aaatisnye't -- they might say
(see also:   thusnye'ö,   ëthasnye't,   and thatisnye's)

aa- :   Optative (verb-mode prefix)
hati- :   They (Agent pronomial prefix: 3rd person masculine, plural)

The «h» is dropped between vowels.

-snye't : to say something, to utter something

Verb stem, in the Punctual aspect. the verb root is «-snye'-».

aaktúk -- I might see, I might perceive, I mighht understand
(see also:   ëktúk,   u'ktúk,   and u'stúk)

aa- : Optative (verb-mode prefix)
k- : I (Agent pronomial prefix)
-túk : to see, to perceive; to understand

Verb-stem, in the Punctual aspect; «-túk-» is the verb root. In this case, there is no special ending for the Punctual aspect; but other stems (of this base) for other aspects -- do have additional endings.

akwas -- very, very much

auska'a -- only;   (for something) to be the only thing

a- :   it (Patient pronomial prefix)

This is the form before the vowel «u». The "normal" form is «u-» (or «o-»)

-uska'a :   to be the only thing

Verb stem, in the Stative aspect. The verb root is «-uska'a-»
-uska- :   to be the only thing   (verb root)
-'a :   diminutive suffix.

Note:
When other suffixes are added to this root, then the Diminutive suffix («-'a») is omitted, and only the verb root («-uska-») is used.

E, e

ëhsi' -- you will say
(see also:   waë' and hënôtö)

ë- : future (verb mode prefix)
s- ( hs- ? ) : you (Agent pronomial prefix). This prefix is preceeded with an «h» when it follows the future mode prefix («ë-»).
-i' : to say (verb stem, in the Punctual aspect; «-atö-» is the verb root).

Note: highly irregular
The verb root for "to say" is highly irregular. Each aspect has a different form for the root, and even the punctual aspect stem itself has several forms («-i'» and «-ë'»). For further details, look the word up in the Mingo EGADS online dictionary (under «kátö» in Mingo, or under "say" in English).

ëkí -- or

ëktúk -- I will see, I will perceive, I will uunderstand
(see also:   u'ktúk,   aaktúk,   and u'stúk)

ë- : Future (verb-mode prefix)
k- : I (Agent pronomial prefix)
-túk : to see, to perceive; to understand

Verb-stem, in the Punctual aspect; «-túk-» is the verb root. In this case, there is no special ending for the Punctual aspect; howerver, stems (of this base) for other aspects -- do have addidtional endings.

ëkatwënôta'k -- I will talk
(compare «ëtwatwënôta'k», "we will talk")

ë- : future (verb mode)
k- : I   (Agent pronomial-prefix).
-atwënôta'k : to speak a language (verb stem, in the Habitual-Continuative aspect; «-atwënöt-» is the verb-root).

at- : "middle" prefix (verb prefix), usually denoting "self" or "for oneself".
-wën- : sound, word, language
-ôta'k : to attach, connect (verb stem in the Habitual-Continuative aspect; «-öt-» is the verb root). The «ö» is lengthened according to the vowel-lengthening rules.

Note:
This form of the Habitual-Continuative is rather exceptional.   I would expect the Habitual-Continuative stem of the root «-öt-» to have the form «-öthák».

ëkeyë'he't -- I will learn

ë- : future (verb-mode prefix)
ke- : I (Agent pronomial prefix)
-yë'he't : to learn (verb stem, in the Punctual aspect; «-yë'he'-» is the verb base)

-yë- : to know (verb root)
-'he't : Incohative, i.e. to become something (verb-base suffix, in the Punctual aspect; « -'he'-» is the root-form of this base-suffix)

ëthasnye't -- he will say
(see also:   thusnye'ö,   aaatisnye't,   and thatisnye's)

ë- : future (verb mode)
t- : at someplace (verb prefix, belonging to the verb-stem «t-...-snye't»)
ha- : he (Agent pronomial prefix)
t-...-snye't : to say something (verb stem, in the Punctual aspect. «t-...-snye'-» is the verb root:

t- : at someplace (verb prefix)
... : (this is where the pronomial-prefix goes)
-snye'- : to utter something; to say something)

