the Arabs, the word Khosrau is identified with Caesar of the Romans and both words mean the great King. There are two kings in Persia of this name : Khosrau I ( 531 - 579 A.D. ) and Khosrau II ( 590 - 628 A.D. ) Later on, during the period of decadence, there were three kings of the same name, but they were not famous.

The Sassanid coins were as under :

— The Dinars: The word is originally Greek "Dinarus", it was known in Persia before the Arab Conquest. They are struck in gold and are very rare.

2 — The Dirhams: The word is derived from the Persian word "Drm" and from the Greek word "drachma". These coins are struck in sliver and are found in abundance.

3 — The Fals: The word is derived from the Greek word "follis". They are struck in copper and are also very rare.

The Sassanid coins, since the reign of Khosrau , bear on the obverse a portrait of Khosrau turning his head towards his left shoulder. In the field, to the right, the name of the King is written and a caption of glorification is inscribed behind the head. On the reverse, the coins bear a heart in the form of an altar escorted by two persons ( priest or guards ?). In the field, to the right, the place of minting is written in initial letters, and to the left the year of the reign. All the inscriptions are drawn up in Pahlavi which is derived from the ancient Syrio-Aramaean Script.

The Sassanid Arabic Coins :

The Sassanid coins remained in circulation even after Islam. but in the year 31 A.H. one or more Arabic words appear on the margin of the face such as: good, in the name of God or in the name of Allah my God ... ( These coins were named: the anonymous Sassanid-Arab Coins ).
The hearth and the same form remained as they are, but the name of the Sassanid King was dropped and replaced by the name of the Caliph or the presumed Caliph written in Pahlavi : Mu'awiah b. Abi Sufyan , Abd-al-Malik b. Marwan , Abdallah b. az-Zubayr , Qatari b. al-Fuja’ah. Also the name of the Governors:
Ziyadah b. Abi Sufyan ( 41 - 54 A.H.). Mas’ab b. az-Zubayr , Ubaydallah b Ziyad , al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf , Samrah b. Jandab, Abdallah b. Amir , Salam b. Ziyad, Abdallah b. Khazim, al-Mouhlab b. Abi Safrah. and Yazid b. al-Mouhlab.

The name of al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf appeared in Arabic on some of the coins.
In the year 73 and 74 A.H. a Sassanid-Arabic Dirham appeared in the name of Khosrau II. but the date and place of minting (Damascus) are written in Arabic. In 75 A.H. a Sassanid-Arabic Dirham appeared without the name of Khosrau. All its inscriptions were drawn up in Arabic. It bears the portrait of the Sassanid King on the obverse and the effigy of Adb-al-Malik b. Marwan on the reverse. The field to the right bears Arabic inscriptions read " Commander of the believers " to the left "Khalaft" ( Caliphate) Allah.

The Byzantine Coinage before the advent of Islam:

Before the Moslem Conquest , Syria, Egypt and North Africa were under the Byzantine rule. The coinage in circulation at that time were : the gold Solidus, the silver Drachma and the copper Fals. It is noteworthy that the gold and copper coins were plentiful. whereas the silver coins were relatively small in number. On the other hand, the Byzantine coins bore names of cities in Asia Minor and not those of the subject countries.

There were many types of the Byzantine coins before the advent of Islam : The obverse depicts the portrait of the Emperor and the letter M with place and year of minting on the reverse. Sometimes. the portrait of the Emperor and the Empress is depicted. The Dinar and the Dirham bear the portrait of the Emperor or his portrait and that of his children on the obverse: a cross placed on a pedestal of four steps with the place and year of minting on the reverse:

The Development of Arabic Coins on the Byzantine Model:

These coins have passed through a number of stages. Important among which are :

The Byzantine type remained predominant, but some errors in the orthography proved that the coins were struck by Arabs.
The names of Arabic cities such as Damascus, Baalbek, and Iliya (Jerusalem) began to appear on the coins .... These names have never appeared on the purely Byzantine coins.
Arabic words such as good, permissible, perfect ... began to appear.
The names of cities are written in Arabic.
The effigy of the Arabic Caliph replaced that of Byzantine. The elements (globe or circle ) are added at the top of the cross in order to obliterate its character. The captions are also written in Arabic : Muhammad the apostle of God on the obverse ... There is no god but God, and the city of minting on the reverse.
In the field to the right of the effigy of the Caliph, there is a caption read: " Commander of the believers " . To the left "Khalfat ( such and such ) Allah ".
The effigy of Abd-al-Malik b. Marwan and his name appears clearly but the date of minting is not mentioned, however, the effigy and the date of minting appear vividly on the gold coins. There are a few Dinars in the world of the years 74, 75, 76, and 77 A.H.

