Revision Exercise 1

Fill-in-the-blanks: Place you mouse over the blanks and the answers will appear. Do NOT click.

Map interpretation

Factors affecting settlement, farming, industry, etc. [89/6c][92/5b][94/7b][95/6ai][95/8ai] [99/6b][00/1c][00/5ai][00/7bi][01/5b] [01/8a,b][02/5b][02/7a] Factor and map evidence must be in pair.

(1) A straightened coastline on the map may indicate that there is r........ land.

(2) A coastal location on the map may suggest that there is l...... or flatland.

(3) Contour lines (e.g. below 50 m) show that there is lowland for farm mechanisation or building factories and houses.

(4) Widely spaced contour lines show that there is f....... for farm mechanisation or building factories and houses.

(5) A river or flood plain on the map may suggest that there is a....... s... for farming.

(6) A river (or reservoir) on the map shows that there is fresh water supply for irrigation or industrial use or domestic use.

(7) A coastal location (or riverside or lakeside location) on the map may indicate that there is water for cooling.

(8) A mountain or hill on the map may indicate that the area is sheltered from wind.

(9) Low density housing on a mountain or seaside on the map may indicate high income residential areas.

(10) A settlement on the map shows that there is a local market or labour supply.

(11) A coastal location on the map may suggest that there is a port.

(12) The deep f..... l.... on the map show that the port has deep water berths.

(13) A road or railway or port on the map may indicate that there is good a.............

(14) Power lines on the map show that there is electricity supply.

(15) A quarry or a mine on the map shows that there is mineral resources for mining or industry (used as raw material or power).

(16) Industrial areas on the map show that there are j.. o.............

(17) Industrial areas on the map show that there are air pollution, water pollution and v..... pollution.

(18) A quarry or a mine on the map may produce w.... h.... which cause danger of landslide.

(19) A quarry or a mine on the map may produce p... which destroy the landscape and cause v..... pollution.

(20) A road or railway on the map may produce n.... pollution affecting nearby residents.

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Part 1 Plate tectonics and Part 7 Natural hazards

Constructive plate boundary [96/1b][03/1c] In the upper mantle, c........... c....... diverge. Two plates are moving apart. The crust is split apart. M.... e....... onto earth surface along l.... o. w........ L... cools, s......... and forms new crust. Ocean floor is widened (zone of s.. f.... s........). This produces a m.. o...... r...., e.g. E... P...... R..... If a volcano rises above the sea, it is a v....... i....., e.g. E..... I......

Destructive plate boundary [89/1c][91/2aii][96/1c][03/1d] In the upper mantle, c........... c....... converge. Two plates are moving towards each other. O...... p.... is s........ into the mantle under the c.......... p.... because it is d......A trough called o.... t..... is formed. Oceanic plate is melted into m.... by great temperature in the mantle. The melted magma is less dense than the mantle. Magma e....... onto earth surface along l.... o. w....... due to release of pressure. L... cools and s.......... A chain of volcanic islands called v....... a.. is formed.

1 Formation of fold mountain [91/2bii][96/1c] Rocks are broken down by d......... over the land. Materials are carried down by e........ a..... (e.g. river). Materials are deposited on the ocean floor as s........ Sediment is c......... and c........ by their own weight. Sediment is changed into s.......... r.... Two plates collide along destructive plate boundary. C............ forces bend the rocks into f..... Rocks are u....... to form a fold mountain.

2 Characteristics of young fold mountain [93/1b] They are made up of s.......... r... strata. The rocks have a folded structure. There are parallel ranges, often along the coast. They are rugged in relief and have steep slopes. There are vulcanicity, faulting and earthquakes. They are formed relatively recently. They have not been much affected by denudation. They are very high and are still uplifting.

3 Examples of young fold mountain [91/2c][96/1di] include A..., H........ (the Alpine-Himalayan system) and A...., R...... (the Circum-Pacific system).

4 Human activities on mountains [93/1d] Mining, HEP, recreation, reservoir, lumbering.

Conservative plate boundary [03/1b,c] Plates slide past each other along a t... f.... (or transform fault). E.......... frequently occur, e.g. S.. A...... F..... It is a conservative zone or a p...... z....

Block Mountain (horst) Formation Block mountain may be formed either by t...... or c............ Two parallel f..... occur. Two side blocks sink. Central part rises. Characteristics They are long, straight flat top mountain. They are bounded by two steep slopes called s......

Rift Valley (graben) Formation Rift valley may be formed either by t...... or c............ Two parallel f..... occur. Two side blocks rise. Central part sink. Characteristics They are long, straight flat bottom valley. They are bounded by two steep-sided s...... There may be stepped faults. There may be river and alluvial soil. There may be a rift valley lake. Example E... A...... R... V......

