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Nor are they supported by any facts. male bodybuilding gallery Big-women-bodybuilding. Let us then move on to more serious arguments to be found in the scientific literature:Scientific Evidence Apparently Favoring DownregulationWhile there are no studies showing downregulation in human skeletal muscle resulting from high-dose AAS use, there are some studies in cell culture, and sometimes in vivo, which seem to indicate that downregulation can occur, though not as a result of increase in androgen from normal to supraphysiological. This is seen both by measurement of AR mRNA, which is in an indicator of the rate of AR production, and in measurement of receptor number. All of these studies, however, are flawed from the perspective of the bodybuilder wishing to know if downregulation of the AR has ever been observed in any cell in response to increase of androgen from normal to supranormal levels. male bodybuilding gallery Blood transfusion steroids. Range of measurementFirst, the question is, downregulation relative to what? What is the control?Unfortunately, the control for in vivo studies is castration, not the normal state. The bodybuilder really doesn't care if normal testosterone levels may result in fewer ARs for some cell types than would be seen with castration. We would not want to get castrated just to have more ARs than in the intact condition, if for no other reason than that the decrease in androgen level would be more significant than any possible increase in AR number. male bodybuilding gallery Steroids pics. In vitro studies have generally been done with zero androgen as the control, not normal androgen. It cannot be projected that if AR number decreased as testosterone level was increased from zero to normal, that therefore it would continue to decrease as level was increased yet further. For example, the cause of this might be that there is a promotion mechanism increasing AR mRNA production as testosterone levels fall to zero. That would not mean that there would be any loss as testosterone levels increase past normal. Or if it is a repression mechanism that comes into play as testosterone levels rise past zero, that mechanism might be fully saturated by the time levels reach normal, and no further repression might occur as levels go past normal. In fact, papers which report downregulation, even in their titles, often show in the actual data that the range of downregulation was entirely between zero and normal, or even zero and a subnormal level. Thus they give no evidence whatsoever of downregulation occurring with supraphysiological levels of androgen relative to normal levels. EstrogenTestosterone can aromatize to estrogen, which can itself lead to downregulation of the AR. Thus, if a study used testosterone but did not verify that the same results were seen with nonaromatizing androgen, or did not verify that use of an aromatase inhibitor did not change results, there is no way to know if any observed downregulation is due to androgen or not. It might be due to estrogen. AssayUnfortunately, AR concentrations are very low in cells, and mRNA is not so easily measured. It is possible for measurements to be misleading. In Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications (1991) 177 488, Takeda, Nakamoto, Chang et al.
Male bodybuilding gallery
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