ëtwatwënôta'k -- we will talk
(compare «ëkatwënôta'k», "I will talk")

ë- : future (verb mode)
tw- : we, inclusive, i.e. including you   (Agent pronomial-prefix).
-atwënôta'k : to speak a language (verb stem, in the Habitual-Continuative aspect; «-atwënöt-» is the verb-root).

at- : "middle" prefix (verb prefix), usually denoting "self" or "for oneself".
-wën- : sound, word, language
-ôta'k : to attach, connect (verb stem in the Habitual-Continuative aspect; «-öt-» is the verb root). The «ö» is lengthened according to the vowel-lengthening rules.

Note:
This form of the Habitual-Continuative is rather exceptional.   I would expect the Habitual-Continuative stem of the root «-öt-» to have the form «-öthák».

haksút ;   hakhsút -- my grandfather
(literally:   "he is a gradfather to me",   "he grandfathers me")

hak- : he-to-me (Interactive pronomial prefix)
-hsút : to be a grandfather to someone.

Verb root, in the Habitual (? Stative?) aspect.
The «h» is not pronounced after the «k» of «hak-» (it may be dropped in the spelling).

Note:
most kin-terms (mother, father, son, daughter, etc.) are expressed as interactive verbs like "grandfather" (where "my grandfather" is actually a verb saying "he grandfathers me")

hatínyö'ö -- they are white people; white people

hati- :   they (Agent pronomial prefix)

The vowel is lengthened by the following verb-root.

-nyö'ö :   to be a white-person

Verb stem, in the Stative aspect; the verb base is «-nyö'ö-» (in this case, the Stative stem is identical to the verb-base).
This verb does not refer to color; however, I am not sure what it does refer to.
The «ny» at the beginning of the verb's root lengthens the preceeding vowel

ha'kwistë' -- something

hënôtö -- they say
(see also:   waë' and ëhsi')

hën- :   They (Agent pronomial prefix:   3^rd person plural, masculine)

Here, the prefix is in its form before an «a» (of the following verb-root); the "normal" form is «hati-».

-atö :   to say

Verb-stem, in the Habitual aspect; the verb-base is «-atö-».
The vowel «-a» is nasalized to «-ö» when the prefix «hën-» comes before it.
The penultimate vowel («ö») is lengthened according to the vowel-lengthening rules.

Note: highly irregular
The verb root for "to say" is highly irregular. Each aspect has a different form for the root, and even the punctual aspect stem itself has several forms («-i'» and «-ë'»). For further details, look the word up in the Mingo EGADS online dictionary (under «kátö» in Mingo, or under "say" in English).

híkê -- that

hukwëtææ'ö -- he has become sad

hu- : he, him (Patient pronomial prefix) The patiente form is required by the Stative aspect.
-kwëtææ'ö : to become sad (verb stem, in the Stative aspect; «-kwëtææ'-» is the verb-base)

-kwëta- : to be sad (verb root)

The original (historical) root ended with the consonant «r» (i.e. «-kwëtar-»). This «r» caused the following vowel (the linking vowel) to change from the original «a» (i.e. «-kwëtara-») to «æ» (i.e. «-kwëtaræ-»). Later over the years, this «r» dropped from pronunciation, but the following linking vowel remained an «æ» (i.e. «-kwëtaæ-»). After the «r» dropped out, the stretch «aæ» changed to «ææ» (it's more comfortable to prounounce it that way), yielding «-kwëtææ-».

-æ- : linking vowel

(originally an «a», but it changed to «æ» due to the historically preceeding «r»; see the previous explanation for the verb-root).

-'ö : Incohative, i.e. to become something

(verb-base suffix, in the Stative aspect; « -'-» is the root form of this verb-base suffix)

hunënöhtö' -- they know
(see also:   te'akënöhtônö' and sënöhtö')

hun- : they (Patient pronomial prefix:   3^rd person masculine, plural)

This is the form before a vowel (other than «æ»);   the "normal" form is «huti-»

-ënöhtö' : to know something

Verb-stem in the Stative aspect; the verb root is «-ënöhtö-».
This verb is a Patient-State verb. It describes a state of being (rather than, say, an action); it is used only in the Stative aspects (Stative and Stative-Past). It always takes Patient pronomial prefixes (as the Stative apsect requires).

hute' -- his grandson

hu- : him, his (Patient pronomial prefix). When this prefix comes before an «a», the «a» is omitted.
-ate' : to be a grandson (verb-stem, in the Stative aspect [?]). The initial «a» is omitted because of the preceeding pronomial prefix «hu-».

