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AMPHIBIAN & REPTILE SPECIES OF SAN MARTIN,
NORTH EAST PERU
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Author: Dipl. Biol.Rainer Schulte, INIBICO, Tarapoto.
Last Update: 7. May 1999
(If referenced please credit author.)
Territory of San Martín: 53.063 km²
- Remarks:
LITREC = Literature record not confirmed by the authors personal observation/collection.
If confirmed, this is especially mentioned.
San Martin shares all known neotropial biota from Lowland Rainforests
up to High Andean-bunchgrass or Paramo conditions over 3500-4200 m,
but with the addition of an Tropical Dry Forest belt in the rain shadow
of the oriental cordilleras.
LF= Lowland Forest, PMF= Premontane Forest, MF= Montane forest, CLF=
Cloud Forest, TDF= Tropical Dry Forest.
- VCR= Venceremos, C.Y.= Road Tarapoto - Yurimaguas
- Ecolevels of East Andean & Amazonian Habitats, if working with
Herpetofauna Elements: Level 1: 0 - 600 m above Sea Level
= (Tropical Lowland Forest, including Tropical Dry Forest).
Level 2: 600- 1200 m above Sea Level = (Highland Forest- Selva
Alta, incl. Tropical Premontane Forest).
Level 3: 1200- 2200 m above Sea Level = (Tropical Montane Forest)
Level 4: 2200- 3200 m above Sea Level = (Cold Tropical Montane
Forest, incl. East Andean Permanent-Cloud Forest).
Level 5: 3200- 4500 m above Sea Level = (Tree Limit- Puna &
Paramo formation).
Level 6: 4500- 5500 m or more above Sea Level (High Andean Ecosystem).
A) AMPHIBIANS
- 1) CAECILIANS (Ceaciliidae): 5
- Siphonops annulatus
MIKAN 1820 (Curuhuinsi- mama)
Caecilia spec 1 long, slender (Micrurus food)
Caecilia spec 2
Caecilia spec 3
Caecilia tentaculata LINNAEUS 1758
- 2) SALAMANDERS (Plethodontidae):
- Bolitoglossa peruviana BOULENGER 1883, LITREC, (Salamandra)
- Bolitoglossa spec. nov., Lowland Forest, on leaf litter in full sunlight (!), Shanusi
Refuge.
- 3) ANURA:
- DENDROBATIDAE: DENDROBATES: (7)
- Dendrobates imitator s.s., SCHULTE 1986
Dendrobates imitator yurimaguensis, SCHULTE 1999
Dendrobates imitator intermedius, SCHULTE 1999
Dendrobates fantasticus, BOULENGER 1884 (1883)
Dendrobates (riverinus), (Schulte, in press) Shipurana
refuge
Dendrobates spec. 1, Lowland Forest, Shanusi- Paranapura
Refuge
Dendrobates variabilis s.s., ZIMMERMANN & Z.
1988
Remarks: Dendrobates reticulatus is not present in San
Martin.
- EPIPEDOBATES: (8)
- Epipedobates azureiventris, KNELLER & HENLE 1985
Epipedobates bassleri, MELIN 1941
Epipedobates cainarachi, SCHULTE 1989
Epipedobates femoralis, BOULENGER 1884(1883)
Epipedobates hahneli, BOULENGER 1884(1883)
Epipedobates pongoensis, SCHULTE 1999
Epipedobates spec., Cordillera Oriental Eastern foothills
Epipedobates trivittatus, SPIX 1824
- COLOSTETHUS: (14)
- Colostethus argyrogaster, MORALES & SCHULTE 1993 = "flavoventris"
Colostethus idiomelus, RIVERO 1991
Colostethus marchesianus, MELIN 1941, LITREC, confirmed.
Colostethus mittermeieri, RIVERO 1991
Colostethus nexipus, FROST 1986 (?), Toxic, black tadpoles.
Colostethus spec 1, "intermedius", micro, Melin?
Boulenger? LITREC
Colostethus spec 3, "orientalis", bigger summit
species
Colostethus spec 4, "bocatoma" - Cachiyacu
Colostethus spec 5, "flavogularis" (palmatus-gr.)
Colostethus spec 6, "giganteus S", KU
Colostethus spec 7, " S chico", KU
Colostethus spec 8, "Machungo"
Colostethus spec. 9, Lowland Forest, Shanusi Refuge
Colostethus trilineatus, BOULENGER 1883, LITREC, not detectable.