Distribution of seismic zones and volcanic belts Seismic zones and volcanic belts are found along p.... b........., e.g. Circum-Pacific belt (Ring of Fire) (including S.. A...... F....), Mediterranean-East African Belt, and Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Volcano

1 Formation [89/1c] Due to e.... m........, crustal pressure is released. M.... e....... onto earth surface along l.... o. w........ The lava cools and solidifies quickly. In a violent eruption, l..., a.. and p......... form a volcano. The volcanic cone is built higher by repeated eruptions.

2 Characteristics [89/1b] A volcano is symmetrical and conical in shape. It has a c..... on top. It is made of volcanic rocks with fine crystals, e.g. basalt. It may be extinct, dormant or active.

Cause of volcanic eruption Refer to Constructive plate boundary or Destructive plate boundary

Cause of earthquakes [91/7bii][95/7a][99/8a][02/1d] C........... c....... in the mantle cause plate movements. Two plates (1) slide past each other along a t........ f.... (conservative plate boundary) e.g. S.. A...... F.... or (2) move towards each other (destructive plate boundary). However, plate boundaries are irregular. S..... builds up and rocks bend. When elastic limit is reached, rocks suddenly f....... and d....... (shift). E..... is released in the form of s...... w.... (shock waves). Tsunami An earthquake under the sea displaces the sea floor. Waves radiate to all directions at great speed with long wavelength. Approaching shallow coast, waves slow down. Wavelength decreases, wave height increases causing huge waves. Tsunami can also be triggered by submarine volcanic eruption and submarine landslide.

Effects of volcanic eruption [89/1d][03/1d] Lava flow causes fire and emits poisonous gases (sulphur). Lava flow blocks river and causes flooding. Volcanic ash lowers visibility and affects traffic. Volcanic ash mixes with melting snow or rain causes mudflow and bury houses and farms.

Effects of earthquakes [91/7a][99/8b] People are killed or injured when buildings collapse. L........ and avalanche are triggered. Wreck of gas pipes causes fires. S... l........... causes subsidence of land surface. Dam failure causes flooding, crop failure and famine. Tsunami cause f....... in coastal areas. People are drowned. Ships are carried onshore. Objects (e.g. cars) are carried to sea. Dyke, pier, bridge, b.... are destroyed. Both Transport (communication) is interrupted. Water, gas and electricity supplies are disrupted. Diseases spread out.

Human response to endogenetic hazards [91/7c] [95/7bii][99/8c][02/1e] By l... u.. z....., the government can reserve more o... s.... (parks) for evacuation, and restrict construction upon h..... p.... areas. There is research and international co-operation. R..... works (emergency services) are well prepared. Prediction issues early warning to people, e.g. monitoring magma activities (volcanic eruption), sea waves (tsunami), groundwater level, rock displacement, animal behaviour (earthquakes). Earthquake S.... p.... material (design) is used for buildings. There is height restriction for buildings. Government carries out earthquake d......

Why people live on hazard prone areas [90/7c] People are i....... about the natural hazard. People have no choice (e.g. lack of land, government influence). There are social ties or uncertainty to a new environment. Other favourable factors, e.g. fertile soil, lowland, good climate.

Benefits in volcanic areas [96/1dii] V....... s... is fertile for farming. Mineral deposits favour mining and industries. Volcano, h.. s..... and g..... attract tourism. G......... e..... provides cheap energy for industries.

Part 2 Rivers and Part 8 Trouble of Water

Upper Course [98/1d][00/3b] River valley is narrow V-shaped. Gradient is large. Amount of load is small. V....... is low. River bed is rugged. Discharge is small. River flow is t......... Work of river [95/2aiv] E...... is dominant, esp. v....... e...... and h....... e....... Deposition is insignificant. Fluvial Landforms I........... s..., p.. h..., w........ and g.....

Lower Course [90/7a][00/3b] River valley is wide V-shaped. Gradient is small. Amount of load is large. V....... is high. River bed is smooth. Discharge is large. River flow is l....... Work of river [95/2aiv] Erosion is insignificant, mainly l...... e....... D......... is dominant. Fluvial Landforms F.... p...., n...... l...., m......, o. b.. l... and d.....

Waterfall [94/1bii] Waterfall formed by differences in rock r......... A layer of hard rock (e.g. a d...) lies across the river bed. It may be horizontal, vertical or dip upstream. Soft rocks in the d......... side are eroded faster. D........... e...... steepens the river bed into a waterfall. Other formations [94/1biii] include f......., river rejuvenation and glacial erosion. Plunge pool [98/1c] Hydraulic action by the plunging force undercuts the base of a waterfall. Swirling action of the water and the abrasion with pebbles widens and deepens the plunge pool. Gorge The waterfall retreats upstream, leaving a deep and narrow V-shaped valley called gorge.

Influence on human activities [94/1biv] Plunging water from waterfalls produces HEP for industry. Waterfalls attract tourism. Waterfalls hinder navigation.