íké -- I think; I want
(see also:   ísé)

i- : auxiliary vowel.

Such an auxiliary vowel is added at the beginning of verbs which otherwise would have only one syllable.
The vowel is lengthened according to the vowel lengthening rules.

k- : I (Agent pronomial prefix, it its form before a vowel)
-é : to think, want

Verb stem, in the Habitual aspect; «-e-» is the verb root [?])

ísé -- you think; you want
(see also:   íké)

i- : auxiliary vowel.

Such an auxiliary vowel is added at the beginning of verbs which otherwise would have only one syllable.
The vowel is lengthened according to the vowel lengthening rules.

s- : You (Agent pronomial prefix: 2nd person singular)
-é : to think, want

Verb stem, in the Habitual aspect; «-e-» is the verb root [?])

kaiôni -- (1) it causes; (2) cause, reason; (3) because («[ne'] ne kaiôni»)
Literally, "it causes the matter".

ka- : it (Agent pronomial prefix)
-iöni : to cause somthing, to bring something about (verb stem, in the Habitual aspect; «-iöny-» is the verb root). The penultimate «ö» is lengthened according to the vowel-lengthening rules.

-íw- : thing, matter (incorporated noun); compare to «uiwa'». The «w» is dropped before the following «ö».
-öni : to make (verb stem, in the Habitual aspectd; «-öny-» is the verb root.

kaiwakwëníyu' -- (1) it is true;   (2) it is important

ka- :   it (Agent pronomial prefix)
-íw- : thing, matter (incorporated noun);

(see «uiwa'»)
The long vowel gets shortened when this root is incorporated into other words (for reasons yet unknown to the author).
This root gets treated as if it starts with a consonant rather than with a vowel (normally, when the the pronomial prefix «ka-» comes before a root beginning with the vowel «i», they are both contracted into «kë-»). The reason for this is that historically this root actually used to begin with the consonant «r»; for further details on this, see «uiwa'».

-a- :   linking vowel
-kwëníyu' :   to be true; to be important

Verb stem in the Stative aspect; the verb root is «-kwëniyu-».
The penultimate vowel («i») is lengthened according to the vowel-lengthening rules.
This is an Agent-State verb. It uses the Stative aspect, but takes Agent pronomial prefixes (the Stative usually requires Patient pronomial prefixes). It describes a state-of-being (to be true or important) rather than an action.

kakwékö -- everything, all; everyone;

ka- :   it (Agent pronomial prefix)
-kwekö :   to be all, to be all of something.

Verb stem, in the Stative aspect; the verb-root is « -kwek-», to be all.
The penultimate vowel («e») is lengthened according to the vowel lengthening rules.
This verb is an Agentg-State verb. It describes a state of being (rather than, say, an action), and appears only in the Stative aspects. Nevertheless, it takes Agent pronomial prefixes (normally, the Stative requires Patient pronomial prefixes).

Kányö'ökhá' -- Whitely, Englishly (i.e. in English)

ka- : it (Agent pronomial prefix); the vowel is lengthened by the following verb-stem (type LX)
-nyö'ö : o be a white person / in the Stative aspect
-khá' : characterizer suffix (such as "-ly" in English)

kanyu' -- "when" as a statment; e.g. "when you see this, do that" (this is not a question word).

kawënö'ôwe -- native word

ka- : it (Agent pronomial prefix)
-wën- : sound, word
-ö- : linking vowel. This is the vowel «-a-» nasalized to «-ö-» after the preceeding «n»
-'öwe : authenticator suffix.   The penultimate «ö» is lengthened according to the vowel lengthening rules.