- LEPTODACTYLIDAE: (29)
- Adenomera andreae,
MÜLLER 1923
Adenomera hylaedactyla, COPE 1868
Edalorhina perezi, JIMENEZ DE LA ESPADA 1878, Viabo Faunal
Passage
Eleutherodactylus acuminatus, SHREVE 1935
Eleutherodactylus spec A
Eleutherodactylus spec B
Eleutherodactylus spec C
Eleutherodactylus spec D
Eleutherodactylus spec F
Eleutherodactylus spec 1
Eleutherodactylus spec 2
Eleutherodactylus spec 3
Eleutherodactylus spec 4
Eleutherodactylus spec 5
Eleutherodactylus citriogaster, DUELLMAN 1992
Eleutherodactylus bearsei, DUELLMAN 1992
Eleutherodactylus peruvianus, MELIN 1941
Eleutherodactylus lacrimosus, JIMENEZ DE LA ESPADA 1875
Eleutherodactylus sulcatus, COPE 1874
Eleutherodactylus ockendeni, BOULENGER 1912
Ischnocnema quixensis, JIMENEZ DE LA ESPADA
Ischnocnema saxatilis, DUELLMAN 1990
Leptodactylus pentadactylus, LAURENTI 1768
Leptodactylus mystaceus, SPIX 1824
Leptodactylus rhodomystax, BOULENGER 1883a
Leptodactylus rhodonotus, GÜNTHER 1869 (1886)
Leptodactylus wagneri, PETERS 1862b
- Lithodytes lineatus,
SCHNEIDER 1799
- Phyllonastes myrmecoides, LYNCH
- MICROHYLIDAE: (1)
- Syncope antenori,
WALKER 1973 (?)
- Remarks: The only
Microhylid frog present in San Martin, which is a very strange
situation. This species is restricted to summit environments above
1000 m and may be new.
- PIPIDAE: (1)
- Pipa pipa, LINNAEUS
1758, Lowland forest range of San Martín.
- BUFONIDAE: (9)
- Atelopus pulcher,
BOULENGER 1882b (not to be confused with A. spumarius-
the author.)
Atelopus pulcher andinus, RIVERO 1986, LITREC, not yet
reconfirmed.
Atelopus seminiferus, COPE 1874
- Atelopus spec. 1 VCR,
ignescens group (Schulte, in progr.)
Bufo marinus, LINNAEUS 1758
Bufo glaberrimus, GÜNTHER 1869(1868), First Record
for San Martín see SCHULTE 1989.
Bufo margaritiferus species complex, LINNAEUS 1758
- Dendrophryniscus minutus, MELIN 1941, lowland forest of San Martin.
- Ramphophryne spec. nov., (Schulte, in progr.), summit species.
- CENTROLENIDAE: (10)
- Centrolene fernandoi,
DUELLMAN & SCHULTE 1993
Centrolene lemniscatum, DUELLMAN & SCHULTE 1993
Centrolene muelleri, DUELLMAN & SCHULTE 1993
Centrolene spec., Ahuashiyacu ravine.
- Cochranella chancas,
DUELLMAN & SCHULTE 1993
Cochranella croceopodes, DUELLMAN & SCHULTE 1993
Cochranella saxiscandens, DUELLMAN & SCHULTE 1993
Cochranella tangarana, DUELLMAN & SCHULTE 1993
- Hyalinobatrachium lemur, DUELLMAN & SCHULTE 1993
Hyalinabatrachium munozorum, LYNCH & DUELLMAN 1973.
- HYLIDAE: (40)
- Gastrotheca spec.1,
peruviana- group (Schulte, in progr.)
- Gastrotheca spec. 2,
green giant, TN (Schulte, in progr.)
- Gastrotheca testudinea, JIMENEZ DE LA ESPADA 1871
Hemiphractus spec.nov.1, not proboscideus, JIMENEZ DE LA
ESPADA 1871
- Hemiphractus spec.nov. 2, Summit CO, 1998
Hyla boans, LINNAEUS 1758
Hyla calcarata, TROSCHEL 1884
Hyla (faber) spec. 1, breeding pond sp. TDF, VIABO
Hyla fasciata, GÜNTHER 1859 (1858)
Hyla geographica, SPIX 1824
Hyla granosa, BOULENGER 1882
Hyla lanciformis, COPE 1870
Hyla leali, BOKERMAN 1964
Hyla leucophyllata, BEREIS 1783
Hyla marmoratum, LAURENTI 1768
Hyla minuta, PETERS 1872
Hyla parviceps, BOULENGER 1882
Hyla phyllognatha, MELIN 1941
Hyla punctata, SCHNEIDER
Hyla rhodopepla, GÜNTHER 1859 (1858)
Hyla sarayacuensis, SHREVE 1935
Hyla spec. 2, Pongo C.
