Welcome to

Gynaecology and Obstetrics Update

Author

T M Malak

MB, BCh, M. Sc., DFFP, Ph.D., MRCOG, FRCOG

Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist

District General and Esperance Private Hospitals

Eastbourne, UK

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.                                                                  Please click her to choose a topic

Choose a topic

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.                                                                  Please click her to choose a topic

Is what you read in the newspapers true?

'Pill may cause cancer risk'

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The Female Pelvic Organs and Menstruation

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.                                                                 

Diagram

The Anatomy of The Endocrine System : "The National Library of Medicine"

Knowing your Cycle (Women's Health)

Normal Periods: "Patient UK"

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Pregnancy related Topics

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.                                                             

Planning for Pregnancy

Routine Care and General Advice

Problems during Pregnancy

Labour and Delivery

Postnatal Period

Planning before pregnancy

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.                                                             

Planning to Become Pregnant?: "Patient UK"

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Routine Care and General Advice

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.                                                             

Routine antenatal care for healthy pregnant women : "NICE"

Pregnancy and Birth : "WellBeing - RCOG"

Pregnancy and Alcohol: "Patient UK"

Pregnancy and Caffeine: "Patient UK"

Pregnancy and Diet: "Patient UK"

Pregnancy and Employment : "Patient UK"

Pregnancy and Folic Acid: "Patient UK"

Pregnancy and Medication: "Patient UK"

Pregnancy and Smoking: "Patient UK"

Pregnancy and Street Drugs: "Patient UK"

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Problems during Pregnancy

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.                                                             

Pregnancy - Sickness and Vomiting : "Patient UK": "Patient UK"

Pregnancy - Sickness and Vomiting : "NHS Direct"

Prematurity : "WellBeing - RCOG"

Pre-Eclampsia: "Patient UK"

Chickenpox in pregnancy: What you need to know : "RCOG"

Chickenpox Contact and Pregnancy: "Patient UK"

Genital Herpes  in pregnancy: "RCOG"

HIV in pregnancy: "RCOG"

Pregnancy and Rubella: "Patient UK"

Obstetric Cholestasis: "Patient UK"

Diabetes in pregnancy: What does it mean to me and to my baby? : "familydoctor.org"

Diabetes in pregnancy: What you need to know : "ADA"

Placenta Praevia: "RCOG"

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Labour and Delivery

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.                                                             

Vaginal delivery : "National Library of Medicine"

Caesarean section : "National Library of Medicine"

Induction of Labour : "NICE"

Caesarean section: Understanding NICE guidance – information for pregnant women, their partners and the public : "NICE"

Monitoring your baby’s heartbeat in labour : "NICE"

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Postnatal Period

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.                                                             

Postnatal Depression : "WellBeing - RCOG"

Postnatal Depression: "Patient UK"

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Miscarriage

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Miscarriage: "Patient UK"

Ectopic Pregnancy: "Patient UK"

Recurrent Miscarriage: "RCOG"

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Fertility

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Infertility - a Basic Understanding: "Patient UK": "Patient UK"

Infertility: "NHS Direct"

Assessment and treatment of people with fertility problems: "NICE"

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Contraception

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Contraceptive Choices: Overall Review: "Patient UK": 

Contraceptive Methods: Detail review of each method: "Patients. UK"

Natural Family Planning: "Patients. UK"

Sterilisation for women and men: what you need to know : "RCOG"

Vasectomy : "National Library of Medicine"

Hysteroscopic sterilisation by tubal cannulation and placement of implants intrafallopian: Information to the public : "NICE"

Mirena Device : "mirena-us"  

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Ovarian Cysts

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Ovarian Cysts : "National Library of Medicine"

Ovarian Cyst: "Patient UK"

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Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome : "WellBeing - RCOG"

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome : "INCIID"

Insulin Resistance Syndrome : "familydoctor.org"

Insulin Resistance is not only specific to PCOS : "The Times"

Exercises : "National Library of Medicine"

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Acne

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Acne : "National Library of Medicine"

Acne : "Acne Support Group"

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Fibroids

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Fibroids : "National Library of Medicine"

Fibroids : "NHS Direct"

Fibroids : "Women's Health"

Uterine artery embolisation for fibroids- Information for the public: "NICE"

Magnetic resonance (MR) image-guided percutaneous laser ablation of uterine fibroids: "NICE"

Magnetic resonance (MR) image-guided percutaneous laser ablation of uterine fibroids: Information for women considering the procedure, and for the public "NICE"

Laparoscopic laser myomectomy (removal of uterine fibroids): "NICE"

