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Taijiquan (T'ai Chi Ch'u"an)
(Contributors: William Breazeal - breazeal@tweedledee.ucsb.edu,
Michael Robinson - robinson@cogsci.berkeley.edu,
Simon Ryan/Peter Wakeham - s.ryan@trl.oz.au)
INTRO:
One of the three orthodox "internal" styles of Chinese martial
art (the other two being Xingyiquan and Baguazhang). The term
"Taiji" refers to the ancient Chinese cosmological concept of
the interplay between two opposite yet complementary forces (Yin
and Yang) as being the foundation of creation. "Quan" literaly
means "fist" and denotes an unarmed method of combat. Taijiquan
as a martial art is based on the principle of the soft overcoming
the hard.
ORIGIN: Chenjiagou, Wen County, Henan Province, China.
HISTORY:
The origins of Taijiquan are often attributed to one Zhang Sanfeng
(a Taoist of either the 12th or 15th century depending on the
source) who created the art after witnessing a fight between a
snake and a crane. These stories were popularized in the early
part of this century and were the result of misinformation and
the desire to connect the art with a more famous and ancient personage.
All of the various styles of Taijiquan which are in existence
today can be traced back to a single man, Chen Wangding, a general
of the latter years of the Ming Dynasty. After the fall of the
Ming and the establishment of the Qing Dynasty (1644), Chen Wangding
returned to the Chen village and created his forms of boxing.
Originally containing up to seven forms, only two forms of Chen
Style Taijiquan have survived into the present.
The Art was only taught to members of the Chen clan until a promising
young outsider named Yang Luzhan was accepted as a student in
the early part of the 19th century. Yang Luzhan (nicknamed "Yang
without enemy" as he was reportedly a peerless fighter) modified
the original Chen style and created the Yang style of Taijiquan,
the most popular form practiced in the world today. Wu Yuxiang
learned the Art from Yang Luzhan and a variation of the original
Chen form from Chen Jingbing (who taught the "small frame" version
of Chen Taijiquan) and created the Wu style. A man named Hao Weizhen
learned the Wu style from Wu Yuxiang's nephew and taught the style
to Sun Ludang, who in turn created the Sun style (Sun was already
an established master of Xingyiquan and Baguazhang when he learned
Taijiquan. He combined his knowledge of the other arts when creating
his style). Yang Luzhan had another student, a Manchu named Chuan
You (or Quan You), who in turned taught the Art to his son, Wu
Jianchuan (or Jianquan). Wu Jianchuan popularized his variation
of the Yang style, which is commonly refered to as the Wu Jianchuan
(or Jianquan) style. In recent times (this century) there have
been many other variations and modificationsof the Art, but all
may be traced back through the above masters to the original Chen
family form.
Description:
Complete Taijiquan arts include basic exercises, stance keeping
(Zhanzhuang), repetitive single movement training, linked form
training, power training (exercises which train the ability to
issue energy in a ballistic pulse), weapons training (which includes
straight sword, broadsword, staff and spear), and various two-person
exercises and drills (including "push-hands" sensitivity drills).
A hallmark of most styles of Taijiquan is that the movements in
the forms are done quite slowly, with one posture flowing into
the next without interruption. Some forms (the old Chen forms
for example) alternate between slow motion and explosive movements.
Other styles divide the training into forms which are done slowly
at an even tempo and separate forms which are performed at a more
vigorous pace. The goal of moving slowly is to insure correct
attention is paid to proper body mechanics and the maintenance
of the prerequisite relaxation.
Training:
Training exercises can be divided into two broad categories:
solo exercises, and drills which require a partner. A beginner
will usually begin training with very basic exercises designed
to teach proper structural alignment and correct methods of moving
the body, shifting the weight, stepping, etc. All of the Taijiquan
arts have at their very foundation the necessity of complete physical
relaxation and the idea that the intent leads and controls the
motion of the body. The student will also be taught various stance
keeping postures which serve as basic exercises in alignment and
relaxation as well as a kind of mind calming standing meditation.
A basic tenet of all "internal" martial arts is that correct motion
is born of absolute stillness. Once the basics are understood,
the student will progress to learning the formal patterns of movement
("forms") which contain the specific movement patterns and techniques
inherent in the style.
Traditionally, single patterns of movement were learned and repeated
over and over until mastered, only then was the next pattern taught.