Floodplain [90/3aiv][01/3b] Active e...... in the upper course provides a lot of load. In the lower course, g....... is small. Speed decreases. D......... of sediments on the river bed makes it rise. The river o........ easily and floods the two sides of the valley. A....... is deposited on the valley floor. Successive floods build up the flood plain.

Meander and ox-bow lake [97/2a,b][00/3c] Water flows fast on the c...... b... (outer bend). Lateral erosion forms a steep concave slope (bluff). Water flows slowly on the c..... b... (inner bend). Deposition forms a gentle convex slope (point bar). The bending become more marked producing a m....... There is a narrow neck of land between two concave banks. The neck is cut through by lateral erosion in time of flood. The river flows straight through, the loop is separated from the river. Deposition seals off the loop, forming an ox bow lake.

Delta [90/3aiv][98/1a,b][01/3c] Favourable factors The river basin is large with many tributaries. There no large lakes along the river course. Active e...... in upper course provides a lot of load. Formation The load is carried to river mouth. Speed is reduced by the sea. Fine clay is deposited by a process called f............ The load, deposited as s......., blocks up the river channel. The river o........, especially when the level of the river rises. D............. and b...... s...... are formed. N...... l..... are formed along the banks of the distributaries. V......... growth on natural levee favours more deposition. Deposition of sediments is faster than removal.

Factors affecting discharge of the river [92/2b,c,d] [97/2c][00/3d][03/3b] After d............, interception decreases. Infiltration decreases (there is little time for soil to absorb rain). T.......... and groundwater flow decreases. Surface runoff (o....... f... and channel flow) increases. On the hydrograph, the p... d........ is higher and the t... l.. is shorter. There is a larger danger of flooding.

(The effects are the same if the river valley has steep g....... or is made of i.......... rocks.)

Floods on flood plain of Chang Jiang It has a large river basin (catchment area) and many tributaries. There is excessive d........ in summer. There is melting snow in spring and heavy summer rain brought by SE monsoon. D............ (for farming and wood) causes soil erosion. Silt is washed into the middle course. The river is winding, gentle and slow in the lower course. Deposition causes heavy s...... which chokes the river channel and raises the river bed above the flood plain. Flooding occurs when there is an exceptionally large flood, or natural levees or dykes collapse.

Damages caused by flooding [90/7b] Human lives and properties are lost. Houses and farmland are drowned by flood water. Crop failure causes famine (starvation). Diseases spread out. Transport (communication) is interrupted. Water, gas and electricity supplies are disrupted.

Why people live on hazard prone areas There is lowland on the floodplain for settlement and farming. There is fertile a....... s... on the floodplain. River provides water for irrigation and domestic use. There are social ties or uncertainty to a new environment.

Drought and cut-offs in lower course of Huang He There is little and unreliable rain because of the NW winter m¡K.... Humidity is low. D............ causes soil erosion and silting. O.............. makes soil infertile. Poor soil cannot hold water. E.......... rate is high. Infiltration rate is high (because loess is extremely porous).

Damages caused by drought Cut-offs in Huang He cause water shortage in N China for irrigation, industry, etc. I........ of seawater makes the river water saline. Fewer species upset f... c..... The ecosystem becomes more fragile. Soil dries up and cracks. Soil erosion causes desertification. S......... bury farms and houses, lower visibility and causes respiratory problems.

Human adjustments to floods and drought [90/7d][94/8c] River course is widened or straightened. River bed is d...... and deepened. D.... are constructed or strengthened. C..... (channels) are built to divert water flow. Soil conservation measures are practised, e.g. terracing, afforestation, windbreak, restricted felling. South-to-North water diversion project Canals are built to carry water from Chang Jiang to Huang He to provide water to North China. Three gorges project D.. and r........ are built at Sandouping to store water in the wet season and releases in the dry season.

Benefits of multi-purpose scheme [94/8a] Regulated water flow controls flooding. Reservoirs store water for irrigation and industry. There is more farmland, longer g...... s..... and a higher yield. HEP provides power for farm mechanisation and industry. N......... is improved. Tourism and fish rearing can be developed. The economy is more diversified. There is a higher income.

Environmental impacts of multi-purpose scheme [94/8b] [97/2d][03/8d] Valley (farmland) in the lower course is drowned. Villagers are to be resettled. Scenic spot is lost. W....... h...... is destroyed. It u..... local e........ and favours the spread of diseases. Irrigation raises water table, causes w........... and s............ (Refer to Part 4 Farming ¡V Problems of irrigation) S...... in reservoirs makes less fertile alluvium on flood plain.