kêtö -- it means

ka- : it (Agent pronmial prefix)

When this prefix comes before the vowel «i», the two («ka-» + «i») are combined yielding «kë-»

-itö : to mean

Verb stem, in the Habitual aspect; the verb root is «-itö-».
The penultimate vowel (in this case, the vowel «ë») is lengthened according to the vowel-lengthening rules.

khu -- and

The word is added at the end of the list of items being "added".

ki'shë' -- perhaps (?), possibly (?)

kúwá -- why   (only in the expression «të'ë   kúwá»)

I don't know exactly what is literal meaning of «kúwá» in this context.

kwáhe;   kwá he -- but, however
The phrase for "but" or "however" can be found also as: «ne' kwá» and «ne' kwá he»

kwá : but
he : as for (something)

Kwa'yöö' -- Rabbit

nae; nâ -- mild emphasis (e.g. "indeed", "well",, "actually", "in fact", and so forth)

na'u't -- (1) (in a question) what, which; (2) (in a statement) that which (something), the thing which (something)

ne -- grammatically subordinating particle

See The Particle « ne »

ne' -- a phrase-beginning particle

ne'hu -- there

niyu -- an answer word (such as "yes", "what is it?", or "uh huh")

nô -- maybe

Note: «O» and «U» are the Same Thing

In Mingo and Seneca, the letters «o» and the letter «u» are different pronunciations of the same thing. Mingo uses «u», while Seneca uses «o» for the same thing. For example, Mingo would say «uiwa'» and Seneca would say «oiwa'» for the same word ("thing").
Therefore, any word you would expect to find under «o», look for it spelled with an «u».

oiwa' -- matter, thing, item (see "uiwa'")

ökwe'öwékhá' -- (1) Natively (2) The name of any Irooquoian language (all the North-Iroquoian languages call their language "Ökwe'öwékhá'").
If the word is capitalized ("Ökwe'öwékhá'") then it is means the name of a language. If it is not capitalized ("ökwe'öwékhá'"), then it means the adverb "natively".

ökwe'ôwe : a native person, an Indian. Literally: "authentic person".
            ökwe : person
            -'öwe : authenticator suffix (the "ö" is long if this suffix is the last in the word)
-khá' : characterizer suffix ("-ly")

sënöhtö' -- you know
(see also:   te'akënöhtônö' and hunënöhtö')

sa- : you (Patient pronomial prefix)

The vowel («a») is dropped when this pronomial prefix comes before a vowel.

-ënöhtö' : to know something

Verb-stem in the Stative aspect; the verb root is «-ënöhtö-».
This verb is a Patient-State verb. It describes a state of being (rather than, say, an action); it is used only in the Stative aspects (Stative and Stative-Past). It always takes Patient pronomial prefixes (as the Stative apsect requires).

shô -- just; exactly

skát -- One

s- : (verb prefix) repetitive (compare "re-" in English and other languages)
ka- : (pronomial prefix) it [in the Agent form]
-t : (verb root) to be someplace [in its Stative-aspect form]. It lengthens the preceding vowel.

teatiyëö -- they do not know
(see also:   teayëö)

te'- : not (verb prefix).

The «'» (glottal stop) is dropped along with the dropping of the following «h».

hati- : they (Agent pronomial-prefix: 3rd person masculine, plural).

The «h» is dropped when it comes between vowels.

-yëö : to know (verb stem, in the Stative aspect; «-yë-» is the verb root).

Note:
This verb is an "Agent-State" verb; it comes only in the Stative aspects (Stative and Stative-Past), and (nevertheless) takes Agent pronomial prefixes.

teayëö -- he does not know
(see also:   teatiyëö)

te'- : not (verb prefix).

The «'» (glottal stop) is dropped along with the dropping of the following «h».

ha- : he (Agent pronomial-prefix).

The «h» is dropped when it comes between vowels.

-yëö : to know (verb stem, in the Stative aspect; «-yë-» is the verb root).