Once the student had mastered an entire sequence of movements
individually, the movements were taught in a linked sequence (a
"form"). The goal of training is to cultivate a kind of "whole
body" power. This refers to the ability to generate power with
the entire body, making full use of one's whole body mass in every
movement. Power is always generated from "the bottom up," meaning
the powerful muscles of the legs and hips serve as the seat of
power. Using the strength of the relatively weaker arms and upper
body is not emphasized. The entire body is held in a state of
dynamic relaxation which allows the power of the whole body to
flow out of the hands and into the opponent without obstruction.
The Taijiquan arts have a variety of two person drills and exercises
designed to cultivate a high degree of sensitivity in the practitioner.
Using brute force or opposing anothers power with power directly
is strictly discouraged. The goal of two person training is to
develop sensitivty to the point that one may avoid the opponent's
power and apply one's own whole body power wher the opponent is
most vulnerable. One must cultivate the ability to "stick" to
the opponent, smothering the others' power and destroying their
balance. Finally, the formal combat techniques must be trained
until they become a reflexive reaction.
Modified forms of Taijiquan for health have become popular worldwide
in recent times because the benefits of training have been found
to be very conducive to calming the mind, relaxing the body, relieving
stress, and improving one's health in general.
Modern vs. Traditional training methods
Traditionally, a beginning student of Taijiquan was first required
to practice stance keeping in a few basic postures. After the
basic body alignments had settled in, the student would progress
to performing single movements from the form. These were performed
repetitively on a line. After a sufficient degree of mastery had
been obtained in the single movements, the student was taught
to link the movements together in the familiar long form. Now,
it is not uncommon for a student to be taught the long form immediately,
with no time being spent on stance keeping or on basic movement
exercises. Since the Long Form trains all of the qualities developed
in the basic exercises, this does not really produce a dilution
of resulting martial art. It does however make it more difficult
for beginner to learn. The duration of the basic training depends
on the student and the instructor; however, it would not be unusual
for a relatively talented student, with good instruction, to be
able to defend themselves effectively with Taiji after as little
as a year of training.
Sub-Styles:
Chen Wangding's original form of Chen style Taijiquan is often
refered to as the "Old Frame" (Laojia) and its second form as
"Cannon Fist" (Paochui). In the latter part of the 18th century,
a fifth generation decendant of Chen Wangding, Chen Youben simplified
the original forms into sets which have come to be known as the
"New Style" (Xinjia). Chen Youben's nephew, Chen Jingbing, created
a variation of the New Style which is known as the "Small Frame"
(Xiaojia) or "Zhaobao" form. All of these styles have survived
to the present.
The Yang style of Taijiquan is a variation of the original Chen
style. The forms which were passed down from the Yang style founder,
Yang Luzhan have undergone many modifications since his time.
Yang Luzhan's sons were very proficient martial artists and each,
in turn, modified their father's art. The most commonly seen variation
of the form found today comes from the version taught by Yang
Luzhan's grandson, Yang Zhengfu. It was Yang Zhengfu who first
popularized his family's Art and taught it openly. Yang Zhengfu's
form is characterizes by open and extended postures. Most of the
modern variations of the Yang style, as well as the standardized
Mainland Chinese versions of Taijiquan are based on his variation
of the Yang form.
Yang Luzhan's student, Wu Yuxiang combined Yang's form with the
Zhaobao form which he learned from Chen Jingping to create the
Wu style. This style features higher stances and compact, circular
movements. His nephew's student, Hao Weizhen was a famous practitioner
of the style, so the style is sometimes refered to as the Hao
Style. Hao Weizhen taught his style to Sun Ludang, who combined
his knowledge of Xingyiquan and Baguazhang to create his own
Yang Luzhan had another student named Zhuan You (or Juan You),
who in turn taught the style to his son Wu Jianchuan (or Jianquan).
This modification of the Yang style is usually refered to as the
Wu Jianchuan (or Jianquan) style. This form's movements are smaller
and the stance is higher than the popular Yang style.
In summary, the major styles of traditional Taijiquan are the
Chen, Yang, Wu, Wu Jianchuan (or Jianquan) and Sun. All other
"styles" are variations of the above.
Non-martial Taiji variants.
There are modified forms of Taiji which are devoted mostly to
health enhancement and relaxation. The movements retain the flavor
of Taijiquan, but are often simplified.
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