Part 3 Climate and Part 9 Climatic Anomalies

Distribution pattern of insolation on the earth's surface [06/6b] Low latitudes Angle of sun is always (1)..... Insolation is concentrated on a smaller area. Intensity of insolation is greater. Insolation travels a shorter distance through the atmosphere. Less insolation is lost by absorption, reflection, scattering. More insolation reaches the earth's surface. High latitudes In summer, angle of sun is (2)..... There are longer days and shorter nights. Insolation is high. In winter, angle of sun is (3)..... There are shorter days and longer nights. Insolation is low.

Factors affecting temperature, pressure and rainfall [95/1d][00/2]

1 Latitude [01/2d][01/2e] Equator [90/1e] Equator has no season. Higher insolation leads to higher temperature. Air is heated, expands and rises. (4).... pressure is formed. T.... winds from 30¢XN/S converge at I....-T....... C.......... Z.... 30¢XN/S [89/3d][90/1c] Sinking air produces (5).... pressure. T.... winds return to equator and w......... go to 60¢XN/S. 60¢XN/S Rising air produces (6).... pressure. W........... from 30¢XN/S and p.... w.... from 90¢XN/S converge at the polar front. Pole Lower insolation leads to lower temperature. Air is cooled, contracts and sinks. (7).... pressure is formed. Southern Hemisphere Temperature and pressure pattern is (8).... regular. [90/1c][95/1e] There is a large continuous mass of ocean. Temperature difference between land and sea is (9).....

2 Distance from the sea [94/2c] Coastal areas have a moderate o...... c....... Annual temperature range is small. Onshore winds bring m....... influence. Rainfall is high. [89/3d] Inland areas have an extreme c.......... c....... Annual temperature range is large. Onshore winds cannot bring moisture. Rainfall is low.

3 Prevailing wind O...... w.... brings high rainfall and  small annual temperature range. O....... w.... brings less rainfall and larger annual temperature range.

4 Ocean current W... o.... c....... moves from low to high latitudes. Onshore winds make coastal areas warm and wet. C... o.... c....... moves from high to low latitudes. Onshore winds make coastal areas are cool and dry.

5 Relief [97/3c] Temperature falls by 6.4¢XC if altitude rises by 1000 m. W....... side of a mountain receives relief rain. Rising air is cool and wet. L...... side of the mountain is a r......... area. Sinking air is hot and dry.

Rainfall (A) Convectional rain [03/2c] Land is intensely heated. Surface air gets hot. Hot air rises as c......... c........ Air rises and cools. Water vapour condenses to form cloud and rain. (B) Relief rain [93/3c][94/2d] Warm moist o...... w.... meets coastal mountain. Air rises along the w....... s..... Air rises and cools. Water vapour condenses into cloud and rain. (C) Frontal rain At 60 N and S, warm tropical air meet cold polar air. Warm air is less dense and forced to rise above the cold air along the front. Air rises and cools. Water vapour condenses into cloud and rain.

Malaysia (e.g. Kuala Lumpur) has t....... h.... climate. Somalia (e.g. Mogadishu) has t....... a... climate. Both places have high mean annual temperature and small annual temperature range. There is little seasonal variation. (Refer to Low latitudes) Malaysia has high annual rainfall. Rainfall is evenly distributed. (Refer to Convectional rain) Somalia has low annual rainfall. (Refer to Offshore winds)

Shangdong (e.g. Yantai) has t........ m....... climate. Xinjiang (e.g. Qiemo) has t........ c.......... climate. Both places have low mean annual temperature and large annual temperature range. There is distinct seasonal variation. (Refer to High latitudes) Shangdong has high annual rainfall. Xinjiang has low annual rainfall. (Refer to Distance from the sea)

Summer monsoon [92/3c][93/3b] In northern summer, the sun is overhead at 23.5 N. Land is heated rapidly over Central China. Air is heated. Air rises. (10).... pressure develops. [95/1b] Land is cooled rapidly over N Australia. Air cools. Air sinks. (11).... pressure develops. Wind blows from (12).... pressure to (13).... pressure. Wind blows a............ into Central China. Wind is d........ to right by C....... f..... Onshore summer SE (or S or SW) monsoon is warm and wet. [99/2b]

Influence on human activities [92/di][94/2e][97/3biii] [98/2d] Rainstorm, typhoon and flooding affect Hong Kong. Stormy weather may damage crops, cause loss of lives and properties, and disrupt road traffic.

Winter monsoon [90/1di][92/3c][93/3b][06/6c] In northern winter, the sun is overhead at 23.5 S. Land is cooled rapidly over Central China. Air cools. Air sinks. (14).... pressure develops. Land is heated rapidly over N Australia. Air is heated. Air rises. (15).... pressure develops. Wind blows from high pressure to low pressure. Wind blows c........ outward from Central China. Wind is d........ to right by C....... f..... Offshore winter NW (or N or NE) monsoon is cold and dry.

Influence on human activities [92/dii] Drought, frost and cold spells affect Hong Kong.