Enlarged Fals in the name of Abd-al-Malik. Prince of faithful. Struck at Aleppo.

N.B. The effigy of Abd-al-Malik b. Marwan on the Sassanid-Arab Coins is just like that which is on the developed Byzantine- Arab Coins.

This indicates that the two types of coins have developed gradually until they met the dated dinars that we have just mentioned. Thereafter, the purely Arabic Dinar of 77 A.H. made its appearance. This dinar is a rarity in the world since it was probably struck in the end of 77 A.H.

Effigy of Abd-al-Malik b. Marwan on a dinar dated 74 A.H.

Back to top

The Umayyad Period ( The purely Arabic Coins )

The Dinar : Its weight ranging from 4 to 4.30 g. roughly, and its diameter from 18 to 21.5 mm roughly.

The captions written on the Dinar struck in 77 A.H. partially differ from the Umayyad one.

The word (in) is mentioned before the word (year) between 77 and 80 A.H. After this year the word (in) is dropped.
The place of minting has disappeared on the Dinar, but appeared on the one struck in Africa and Andalusia.
The caption of Khalafat (in the middle) disappeared from the Diner struck in Africa and Andalusia.

The following is an example of the ordinary Dinar:

Reverse

Allah, the One, the eternally besought of all. He begetteth not, nor was begotten.

The circular margin

In the Name of God this Dinar was struck (in) the year...

obverse

There is no god but God the Unique, without Partner.

The circular margin

Muhammad is the messenger of Allah sent with the guidance and the religion of truth, that He may cause it to prevail over all religions.

Umayyad Dinar , struck in 100 A.H.

An example of the Umayyad Dinar struck in Africa and Andalusia :

In the Name of God, the

Beneficent, the Merciful.

Struck in Africa in…

There is no god but God.

the Unique. without partner

Muhammad is the Messenger of

Allah... the religion of truth.

This caption ( in the middle on the reverse ) appeared in this from on the Dinars of Africa and Andalusia. ( 101 A.H.). It remained so for a while and then returned to the regular form.

The Dirham : Its weight ranging from 2.11 to 3.05 g. roughly. and its diameter from 24 to 30 mm roughly.

Captions : differs from that of the Dinar as far as the order is concerned and completion of the Koranic ( Koran ) verses as the face of the Dirham is larger. On the other hand, the circular margin of the Dirham is surrounded on one side or on both sides with circles consisting of granules and a number of small rings distributed among these circles.

The most ancient Umayyad Dirham known so far is dated 79 A.H.

Example :

Reverse

Allah, the One, the eternally besought of all. He begetteth not, nor was begotten, and there is none comparable unto him.

Margin

Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, sent ... polytheists.

Obverse

There is no god but God the Unique, without Partner.

In the Name of God. This Dirham is struck (in) …

The Fals: The weights and diameters are various ... their captions are likewise various… some of them are dateless, nameless and bear no captious save ( there is no god but God, the Unique, without partner on the obverse and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah ) on the reverse. Some bear the date only or the place of minting, the others the name of the Caliph, the Crown Prince or the Prince. There are also some coins bearing all the required information.

Archaeologically speaking the coins which bear all information particularly the names of the Princes and Governors are of much importance to us. Some of these coins bear a figure of an animal,. a palm-tree, geometrical forms or decorative elements.

