Medical steroids
Should studies support such a link, a major interpretive hurdle remains; incarcerated individuals are likely to differ from the general populace in many ways that might relate to aggressive behavior, T levels, or both. medical steroids Male muscle gallery. The generality of such findings is limited, providing little information about T and aggression in the general populace. Indeed, Dabbs (1996) noted that "Relatively few people out of the entire population engage in criminal behavior, regardless of their testosterone levels (p. 180)" suggesting crucial differences between incarcerated subjects and the general population that are not exclusively related to or a result of endogenous T. medical steroids Pictures on steroids. Such studies highlight the difficulty in generalizing from index cases (such as prisoners or individual "pathological" cases) to the general population. Also of interest is the fact that the relationship between dominance and endogenous T is not uni-directional. Endogenous T levels not only predict dominant behavior, but are also predicted by it. medical steroids Bodybuilding for men over 40. Winning (the act of dominating) has been associated with an increase in T from pre to post-competition (see Elias, 1981; Gladue, Boehler, & McCaul, 1989; Mazur & Booth, 1998). Hence, increased levels of T in dominant samples might be a result rather than a cause, although this finding has not been universally supported (see Suay et al. , 1999, for instance). In addition, some researchers have reported pre-contest rises in T, suggesting an anticipation of future need. This anticipatory rise in endogenous T suggests a system whereby a classically conditioned expectation exerts its influence, a system with implications for psychological theories of the AAS/aggression relationship. In summary, the relationship between endogenous T and aggression is complex.
Medical steroids
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