Note:
This verb is an "Agent-State" verb; it comes only in the Stative aspects (Stative and Stative-Past), and (nevertheless) takes Agent pronomial prefixes.

tekawënötenyô -- It is translated

te- : (verb prefix) dual (in this case: "one for another")
ka- : (pronomial prefix) it (Agent form)
-wënötenyô : (verb stem) to translate something, in the Stative-aspect form; i.e. "to be translated"

From:
te-...-wënöteny- -- to translate something (literally: to change one word for another)

te- : (verb prefix) dual (in this case: "one for another")
-wën- : sound, word (incorporated noun, i.e. the object of the verb)
-ö- : linking-vowel (an «a» nasalized to «ö» because of the preceding «n»)
-teny- : (verb root) to change something

tekní -- (the number) two

te- : dual (verb prefix);
kni- : they-two (Agent pronomial prefix)

Note:
This word seems to have no "root" in it at all (it seems to be built from prefixes alone).

te'akënöhtônö' -- I had not known; I didn't know
(see also:   sënöhtö' and hunënöhtö')

te'- :   not (negation prefix)
ak- :   I, me (Patient pronomial prefix)
-ënöhtônö' : to have known something

Verb-stem in the Stative-Past aspect;   the verb root is «-ënöhtö-», to know something.
The penultimate vowel («ô») is always long, according to the vowel-lengthening rules.
This verb is a Patient-State verb. It describes a state of being (rather than, say, an action); it is used only in the Stative aspects (Stative and Stative-Past). It always takes Patient pronomial prefixes (as the Stative apsect requires).

të'ë -- what, which

të'ë   na'u't -- what
(see the separate words:   të'ë   and   na'u't)

të'ë   kúwá -- why
(see the separate words: të'ë   and   kúwá)

te'n-í' -- I not

te'- :   not (negation prefix)
n-í' :   "I"; "we-two"; "we-all" (the stand-alone pronoun for all first-person forms).
This is actually a contraction of «ne» (grammatical subordination), with «í'» (the first-person pronoun).

thatinye's -- they say
(see also:   ëthasnye't,   aaatisnye't,   and thusnye'ö)

t- : at someplace (verb-prefix of the verb-stem «t-...-snye's»)
hati- : they (Agent pronomial prefix: 3^rd person masculine, plural)
t-..-snye's : to usually say something; to be accustomed to say something

Verb stem, in the Habitual aspect; the verb root is «t-...-snye'-», to utter something, to say something.
t- : at someplace (verb prefix)
... : (this is where the pronomial-prefix goes)
-snye's : to usually say; to be accustomed to say

Verb stem, in the Habitual aspect; the verb root is «-snye'-»: to utter, to say.

thë'ë -- not (negation)

Note:

1. This word comes in addition to the negation prefix «te'-» on the negated verb.
2. This word is optional, and comes for additional emphasis.
3. This word is particular to Mingo.   In Seneca, this word is archaic, and no longer used (last documented in the early 19^th century, as «thë'e»)

thusnye'ö -- he said
(see also:   ëthasnye't,   aaatisnye't,   and thatisnye's)

t- : at someplace (verb-prefix of the verb-stem «t-...-snye'ö»)
hu- : he (Patient pronomial prefix)
t-..-snye'ö : to have said something (verb stem, in the Stative aspect; «t-...-snye'-» is the verb root)

t- : at someplace (verb prefix)
... : (this is where the pronomial-prefix goes)
-snye'- : to utter something; to say something

túkës -- "really", "sure"

tyawë'ö -- always

tyêkwa -- if

uiwa' -- matter, thing, item

u- : (pronomial prefix) it [Patient]
-íw- : (verb root) matter, thing, item.

The long vowel gets shortened when this root is incorporated into other words (for reasons yet unknown to the author).
Historically, this root used to be «-rihw-» (I think it still is in some other languages, such as Mohawk). Over the course of time, the «h» dropped off, and that caused the preceeding vowel «i» to become long.
Also over the course of time, the initial consonant «r» was dropped off. However, this root continues to "behave" as if it begins with a consonant. It is used with the form of prefixes which come before a consonant. For example, when it is preceeded by the Agent pronomial prefix for "it", the form is "ka-" (as before a consonant) in stead of «kë-» (as happens when the root begins with an «i»). Similarly, when it is preceeded by the Patient pronomial prefix for "it", the form is «u-» or «o-» (as before a consonant), instead of «aw-» (as before a vowel). There are some exceptions to this rule, though.