It is better to give a list of the names of the Caliphs of the Umayyad dynasty and the period of their rule :

Name	A.H.	A.D.
1. Mu’awiyah b. Abi Sufyan	41 - 60	661 – 680
2. Yazid b. Mu’awiyah	60 - 64	680 – 683
3. Mu’awiyah II b. Yazid	64 -	683
4. Marwan b. al-Hakam	64 - 65	683 – 685
5. Abd-al-Malik b. Marwan	65 – 86	685 – 705
6. Al-Walid b. Abd-al-Malik	86 – 96	705 – 715
7. Suleynian b. Abd-al-Malik	96 – 99	715 – 717
8. Umar b. Abd-al-Aziz	99 – 101	717 – 720
9. Yazid b. Abd-al-Malik	101 – 105	720 – 724
10. Hisham b. Abd-al-Malik	105 – 125	724 - 743
11. Al-Walid II b. Yazid II	125 – 126	743 – 744
12. Yazid I b. al-Walid I	126	744
13. Ibrahim b. al-Waild I	126	744
14. Marwan II b. Muhammad	127 – 132	749

Back to top

The Abbasid Period

The captions do not differ much from of the Umayyads. At first, the name of the Caliph or the crown Prince began to appear on the Dirhams then on the Dinars from time to time in the reign of Harun ar-Rashid. The name of the Caliph began to appear without interruption since the reign of al-Mu’tasim-billah, but the name of the city of minting remained fixed on the dirhams and fals since the reign of al-Ma’mun; then it became fixed on the dinars since the reign of al-Mu’tasim-billah.

There was an interruption in the issuance of the Abbasid coins after the reign of

at -Ta’i’-lillah. It lasted until the reign of al-Muttaqi Li-Amr il-lah. The issuance of coins became regular once more until the end of the Abbasid Period.

Name	A.H.	A.D.
1. Abu-l-Abbas Abdallah al-Saffah	132 - 136	749 - 754
2. Abu Ja’far Abdallab al Mansur	136 – 158	754 – 775
3. Abu Abdallah Muhammad al-Mahdi	158 – 169	775 – 785
4. Abu Muhammad Musa al-Hadi	169 – 170	785 – 886
5. Abu Ja’far Harun ar-Rashid	170 – 193	786 – 809
6. Abu Musa Muhammad al-Amin	193 – 198	809 – 813
7. Abu Ja’far Abdallah al Ma’mun	198 – 218	813 – 833
8. Abu Ishaq Muhammad aI-Mu’tasim-billah	218 – 227	833 – 842
9. Abu .Ja’far Harun al Wathiq-billah	227 – 232	842 – 847
10. Abu-l-Fadl Ja’far al Mutawakkil-ala-l-Lah	232 – 247	847 – 861
11. Abu Ja’far Muhammad al-Muntasir-billah	247 – 248	861 – 862
12. Abu-1-Abbas Ahmad al Musta’in-billah	248 – 251	862 – 866
13. Abu Abdallah Muhammad al-Mu’tazz-billah	251 – 255	866 – 869
14. Abu Ishaq Muhammad al-Muhtadi-billah	255 – 256	869 – 870
15. Abu-l-Abbas Ahmad al Mu’tamid-ala-l-lah	256 – 279	870 – 892
16. Abu-l-Abbas Abmad al Mu’tadid-billah	279 - 289	892 – 902
17. Abu Muhammad Ali al-Muktafi-billah	289 – 295	902 – 908
18. Abu-l-Fadl Ja’far al-Muqtadir-billah	295 – 320	908 – 932
19. Abu Mansur Muhammad al-Qahir-billah	320 – 322	932 – 934
20. Abu-l-Abbas Ahniad ar Radi-billah	322 – 329	934 – 940
21. Abu Ishaq lbrahim al Muttaqi-billah	329 – 333	940 – 944
22. Abu-l-Qasim Abdallah al Mustakfi-billah	333 – 334	944 – 974
23. Abu-l-Qasim al-Fadl al Muti' Lil-lah	334 – 363	946 - 974
24. Abu-l-Fadl Abd-al-Karim at-Ta’i' Lil-lah	363 – 381	974 – 994
( After this Caliph, an interruption of issue of coins occurred . It lasted until the reign of al-Muqtafi li-Amr-l-lah )
25. Abu-l-Abbas Ahmad al Qadir-billah	381 – 422	994 – 1031
26. Abu Ja’far Abdallah al Qa’im bi-Amr il-lah	422 – 467	1031 – 1075
27. Abdallah al-Mutadi bi Amr il-lah	468 – 487	1075 – 1094
28. Abu-l-Abbas Ahmad al Mustazhir-billah	487 – 512	1094 – 1118
29. Abu Mansur al-Fadl al-Mustarshid-billah	512 – 529	1118 – 1135
30. Abu Ja’far al-Mansur ar-Rashid-billah	529 – 530	1135 – 1126
( The Abbasid Coins reappeared )
31. Abu Abd Muhammad al-Muqtafi li-Amr-il-lah	530 – 555	1136 – 1160
32. Abu al-Muzaffar Yusuf al-Mustanjid-billah	555 – 566	1160 – 1170
33. Abu Muhammad at- hasan al-Mustadi' bi-Amr-l- lah	566 – 575	1170 – 1180
34. Abu-l-Abbas Abmad an-Nasir li-Din Allah	575 – 622	1180 – 1225
35. Abu Nasr Muhammad az-Zahir bi-Amr-il-lah	622 – 623	1225 – 1226
36. Abu Ja’far al-Mansur al Mustansir-billah	623 – 640	1226 – 1242
37. Aba Ahmad Abdallah al Musta’sim-billah	640 - 656	1242 - 1258