Hyla triangulum, GÜNTHER
Osteocephalus buckleyi, BOULENGER 1882
Osteocephalus leprieurii, DUMERIL & BIBRON 1841
- Osteocephalus spec.1,
small, VCR
Osteocephalus taurinus, STEINDACHNER 1862
Osteocephalus verruciger, WERNER 1901
Phyllomedusa coelestis, COPE 1874, LITREC.
Phyllomedusa duellmani, CANNATELLA 1982
Phyllomedusa tomopterna, COPE 1868
Phyllomedusa tarsius, COPE 1868, (bright orange tadpoles)
Phyllomedusa vaillanti, BOULENGER 1882
Phrynohyas coriacea, PETERS 1867
Phrynohyas venulosa, LAURENTI 1768
Scinax rubra, LAURENTI 1768
Scinax garbei, MIRANDA- RIBEIRO 1926
Scinax spec.1, VCR
Scinax spec. 2, TPP
Sphaenorhynchus spec.1, green, lowland forest CO- front
range.
- REMARKS: The following
amphibian species may be present in montane Regions of the East
Andean Slope above 2000 m in extreme North Western to Southern
San Martin (Andean Slope):
- Bufo arborescandens,
DUELLMAN & SCHULTE 1992.
Eleutherodactylus schultei, DUELLMAN 1992
B) REPTILES - Reptiles
- 1) AMPHISBAENIDAE: (2)
- Amphisbaena fulginosa (bassleri), VANZOLINI 1951
Amphisbaena spec.
- 2) TESTUDINEA: (2)
- Geocheleone denticulata, LINNAEUS 1758, Motelo amarillo
Geocheleone carbonaria, SPIX 1824, TDF, Motelo negro
- 3) CHELIDAE: (6)
- Chelus fimbriatus,
SCHNEIDER 1783, Mata Mata
Platemys platycephala, SCHNEIDER 1792, Asna Charapa
Podocnemis unifilis, TROSCHEL 1848, TARIKAYA, endangered
Podocnemis expansa, SCHWEIGGER 1812, CHARAPA, endangered
Podocnemis sextuberculata, CORNALIA 1849, CUPRIZO
Phrynops gibbosus, SCHWEIGGER 1812
- 1 new tortoise of the Big Head type and long tail
in Huayllabamba river (Lagarto Charapa), hiding in rock fissures
- 4) KINOSTERNIDAE: (1)
- Kinosternon scorpioides LINNAEUS 1766
- 5) CROCODYLIDAE: (4)
- Caiman crocodylus,
LINNAEUS 1758, Lagarto Blanco, species in retreat!
Melanosuchus niger, SPIX 1825, Lagarto Negro
Paleosuchus palpebrosus, CUVIER 1807, Lagarto Amarillo or
Shanyo Lagarto
Paleosuchus trigonatus, SCHNEIDER 1801, Lagarto Amarillo
or Shanyo Lagarto
Both Paleosuchus and Melanosuchus severely endangered.
- 6) GEKKONIDAE: (4)
- Gonatodes humeralis,
GUICHENOT 1855, Salamandra
Hemidactylus mabouia, MOREAU DE JONNES 1818, Salamandra Africana
Pseudogonatodes guianensis, PARKER 1935, dwarf gecko.
Thecadactylus rapicaudus, HOUTTUYN 1782, Salamandra gigante,
campesinos consider extremely toxic.
- 7) IGUANIDAE: (18)
- Anolis f. fuscoauratus, D'ORBIGNY 1837
Anolis ortonii, COPE 1868
Anolis punctatus boulengeri
Anolis trachyderma, COPE 1876
Anolis spec.1, green, small, LFY
Anolis spec.2, long legs, LFY
Enyalioides palpebralis, BOULENGER 1883
Enyalioides laticeps festae, GUICHENOT 1855
Enyalioides spec.1
Enyalioides spec.2
Enyalioides spec. nov. , Cloud Forest (in progr.)