Greenhouse effect Greenhouse gases include c..... d...... (CO2), n....... o..... (NxO), m...... (CH4) and c.................. (CFCs). Greenhouse gases absorb t.......... l....... radiation. Most outgoing radiation is trapped in the atmosphere but not returned to space. This is the natural greenhouse effect. However, combustion of fossil fuel in power plants, factories and motor vehicles gives out more and more CO2 and NxO. Deforestation means there are fewer trees to absorb CO2. These human activities enhance (amplify) the natural greenhouse effect and cause global warming.

Effects of global warming Ice in polar areas melts. Seawater expands. Sea level rises. Coastal lowland and w....... may be f....... Coastal areas may have more storms but inland areas may have more d....... Fauna and flora become extinct. Disease like malaria and cholera may spread out. Higher evaporation affects fresh water supply. There are h... w..... Some areas may no longer be suitable for farming. In low latitudes, crop yield may decrease. In mid latitudes, however, crop yield may increases.

Resolving global warming Under the K.... P......., MDCs were to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. (Also refer to Part 11 Sustainable City ¡V Ways to reduce energy consumption and Part 12 Choice of Power ¡V Renewable energy resources)

Controversy over global warming USA and Australia refused to ratify the K.... P........ LDCs are not required to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions incurs extra costs and lowers l..... s........ Slower economic growth causes u............ Some scientists argue that there is little evidence to indicate that global warming has in fact occurred.

Part 4 Farming and Part 10 Food and Hunger

Physical inputs for irrigation farming in S California Southern California has a M............ climate. Summer is hot and winter is warm. There is a long g...... s...... High temperature and plenty sunshine favour growth of fruits. Constraints There is a d...... problem. Southern California is a r... s..... area. Rainfall is low (250 to 500 mm) and unreliable with a winter maximum. Soil is a....... and infertile.

Cultural inputs for irrigation farming in S California Capital input is high to buy machines and chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) and to invest in irrigation and drainage facilities. Farmers have good education. It is near big urban market e.g. San Francisco. There is good transport e.g. road, port. Cooperatives facilitate m........ and advertising. Government provides i............., e.g. roads, irrigation. Government gives s...... and carry out r....... in farm technology. Constraints R.... u.... m........ results in labour shortage. Labour union is strong. Labour wage is high. There is keen competition from other countries. Fluctuating price makes income unstable.

Characteristics of irrigation farming in S California Farming rely on irrigation (irrigation farming). Fruits and vegetables are grown (M..... g........).  Farmers grow crop (A..... farming). Farm size is small. C...... and t......... inputs are high, e.g. mechanization, fertilizer, pesticide, irrigation. Output per area is high (I........ farming). Perishable crops require rapid road transport (T.... farming). Cash crop is grown for sale (C......... farming). A wide variety of crops is grown but only one particular crop is grown in a certain area (R....... s............. and M..........).

Overcoming physical constraints The North is wet but hilly. The South is low-lying but dry. The C...... V..... I......... P...... is carried out. Dams and r......... hold water in the North. Canals and a........ carry water from North to South. There are also small scale irrigation like g...... f... system, s........ system, and d... i......... system. Chemical fertilizers improve soil fertility. Pesticides protect crop from pests.

Overcoming cultural constraints Part time workers from M..... help harvesting. Legislation reduces impacts of strike. Mechanization replaces farm labour. Crop diversification reduces risks. Cooperatives provide financial help.

Physical inputs for nomadic herding in Sahel Sahel has a s... a... climate. Constraints There is a d...... problem. It is far away from sea. There is offshore dry NE trades from Sahara Desert. Rainfall is low (250 to 500 mm) and unreliable. Pest and disease, e.g. t..... f.... harm cattle.

Cultural inputs for nomadic herding in Sahel The primitive tribes have long tradition of nomadic herding. Constraints Capital and technology input is low.

Characteristics of nomadic herding in Sahel Farmers move from place to place to look for water and pasture (Nomadic herding). Farmers keep cattle (P....... farming). There is low input per area and low output per area (E........ farming). Cattle are not for sale (S.......... farming). Capital and technology input is low.

Overcoming physical constraints Nomadic herders move N in summer and move S in winter to look for water and pasture (T...........). Wells and pumps provide better pasture. C............ improves quality of cattle.

Overcoming cultural constraints. International aid, e.g. Oxfam, introduce better farming methods.

Problems of irrigation Water table rises close to the surface. Plants cannot grow in soil saturated with water. (W...........) Water evaporates, salt precipitates in the soil, leaving behind a crust of salt on the surface. (S...........) Pests and diseases spread through irrigation canals. Solution Tubes with pinholes are used to apply a precise amount of water (D... i.........). Drainage is installed. Water is used to flush away the salt crust.