The following are the captions of the Abbasid Coins

The First Dinar :

Reverse

Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.

In the Name of God. This

Dinar struck in ....

Obverse

There is no god but God, the

Unique with no partner.

Muhammad is the Messenger of

Allah was sent .... all of it.

The Dinar of Al-Ma’mun and his successors.

The Caliph

(As noted above)

Al-Ma’mun

In the Name of Allah, this

Dinar is struck in ...

To Allah is the Command before and alter; on that day, the believers shall rejoice at the triumph of Allah.

(As noted above)

Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah was sent … all of it.

The Dinar of al-Musta’sim-billah, the last of the Abbasid Caliphs.

The disbelievers are

averse

Praise be to Allah Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah Peace be upon him

Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah sent with the guidance and the religion of truth, that he may cause it to prevail over all religions

However much

To Allah is the command

Before and after

There is no god but God, the Unique, without partner. al Musta’sim - billah the Prince of the believers by the triumph of Allah.

In the Name of Allah. This Dinar is struck in Madinet as-Salam in..

On that day the believers

Will rejoice

N.B. :

The weight and diameter of the Dinar remained fixed like that of the Umayyads from the beginning of the Abbasid Period down to al-Ma’mun Period.
Some names and sometimes the initial of a person appeared on the Dinars. Presumably the name of the
There are other specime captions besides those already mentioned.

The First Dirham : In the early years of the Abbasid rule, the captions remained as they were in the Umayyad Period particularly those minted in the far-flung areas such as Africa and Maru. The captions of the Abbasid Dirhams are as under:

Reverse

Muhammad is

the Messenger

of Allah

Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, was sent …the disbelievers.

Averse

There is no god but God, the

unique, without partner.

In the Name of Allah. This Dir- ham Is struck with .... in…

Sometimes the captions of the Abbasid Dirhams vary from those of the Dinars. Here is an example of the Dirham of al-Hadi, his name appears in the caption:

Muhammad is

the Messenger

of Allah

Peace be upon him, the

Caliph al-Hadi

( As noted above )

Other captions in which the name of the Crown Prince appears :

Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, the Caliph al-Hiadi, what Harun b. the Prince of the believers has instructed.

( As noted above )

N.B. :

1. The marginal caption made its appearance since the reign of al-Ma’mun. i.e. to God is the authority.... with the triumph of Allah and remained till the end of the Abbasid Age.

2. The Dirhams differ much from the Dinars as regards the weight, size, mint, decorations, middle and marginal captions etc...

The Abbasid Fals: They are just like the Umayyad fals but vary from the dirhams in the weight. size and the order of captions. They are distinguished from the Dinars and Dirhams because the fals bear the names of the governors and Princes and as such they provide us with correct information in this respect.

