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Hepatocellular carcinomaDefinition Hepatocellular carcinoma involves a malignant tumor of the liver. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Hepatocellular carcinoma accounts for 80% to 90% of all liver cancers. It occurs more often in men than women and occurs mostly in people 50 to 60 years old. The disease is more common in parts of Africa and Asia than in North or South America and Europe. The cause of liver cancer is usually cirrhosis, or scarring of the liver. Cirrhosis may be caused by viral hepatitis, primarily hepatitis B and C, alcohol abuse, hemochromatosis, certain autoimmune diseases of the liver, and a whole host of other diseases that result in chronic inflammation of the liver leading to scarring. The most common cause for cirrhosis in the U.S. is alcohol abuse. Symptoms
Signs and tests
Treatment Aggressive surgery or liver transplantation may be successful in treating small or slow-growing tumors if they are diagnosed early. Chemotherapy and radiation treatments are not usually effective but may be used to shrink large tumors so that surgery has a greater chance of success. Support Groups The stress of illness can often be eased by joining a support group with members who share common experiences and problems. See liver disease - support group and cancer - support group. Expectations (prognosis) The usual outcome is poor, because only 10% to 20% of hepatocellular carcinomas can be removed completely using surgery. If the cancer cannot be completely removed, the disease is usually fatal within 3 to 6 months, although this is highly variable. Survival much longer than this occasionally occurs. Complications
Calling your health care provider Call your health care provider if persistent abdominal pain develops, particularly if there has been a history of any liver disease. Prevention Preventing and treating viral hepatitis may help reduce risk. Avoid excessive alcohol consumption. Certain patients may benefit from hemochromatosis screening. Illustrations
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