Problems of biotechnology G.......... m....... food causes food allergy. There are moral and ecological concerns. Solution Legislation requires labelling on GM food.

Problems of mechanization Heavy machines harden soil and reduce infiltration. Hedges and trees are removed for machines to work efficiently. These cause soil erosion by rain and wind.

Problems of chemical fertilizer Fertilizers are washed into rivers. Excess nutrient in water (E.............) favours rapid growth of algae (R.. t...). A.... compete with fish for dissolved oxygen at night. Fish die because of suffocation. Solution Animal m..... and c...... is used to make soil fertile. C... r....... or f........ recovers soil fertility.

Problems of chemical pesticide Pesticides can accumulate in bodies of living organisms and pass along food chain. Living organisms and even people are poisoned. Solution Natural predator or enemy is used to control pests (O...... farming). Herbs that give out strong smell, e.g. chilli, is grown.

Famine occurs in the Sahel (e.g. S......, Ethiopia, Kenya, Chad), central Africa, Mongolia, North Korea. They are LDCs with a high i......... rate and heavy reliance on agriculture. They have high b.... r..., low c...... intake, and short l... e..........

Causes of famine Global food supply is enough for everyone but is unevenly distributed. There is food wastage in MDCs. Natural hazards, e.g. drought, and civil war cause crop failure. LDCs have heavy foreign debt so cash crop is grown for export. Desertification LDCs have rapid population growth so demand for food is large. Growing too many crops causes o............... Keeping too many cattle causes o........... Cutting trees for firewood causes s... e....... Land becomes barren.

Food aid is provided by the U..... N......, World Bank, W.... V....., Red Cross, O..... They provide emergency food aid, school feeding programme, f... f.. w... programme, and long term loan to buy food. Problems Some LDCs refuse aid because of political tie. Emergency aid only solves short-term problems. It may fail to enable the LDCs to rely on themselves. Aid may not reach the poor because of c..........

Biotechnology Food production increased drastically in the Green Revolution in the 1960s. New seed strains are developed, e.g. h... y....... v...... (HYV). Problems Agricultural technology may not be suitable for LDCs. High yielding variety needs chemical fertilizer and pesticide. Only rich farmers afford to buy new seeds. Social gap is widened. Landlords raise rent when yield increases. Price falls when yield increases.

Best way to help the poor S... h... programme avoid reliance on aid. Education and training is provided. Development programme should be appropriate ¡V that people can really carry out. Birth control is encouraged.

Part 5 City and Part 11 Sustainable City

Urban settlement has more people, high population density and building density. People work in secondary and tertiary activities. Rural settlement has fewer people, low population density and building density. People work in primary activities.

Processes of urbanisation [00/6aii] There is r.....u.... m......... There is n...... i....... (more births than deaths). Transport between urban and rural areas improves.

Rural-urban migration (Pull factors) / Advantages of urban development [91/6d][93/8bi][93/4e][94/4cii][95/6c][98/8b][99/5d][01/5c] [01/8bi][02/7b][02/8b][04/6d] People have higher i..... and higher l..... s........ Industry and commerce provide more job opportunities. There are better services (e.g. education) and facilities (e.g. park).

Rural-urban migration (Push factors) People have lower i..... and lower l..... s........ Farm m............ and lack of farmland cause u............ C... f...... cause f..... and starvation. There are poor facilities and services.

Favourable factors of Central Business District (CBD) [93/6b][97/5c][98/8ai][99/ci][00/5c][02/7a] It is at the urban centre, e.g. Central District, T... S.. T.... It has maximum a............. It is a transport focus (terminals). It has a coastal location (Victoria Harbour). It has land from r........... It has an early development. There are government departments (offices, courts, City Hall).

Characteristics of CBD in Hong Kong [93/6aii][02/7a] It is for c......... land use (shops and offices). Sites in the city centre are in limited supply and great demand. There is keen l... u.. c.......... by the various activities. Commercial uses afford highest rent and outbid other land uses. Buildings are tall. Land is i.......... used. It has congested traffic. It is busy in daytime but quiet at night. V....... z....... is distinct. Lower floors are occupied by shops, banks. Upper floors are occupied by office, consulate. H......... z....... is distinct, e.g. zone of banks, offices, shops, institutional zone, open space. Open space is reserved as u.... l.... and for recreation.

Industrial [93/6aii] & residential use [97/5d] Residential and industrial use are often mixed, e.g. Kwun Tong. Land rent is lower. They cannot afford high land rent. They are further away from city centre (lower accessibility). Land use is less intensive. Buildings are lower.

Urban decay [93/6ci][94/4ci][01/5b][05/1ai] It occurs in the i.... c... (or z... i. t.........), e.g. Western District, W.. C..., Y.. M. T... There is o........... (high population density). There is a lack of o... s.... and parks. Facilities, e.g. schools, hospitals, run down. Narrow streets cause t...... c.......... Buildings are old and d............ and have poor s.......... Residents have low income.