Back to top

The Hamdanid State ( 293 - 399 A.H. = 905 - 1008 A.D. )

This dynasty ruled in al-Mowsil .One of its members was promoted to the rank of " The Prince of the Princes " in Baghdad in 330 A.H. = 941 A.D. Their dynasty reached the zenith of its glory in Northern Syria and Aleppo was its Capital. Its influence stretched all over Syria for a while. After Sayf ad-Dawlah the rule was shaky in the lands of the Princes :

Name	A.H.	A.D.
Abu-l-Hayja Abdailah b. Hamdan ( al-Mawsil)	293 – 301	905 – 913
Nasir ad-Dawlah Hasan b. Hamdan ( Deputy Prince at Mawsil) Prince of Princes	314 330 – 331	926 941 – 942
Sayf ad-Dawlah Abu-l-Hasan Ali ( Aleppo)	333 – 356	944 – 966
Sa’d ad-Dawlah Abu-1-Ma’ali Sharif ( Aleppo )	356 – 381	966 – 991
Sa’id ad-Dawlah Ahu-l-Fadl Sa’id ( Aleppo)	381 - 329	991 - 1001

The Fatimid State took over the power from the hands of the latter rulers in 399 A.H. = 1008 A.D.

The Tulunid State ( 254 - 292 A.H. = 868 - 905 A.D. )

The Tulunid dynasty ruled Egypt and Syria during the 3rd Century A.H. the 9th Century A.D. at a time when the power of the Abbasids was very weak. Ahmad b. Tulun carried out important reforms in Egypt and constructed the city of al-Qata’i’ The direct Abbasid rule was reestablished in 292 A.H. - 898 A.D.:

Name	A.H.	A.D.
Ahmad b. Tulun	254 – 270	868 – 883
Khumarawayh b. Ahmad	270 – 282	883 – 895
Jaysh b. Khumarawayh	282 – 283	895 – 896
Harun b. Khumarawayh	283 – 292	896 – 905
Shaiban b. Ahmad	292 -	905

The displayed Tulunid Coins :

Ahmad b. Tulun The Dinar 270 - Egypt

Khumarawayh b. Ahmad The Dinar 271 - Egypt

Harun b. Khumarawayh The Dinar 285 - Egypt

The Dinar 290 - Egypt

The Dinar 282 - Egypt

The Ikhshid State ( 323 - 358 A.H = 934 - 969 A.D.)

Muhammad al-Ikhshidid assumed the rule of Egypt in 323 A.H. = 934 A.D. and was able to take possession of Palestine and Damascus. This state shouldered the burden of fighting the Qarmatians. The Fatimids put an end to this dynasty:

Name	A.H.	A.D.
Muhammad al-Ikhshid	323 – 334	934 – 946
Abu -1-Qasim b. al-Ikhshid	334 – 349	946 – 960
Ali b. al-Ikhshid	349 – 355	960 – 966
Kafur	355 – 357	966 – 968
Abu-l-Fawaris Ahmad b. Ali	357 – 358	968 - 969

The Aghlabid State (184 - 296 A.H. = 800 - 908 A.D.)

This State was established in Afriqiyah ( Africa Minor, i.e. mainly Tunisia ) by Ibrahim b. al-Aghlab with the permission of the Abbasid Caliph Harun ar-Rashid. In fact ar-Rashid agreed to grant this state a kind of political independence to enable the Aghlabids to observe the activities of the Idrisid State, which seceded from the Abbasid State in 172 A.H. = 788 A.D. at the hands of Ali’s family, and to put an end to this state.

The Aghlabid State exercised authority beyond the western frontier of Egypt to the west as far as the frontiers of the Idrisid Maghrib (Morocco) and took possession of Sicily. The state was ultimately exterminated at the hands of the Fatimids.