-a- : linking vowel
-' : noun suffix

uiwanëëkwat -- it is amazing

u- :   it (Patient pronomial prefix)
-íwanëëkwat : to be surprizing, to be amazing (literally: "to cause someone to be surprized/amazed").

Verb stem, in the Stative aspect; the verb-base is «-íwanëëkwaht-».
Note that this root is one of a small number of Stative verbs that end in a Causative suffix (typically «-ht-») and take the zero-ending form (i.e. no additional ending) of the Stative aspect suffix.

-íwanëëkw- :   to be surprized (verb stem).

-íw- :   thing, matter, item. (see uiwa')

The long vowel gets shortened when this root is incorporated in other words (for reasons yet unknow to the author)

-a- :   linking vowel
-në- :   to surprize (verb root)
-ë- :   linking vowel
-kw- :   "Undoer" verb-base suffix

-a- :   linking vowel
-t :   Causative

Verb-base ending, in a Stative-aspect form; the root of this Causative verb-base suffix is «-ht-».
Note that this version of Stative-aspect form is an exception;   the normal Stative-aspect form for this verb-base suffix is «-htö».

ukwényô -- it can, it is able; it is possible

u- : it (Patient pronomial prefix). The patient form is required for the Stative aspect.
-kwényô : be able, be possible (verb stem, in the Stative aspect; «-kweny-» is the verb-root). The penultimate vowel «ë» is lengthened according to the vowel-lenghtening rules.

únë -- (1) now ("at this time");   (2) then ("at that time")

Unötawa'ká' -- Seneca   (literally: "Mountainouus")
in Seneca itself the word would be Onötawa'ká'

u- : it (Patient pronomial prefix)
-nötawa' : (something having to do with "hill" or "mountain")

-nöt- : hill, mountain (root).
-a- : linking vowel
-wa' : (I don't know what this means)

-ká' : characterizer suffix (e.g. "-ish", "-ous" in English).

u'kékë' -- I see

u'- : factual (verb mode prefix)
ke- : I (Agent pronomial prefix, in its form before a consonant)
-kë' : to see (verb-stem, in the Punctual aspect; «-kë-» is the verb root)

u'ktúk -- I see; I perceive; I understand
(see also:   aaktúk,   ëktúk,   and u'stúk)

u'- : Factual (verb-mode prefix)
k- : I (Agent pronomial prefix)
-túk : to see, to perceive; to understand

Verb-stem, in the Punctual aspect; «-túk-» is the verb root. In this case, there is no special ending for the Punctual aspect; but other stems (of this base) for other aspects -- do have additional endings.

u'stúk -- you see; you perceive; you understandd
(see also:   aaktúk,   ëktúk,   and u'ktúk)

u'- : Factual (verb-mode prefix)
s- : you (Agent pronomial prefix)
-túk : to see, to perceive; to understand

Verb-stem, in the Punctual aspect; the verb root is «-túk-». In this case, there is no special ending for the Punctual aspect; but other stems (of this base) for other aspects -- do have additional endings.

waë' -- he said
(see also:   ëhsi' and hënôtö)

wa'- : Factual (verb mode)

This is the form before a vowel or before an «h» + a vowel (the more familiar form is «u'-» or «o'-», the form before a consonant).
The «'» (glottal stop) is dropped along with the dropping of the following «h».

h- : he (Agent pronomial prefix:   3^rd person male, singular).

The «h» is dropped when it comes between two vowels (also between the Factual mode prefix and a vowel).

-ë' : to say something (at some particular time)

Verb stem, in the Punctual aspect; the verb root is «-atö-», to say something.

Note: highly irregular
The verb root for "to say" is highly irregular. Each aspect has a different form for the root, and even the punctual aspect stem itself has several forms («-i'» and «-ë'»). For further details, look the word up in the Mingo EGADS online dictionary (under «kátö» in Mingo, or under "say" in English).

wai -- indeed, actually