Urban renewal Four strategies are redevelopment, r............. (repair old buildings), r.............. (make use of local features) and p........... (heritage).

Urban redevelopment [93/6cii][05/1aii] U.... R...... A........ is set up. Old buildings are pulled down and new taller buildings are built at a lower density. More parks, open space and better facilities are provided. Roads are widened. Industries are relocated to the new towns.

Difficulties of urban redevelopment [01/5d] Land ownership is f.......... Sites are small to be profitable. Residents are unwilling to move. Land r......... and compensation is costly and time consuming.

Suburbanization (Push factors) U.... r...... in old urban area (Refer to Urban decay) resettle people in new towns. There is a lack of space for new housing and industries. Population in Hong Kong Island & Kowloon is decreasing. (Pull factors) More and cheaper land is available for expansion. Public housing are built in the new towns. Rich people prefer bigger house and good living environment and they have private cars. Population in  or s..... and n.. t.... in the New Territories is increasing.

Problems caused by urban sprawl [90/8b][93/8bii] [02/5c] Urban sprawl is unplanned urban expansion. Urban e........... causes loss of farmland. Farmlands are a........ awaiting for good price for sale. Simple rural lifestyle is disturbed causing land use conflict. Natural environment is damaged, e.g. cutting trees. Converting farms to houses and roads disrupts drainage and causes f........ Factories cause air, water and noise pollution. C........ travel to work cause t...... c.......... Pressure is exerted on services and facilities, e.g. school, hospital. Rural villages run down causing r.... d.....

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the p...... without c........... the a...... of the f..... g.......... to meet their own needs.

Objectives of new town development [92/5d] New towns provide more space and better living environment for the o........ population and industry. They reduce urban problems in the inner city. They are well planned to avoid the problems of urban sprawl.

Characteristics of new towns [92/5cii][94/4bii][95/4aii] They are s... c........ (integrated) communities. They have better services (e.g. schools) and facilities (e.g. roads). Industry and commerce provide jobs for residents. Industrial and residential areas are separated by l... u.. z...... There is pollution control, e.g. waste-disposal schemes. They have parks, o... s..... and a spacious layout. G.... b.... are used to contain urban development.

Reducing traffic High t.. and first r........ fee discourage private car ownership. P..... t........ is encouraged. M... t...... systems (e.g. MTR, KCR) are developed. F....... working hours is encouraged.

Conservation of natural environment Country parks [92/7b] and marine parks are set up for r......... and conservation. B........... is preserved by protecting the w....... h...... (ecosystem). Nature Reserves (e.g. Mai Po) are set up for e........ and scientific research. Unnecessary r.......... in the Victoria Harbour is banned by legislation.

Reducing energy consumption [95/8b][00/8b] Raising fuel prices discourages wastage in consumption. Public is educated to conserve energy through mass media. Public transport is encouraged. Car ownership is discouraged. Energy efficiency label is introduced. Energy saving buildings are designed to reduce lighting, heating. Better land use zoning reduces unnecessary transport.

Reducing pollution [99/7c] L.......... is passed to control pollution. Sewage and solid waste are charged under the P........ P.. P.......... Public are educated through mass media. Air A.. c...... z.... are set up. Cleaner fuels (e.g. natural gas) are used in power plants. Smoke is filtered. Unleaded petrol is banned. Water [92/7cii][93/7c][97/7c] W.... c...... z.... are set up. Sewage is sent to s..... t........ p.... in Stonecutters Island by deep tunnels (H...... A... T....... S.....). Solid waste [01/7c] Large strategic l........ are set up. People are educated to r...., r..... and r....... New incinerators can be investigated.

Part 6 Industry and Part 12 Power

Iron and steel industry in China before 1949 [89/5a] Early iron and steel industry was in NE China, e.g. A......

Favourable factors in NE China before 1949 [89/5bi] [95/5a][98/6a] The industry was p.... o........ There are large reserves of good c..... c... near F...... There is i... o.. (raw material) near A...... There is good i............. (e.g. railway, port). Industry was developed by the Japanese.

Reasons to develop industry in the interior after 1949 [89/5a][95/5bii][02/4b] Government policy is d............... (dispersion) of industry to the interior (inland, westward) to remote areas, e.g. B....., W...., U....., L...... for s........ (political) reasons and to develop resources in the interior, e.g. coal near W...., iron ore near W.... and B...... Economic development allows the West to achieve r....... s... s.......... (balanced economy) and to integrate ethnic minorities.

Advantages to the interior [02/4c] Skilled labour and technology are imported from the East. Industries create job opportunities, creating m......... e...... People enjoy higher income and higher living standard. There are better facilities and services.