The Aghlabid Coinage is distinguished from that of the Abbasid by the existence of the word "Ghalab" at the top of the middle caption on the reverse and the name of the amir (Prince) at the bottom :

Name	A.H.	A.D.
Ibrahim b. al-Aghlab	184 – 196	800 – 811
Abdallah b. Ibrahim	196 – 201	811 – 816
Ziyadatalla I b. Ibrahim	201 – 223	816 – 837
Al-Aghlab b. Ibrahim	223 – 226	837 – 840
Muhammad I b. al-Aghlab	226 – 242	840 – 856
Ahmad b. Muhammad	242 – 249	856 – 863
Ziyadatallah II b. Muhammad	249 – 250	863 – 864
Muhammad I b. Ahmad	250 – 261	864 – 874
Ibrahim II b. Ahmad	261 – 289	874 – 902
Abdallah II b. Ibrahim	289 – 290	902 – 903
Ziyadatallah I b. Abdallab	290 - 296	903 - 908

The displayed coins of the Aghlabids are:

Abdallah I The Dinar 198 A.H.

Muhammad I The Dinar 236 A.H

Ahmad The Dinar 244 A.H.

Muhammad II The Dinar 257 A.H.

The Fatimid State (297 - 567 A.H. 909 - 1171 A.D.)

This state which seceded completely from the Abbasid State was established by Abu Muhammad Ubaydallah al-Mabdi billah by the assistance of his missionary-Commander Abu Abdallah al-Shi’i. Ubaydallah established himself first at

al-Qayrawan. The Fatimids, later on, took possession of North Africa, Sicily and some Islands of the Mediterranean Sea. During the reign of al-Mu’izz li-din-il-lah, his Commander Jawhar as-Siqilli (The Sicilian) took possession of Egypt and Syria in 358 A.H. = 967 A.D.

The Fatimid influence declined in Syria in 472 A.H. = 1079 A.D. but they continued to rule Egypt until 567 A.H. = 1171 A.D. when Salah-ad-Din (Saladin) who annexed Syria and Egypt o the Abbasid State under his rule.

Name	A.H	A.D.
Abu Muhammad Ubaydallah al-Mahdi-billah	297 – 322	909 – 934
Abu l - Qasim Muhammad al-Qa’im-billah	322 – 334	934 – 945
Abu Tahir Isma’il al-Mansur Allah	334 – 341	945 - 952
Abu Tamim Ma’d al-Mu’izz li-Din-illah	341 – 365	952 – 975
Abu Mansur Nizar al-Aziz-billah	365 – 386	975 – 996
Abu Ali al-Mansur al-Hakim bi-Amr-illah	386 – 411	996 – 1020
Abu-l-Hasan Ali az-Zahir li-’izaz Din-illah	411 – 427	1020 – 1035
Abu Tamim Ma’d al-Mustansir-billab	427 – 487	1035 – 1094
Abu-1-Qasim Abmad al-Musta’li-billah	487 – 495	1094 – 1101
Abu Ali al-Mansur al-Amir bi-Ahkam-illah	495 – 524	1101 – 1130
Abu -1- Maymun abd-al Majid al-Hafiz li-Din-illah	524 – 544	1130 – 1149
Abu-1-Mansur Isma’il az-Zafir bi-Amr-illah	544 – 549	1149 – 1154
Abu-1-Qasim ‘isa al-Fa’iz bi-Nasr-illah	549 – 555	1154 – 1160
Abu Muhammad Abdallah al-Adid li-Din-illah	555 - 567	1160 - 1171

The Fatimid Dirhams and Fals are very rare, that is why all the coins in the display are Dinars dated from the Hijra era.

Back to top

The Saljuqs , Atabegs , Ayyubids and Banu Urtuq

The names of the Caliphs are in the main fixed on the coins of these rulers. Some of the coins are void of the names.

Those coins date back to the 6 and 7 centuries A.H. = 12 - 13 A.D. We give only the list of the names of the Atabeg and Ayyubid rulers who had influence in Syria.