Laparoscopic laser myomectomy (removal of uterine fibroids): Information for women considering the procedure, and for the public "NICE"

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Cervical Smears

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Cervical (Pap) Smear : "National Library of Medicine"

Cervical Smear Diagram : "Patient UK"

Cervical Screening, abnormal smears and their management :

Abnormal Cervical Smear: Types, Investigation (Colposcopy) and Treatment: "Women's Health"

The use of liquid-based cytology for cervical screening : "NICE"

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Genital Prolapse: Womb and vaginal

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Prolapse: Types : "Women's Health"

Prolapse: Causes : "Women's Health"

Prolapse: Non-surgical treatment : "Women's Health"

Prolapse: Surgical treatment : "Women's Health"

Prolapse: How to prevent its recurrence : "Women's Health"

Posterior infracoccygeal sacropexy for vaginal vault prolapse: "NICE"

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Vulval diseases

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Itchy Vulva (Pruritis Vulvae): "Patient UK"

Vulval Skin Care: "University of Iowa"

Vulval Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN): "University of Iowa"

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Urinary Incontinence, Frequency and Urgency

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Urinary Incontinence: DON'T SUFFER IN SILENCE 

Do you know that the problem is very common with an incidence of 1 in 14 women aged 15-44, 1 in 7 women aged 45-65 and 1 in 5 women aged 65 and over are suffering from incontinence

Do you know that the problem can be successfully managed in the majority of cases. The treatment  may include simple measures (e.g. healthy bladder habits, pelvic floor exercises) - medication -  very successful minimally invasive surgery.

Urinary Incontinence may be embarrassing but it is treatable

Bladder Control : "NIDDK"

Pregnancy, Childbirth and Bladder Control Problems : "NIDDK"

Menopause and Bladder Control Problems : "NIDDK"

Urinary Incontinence : "4women.gov"

Incontinence in Women: "Patient UK"

Incontinence in Women: "NHS Direct"

Incontinence - Stress Incontinence:: "Patient UK" "Patient UK"

Incontinence - Urge Incontinence: : "Patient UK""Patient UK"

Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercises : "NIDDK"

Medication for Urinary Incontinence: "emims"

TVT Operation : "NHS Direct"

TVT Operation: Fact Sheet : "Gynecare"

TVT (Tension Free Vaginal Tape) Operation for Stress Incontinence : "NICE"

TVTo (Transobturator- Tension Free Vaginal Tape)Operation for Stress Incontinence : "NICE"

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Cystitis

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Cystitis : "WellBeing - RCOG"

Recurrent Cystitis : "Patient UK"

What I need to know about Urinary Tract Infection : "NIDDK"

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Bowel Diseases

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

IBS: Irritable Bowel Syndrome : "National Library of Medicine"

IBS: Irritable Bowel Syndrome : "NHS Direct"

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Endometriosis

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Endometriosis : "National Library of Medicine"

Endometriosis : "Patient UK"

Endometriosis : "4women.gov"

Endometriosis : "NHS Direct"

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Infections

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID):  : "RCOG"

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID):  : "Women's Health"

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease : "Patient UK"

Sexually Transmitted Diseases : "National Library of Medicine"

Chlamydia in Women: "Patient UK"

Chlamydia in Women: "Best Treatments- BMJ"

Genital Herpes : "Patient UK"

Vaginal Thrush : "Patient UK"

Recurring Vaginal Thrush : "Patient UK"

Bacterial Vaginosis : "Patient UK"

Trichomonas Infection: "Patient UK"

HIV and AIDS: "National Library of Medicine"

HIV and AIDS: "NHS Direct"

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Menopause and HRT

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Menopause : "WellBeing - RCOG"

Menopause : "National Institute on Aging"

Menopause : "NHS Direct"

Menopause : "National Library of Medicine"

Menopause : "4women.gov"

HRT: Hormone Replacement Therapy : WHI study : "NIH"

Menopause and HRT: "Patient UK"

Menopause - Alternatives to HRT (Black Cohosh may cause Liver Failure): "Patient UK"

Osteoporosis : "National Library of Medicine"

Dry Vagina (Atrophic Vaginitis) : "Patient UK"

Menopause and Sex : "Patient UK"

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Premenstrual  Tension Syndrome

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Premenstrual Tension Syndrome (PMS) and Dystrophic Syndrome (PMDD: Management : "Facts for Health"

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Bleeding

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Normal Periods: "Patient UK"

Heavy Periods (Menorrhagia): "Patient UK"

Menstrual Diary: "Patient UK"  