Unfavourable factors in the interior [95/5bi][02/4a] There is poor i............., e.g. transport. Poor t......... hinders e........... of r......... There is a lack of s...... labour because the rural population has a high i......... rate. Local market is small due to poor living standard. Great distance from market makes transport cost high. Industrial inertia [00/5aiii][02/4e] NE China remains important because of factory buildings and machinery are immobile or involve high cost of moving. The existing location has agglomeration economies, skilled labour, infrastructure, ancillary services, market, etc.

Baoshan iron and steel work (Shanghai) [89/5bi] [95/5cii][98/6c][99/5c][05/5bii] The industry is now m..... o........ There are local steel using industries, e.g. motor car, shipbuilding. S.... s.... is available from cities. Iron ore is imported form Australia and Brazil. Coastal location provides water for cooling. There is extensive lowland or flatland for i......... s......... Dense population provides abundant skilled labour. Good port facilities provide cheap water transport. Products are exported overseas, e.g. Japan. [98/6b] I......... a............ lowers production cost with good i............. (e.g. railway, electricity).

Unfavourable factors in E coast [89/5bii][05/5bi] There is a lack of local raw materials (iron ore and coal). Transport cost (e.g. iron ore from Ma'anshan to Shanghai) is high. Also refer to Disadvantages to LDCs.

Information technology industry in the USA [06/5aii] S...... V..... is near to universities e.g. S....... providing scientists and engineers for R....... & D........... Professionals demand good living environment in s....., e.g. mountain / bay view, and comfortable temperate maritime climate. It is near to big cities, e.g. S.. F........ with convenient highways and airports. Agglomeration favours exchange of information. There is infrastructure and ancillary service. Early development in 1960s was favoured by aerospace industry and US military orders.

Multinational production IT products have a short l... c..... In development stage, R&D is done in MDCs by scientists and engineers. In maturity stage, standardised mass production is carried out in LDCs by semi-skilled labour. This is called multinational production or m........ p.......... This new trend of production is part of the economic g............ and is favoured by better telecommunications.

Advantages to MNCs [06/5b] These multinational corporations (MNCs) make more profit because the production cost is lower in the LDCs. There is an abundant supply of cheap semi-skilled or unskilled labour. There is big market. Favourable government policies attract foreign investments. Pollution control is less strict.

Advantages to LDCs Refer to Iron and steel industry in China ¡V Advantages to the interior

Disadvantages to LDCs [02/4d] There is air and water pollution. Local resources are exploited. Overdependence on foreign investment makes economy unstable. R.... u.... m........ causes urban problems, e.g. o............  Influence of Western culture causes loss of local traditions and values. There is exploitation of labour, e.g. child labour.

Disadvantages to MDCs Local production becomes less competitive. Domestic factories are closed. U........... causes social problems, e.g. crime. There will be u.... d.... as facilities and services run down.

Unfavourable factors in LDCs Refer to Iron and steel industry in China ¡V Unfavourable factors in the interior

Distribution of power production and consumption in China Power production areas are in N, NE and NW, e.g. coal in Datong, Kailuan, Fuxin and oil in Shengli, Daqing, Tarim Basin. Power consumption areas are in E and NE China. [98/7aii][05/5aii][06/2b,c] There is a high level of i................ and u........... and a high living standard. More people afford to buy electric appliances and private cars.

Solution to the mismatch of power production and consumption in China Natural gas is carried from W to E by p........ Coal is carried by r....... HEP (from the Three Gorges Project) is carried to the East. Oil is imported by o.. t...... Industry is developed in the West. (Refer to Reasons to Develop Industry in the Interior After 1949)

Coal mining O....... (opencut) mining creates pits destroys land surface. Waste heap causes landslide.

Air pollution [95/8aii][05/5aiii] CO2 and SO2 mix with rainwater to produce a... r... which kills trees, damages crops and buildings and pollutes streams. It produces s.... (e.g. dust) and toxic gases (e.g. CO, NO). S... reduces visibility and affects health. H... i..... effect raises local temperature. G......... e..... causes g..... w......

Renewable energy resources include solar energy, wind power, HEP. Advantages [98/7bii][03/8cii] They are cheap in the long run. They are r........ and will not run out. They do not cause air pollution. Problems [06/2b] They can only be used at specific locations. They are affected by weather and are unreliable in supply. They require high construction cost and technology.

Non-renewable energy resources include coal, oil, natural gas (f..... f...) and nuclear energy.

Nuclear power [89/7c] Advantages It is cheap in the long run. It does not cause air pollution. A small amount of u...... produces a lot of energy. It will not run out in the near future. Disadvantages [06/2d] It requires high construction cost and technology. There is danger in transporting nuclear fuel and disposal of r.......... waste. R.......... leakage results in cancer, deformed babies and contaminates food and water.

Ways to reduce energy consumption [95/8b][00/8b] Refer to Part 11 Sustainable City