The Atabegs	A.H.	A.D.
Imad-ad-Din Zengi b. Aq Sanqar ( Sinjar )	521 – 541	1127 – 1146
Al-Malik Al-Adil Nur-id-Din Mahmud b. Zengi (Aleppo then Damascus)	541 – 569	1146 – 1173
Al-Malik as-Salih Isma’il b. Mahmud (Aleppo)	569 – 577	1173 - 1181

The Ayyubids	A.H.	A.D.
Al-Malik an-Nasir Saladin Yusuf b. Ayyub	569 – 589	1174 – 1193
Dynasty Of Saladin
Al-Aziz Imad-ad-Din Uthman b. Yusuf	589 – 595	1193 – 1198
Al-Mansur Muhammad b. Uthman,, al-Adil succeeded him.	595 - 596	1198 – 1199
Dynasty Of Saladin ( branch of Damascus )
Al-Afdal Nur-ad-Din Ali b.Yusuf Al-Adil succeeded him.	582 – 592	1186 – 1195
Dynasty Of Saladin ( branch of Aleppo )
Az-Zahir Ghiyath-ad-D Ghazi b. Yusuf	582 - 613	1186 – 1216
Al-Aziz Ghiyath-ad-Din Muhammad b.Ghazi	613 – 634	1216 – 1236
An-Nasir II Saladin Yusuf b.Muhammad	634 – 658	1236 – 1260
Al-Malik al-Adil Sayf-ad-Din Abu Bakr Muhammad b.Ayyub	592 – 615	1196 - 1218
Dynasty Of al-Adil ( branch of Egypt )
Ai-Kamil Muhammad b. al-Adil Abu Bakr	615 – 635	1218 – 1238
Al-Adil II Sayf-ad-Din Abu Bakr b. al-Kamil	635 – 637	1238 – 1240
As-Salih Najm - ad-Din Ayyub b. al-Kamil	637 – 647	1240 - 1249
A1-Mu’azzam Turanshah b.as-Salih	647 – 648	1249 – 1250
Al-Ashraf Musa b. al-Adil II	648 - 652	1250 – 1254
Dynasty Of al-Adil ( branch of Damascus )
Al-Muazzam Sharaf-ad-Din ‘isa b. al-Adil	615 – 624	1218 – 1227
An-Nasir Saladin Da’ud b. al-Mu’azzam	624 – 637	1236 – 1239
As-Salih Imad-ad-Din Isma’il b. al-Adli (al-Hakam I )	634 – 637	1236 – 1239
Al-Ashraf Musa b. al-Adil	637	1239
As-Salih Imad-ad-Din Isma’il (al-Hakam II )	637 – 643	1239 -1245

Banu Urtuq : ( coming soon )

Back to top

The Mamluks

The Bahri Mamluks:

They are Turkish Mamluks, brought up and taught the art of war and administration by the Ayyubids. Whet their hands grew strong during the period of the real Ayyubid Kings, they seized the power and established themselves in Egypt and Syria after they had defeated the Mongols at Ein Jalut and driven them out of the country.

Prominent among their early Kings is al-Mailk az-Zahir Rukn-ad-Din Baybars, who acknowledged the genealogy of the Abbasid Prince Ahmad b. Az-Zahir (who sought asylum in Egypt) and raised him to the post of the Caliph under the title al-Mustansir- billah. The Abbasid Caliphate lasted in Egypt until the downfall of the dynasty of the Burji Mamluks.

The displayed coins of the Bahri Mamliks are :

Coming Soon

The Burji Matninks (748 - 922 A.H. = 1382 - 1516 A.D.):

They were most of the Circassians. One of those Mamluks namely Sayf-ad-Din Barquq seized the power from the last Bahri Mamluk Saladin Haji in 784 A.H. The reins of power returned to as-Salih in 791 A.H. and he assumed the power

ultimately in 792 A.H. The form of government remained as it was in the period of these Mamluks, but the rivalry between them and the Ottomans led to their downfall.

The displayed coins of the Burji Mamluks are :

Coming Soon

The Ottomans

The Ottoman dynasty could dominate Asia minor after they had inherited the rule from the Saljuqs of Rum . The Ottomans stretched their frontiers westwards until nothing remained to the Byzantine State except Constantinople . They captured Bulgaria and large parts of the Balkan . They conquered Constantinople in 1435. They rapidly spread into the East in the reign of Sultan Salim I and took possession of some Persian territories . Ultimately, the Ottomans conquered Syria and Egypt in 922 A.H. = 1916 A.D.

The displayed Ottoman coins are :

Coming Soon

Back to top