Period Blood Loss Chart: "Patient UK"

Mirena Device : "mirena-us"  

Mirena Device as a Contraceptive and for Heavy Bleeding : "Scherring"

Microwave endometrial ablation: Three-minute op saves thousands from hysterectomy: "The Guardian"

Microwave endometrial ablation: Three-minute hysterectomy declared safe : "The Times"

Microwave Ablation for Abnormal Bleeding: "NHS Direct"  

Microwave endometrial ablation- Information for the public: "NICE"

Microwave endometrial ablation- Preparation before the operation with GnRH injection: Information for the public: "Astra"

Free Fluid Thermal endometrial ablation- Information for the public: "NICE"

Photodynamic endometrial ablation- Information for the public: "NICE"

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Pain

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Period Pain (Dysmenorrhoea): "Patient UK"

Period Pain (Dysmenorrhoea): "Best Treatments-BMJ"

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: "Patient UK"

Endometriosis: "Patient UK"

Chronic Pelvic Pain: "familydoctor.org" 

Back pain (how to prevent): "The National Library of Medicine"

Depression : "National Library of Medicine"

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Cancer of Genital Tract

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

About Cancer: "Cancer Research UK"

Virtual Cancer Clinic: "The Royal College of Radiologists"

Cancer of the Ovary : "The National Library of Medicine"

Cancer of Ovary: ""

Cancer of the Ovary: "Prodigy.nhs.uk"

Cancer of the Ovary : "WellBeing - RCOG"

Ovarian Cancer FAQs on Screening, Diagnosis and Management : "Ovacome"

Cancer of Uterus (Womb): ""

Cancer of the Uterus: "Prodigy.nhs.uk"

Cancer of Cervix (Neck of Womb): ""

Cancer of the Cervix: "Prodigy.nhs.uk"

Cancer of Vagina: ""

Cancer of Vulva: ""

Chemotherapy : "The National Library of Medicine"

Radiotherapy : "The National Library of Medicine"

Investigation, Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy: "The Royal College of Radiologists"

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Tests and Investigations

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Ultrasound Scan : "National Library of Medicine"

Ultrasound Scan of the Pelvis : "RadiologyInfo"

CT (CAT)Scan : "National Library of Medicine"

MRI : "National Library of Medicine"

Midstream Specimen of Urine (MSU): "Patient UK"

IVU: Intravenous Urogram : "National Library of Medicine"

Bone Densitometry (DEXA scan) : "National Library of Medicine"

Mammography : "National Library of Medicine"

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Operations and investigative procedures

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Latex Allergy : "National Library of Medicine"

Colposcopy: To look with a magnifying lens at the neck of the womb  : "National Library of Medicine"

Colposcopy: "Women's Health"

Cystoscopy: to look inside bladder : "Patients.UK"

Hysteroscopy: To look with a camera inside the womb : "Harvard Medical School"

Laparoscopy: To look with a camera inside the tummy : "National Library of Medicine"

Hysterectomy: To remove the womb : "National Library of Medicine"

Hysterectomy: To remove the womb : "NHS Direct"

Hysterectomy : "WellBeing - RCOG"

Hysterectomy: General Information and Outcome after Total (to remove neck of womb) versus Subtotal (to leave neck of womb) procedures : "N Engl J Med"

Hysterectomy: General Information and Outcome after Total (to remove neck of womb) versus Subtotal (to leave neck of womb) procedures : "Cochrane Systemic Reviews"

Incision Care : "National Library of Medicine"

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Anaesthesia

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Anaesthesia explained : "RCA"

You and your anaesthetic : "RCA"

Your spinal anaesthetic : "RCA"

Headache after an epidural or spinal anaesthetic : "RCA"

Epidural Anaesthesia : "National Library of Medicine"

General Anaesthesia : "National Library of Medicine"

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To Search For Any Topic

Important Notice The following links are selected for general information and NOT for a comprehensive review or clinical management, which should be discussed with a doctor. The Author does NOT necessarily agree with all the included facts.              

Health Promotion / Lifestyle: "Patient UK"

Health Topics :"4women.gov"

Health Topics :"National Library of Medicine"

Patient Information Leaflets :"Patients. UK"

Patient Information on best treatments:"Best Treatments-BMJ"

Drug Information : "National Library of Medicine"

Drug Information :"Patient UK"

Complementary / Alternative: "Patient UK"

Tests & Investigations: "Patient UK"

Medical Encyclopaedia : "National Library of Medicine"

Medical Dictionary :"National Library of Medicine"

Interactive Health Tutorials : "National Library of Medicine"

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