- Iguana iguana, LINNAEUS
1785
Ophryosseoides spec.1, green, small, keeled scales, orange
throat
Ophryoessoides spec.2, brown with loop design, without spiny
crest.
Polychrus marmoratus, LINNAEUS 1758, False Camaeleon.
Stenocercus spec., (not roseiventris!), tail without spines.
Stenocercus (Ophyroessoiodes) aculeatus, O'SHAUGHNESSY 1879,
km 48 C.Y., spiny headcrest, lila venter.
Tropidurus (Uracentron) flaviceps, GUICHENOT 1855
Tropidurus (Plica) umbra ochrocollaris, SPIX 1825
- 8) SCINCIDAE: (1)
- Mabuya bistriata,
SPIX 1825 (= Mabuya mabouya?)
- 9) TEIIDAE: (19)
- Ameiva ameiva (petersi?), LINNAEUS 1758
Arthrosaura reticulata, O'SHAUGHNESSY 1881
Arthrosaura spec.1, Chazuta, crested parallel lines on dorsum,
KU
Bachia huallagana, DIXON 1973
Bachia t. trinasale, COPE 1868
Dracaena guianensis, DAUDIN 1802
Euspondylus maculatus, TSCHUDI 1845, LITREC, not confirmed
Iphisa elegans elegans, GRAY 1851
Iphisa elegans soinii, DIXON 1974
Kentropyx altamazonica, COPE 1876
Kentropyx pelviceps, COPE 1868
Leposoma parietale, COPE 1885
Neusticurus ecpleopus, COPE 1876
Neusticurus strangulatus strangulatus, COPE 1868
Prionodactylus argulus, PETERS 1862
Prionodactylus manicatus
Ptychoglossus brevifrontalis, BOULENGER 1912
Tupinambis teguixin (nigropunctatus), Iguana, eaten by campesinos.
Tupinambis spec.nov., giant, green, Tropical Dry Forest,
Iguana..
- 10) WORMSNAKES - TYPHLOPIDAE: (4)
- Leptotyphlops spec.,
slender, yellow head and tail, Serpiente dos cabezas.
Leptothyphlops diaplocius, OREJAS- MIRANDA 1969, LITREC,
not confirmed.
Typhlops spec., fossorial, Huaico, Tarapoto & Partido
Alto, male with yellow spots on head/ tail, robust and stout body.
- Typhlops reticulatus,
LINNAEUS 1758, LITREC, confirmed.
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C) SNAKES - Serpientes
- 1) BOIDAE: (4)
- Boa c. constrictor,
LINNAEUS 1758, Mantona.
Corallus caninus, LINNAEUS 1758, Esmerald Boa, confused with
Loromachaco (Bothriechis {Bothrops} b. smaragdinus) and killed
whenever found
- Epicrates c. cenchria, LINNAEUS 1758/AMARAL 1929, Rainbow Boa, Boa.
Eunectes m. murinus, LINNAEUS 1758, Anaconda,Yacumama, Boa.
- 2) COLUBRIDAE: (53)
- Atractus elaps,
GÜNTHER 1858
Atractus major, BOULENGER 1893
Atractus latifrons, GÜNTHER 1868
- Chironius carinatus,
LINNAEUS 1758
Chironius fuscus, LINNAEUS 1758
Chironius scurrulus, WAGLER 1824
Chironius monticola, ROZE 1952
Clelia c. clelia, DAUDIN 1803
- Dendrophiodon dendrophis, SCHLEGEL 1837
Dipsas catesbyi, SENTZEN 1796, wrongly named Cascabel, thought
to be venenous by campesinos.
Dipsas pavonina, SCHLEGEL 1837, wrongly named Cascabel, thought
to be venenous by campesinos.
Dipsas indica indica, LAURENTI 1768, LITREC
Dipsas vermiculata, PETERS 1960, LITREC
- Dipsas sp.nov.
Drepanoides anomalus, JAN 1863
Drymobius rhombifer, GÜNTHER 1860
Drymoluber diochrus, PETERS 1863
Erythroplampus aesulapii aesculapii (?), brown with 2 cream
dorsolateral stripes, toxic saliva and rear fangs.
Imantodes c.chenchoa, LINNAEUS 1758
Imantodes lentiferus, COPE 1894
Leimadophis (Liophis) reginae, LINNAEUS 1758
Leimadophis spec.1, yellow with black margins on scales,
TDF
Leimadophis epinephelus, COPE 1862, green with red transversal
bands.
Leimadophis spec. 1, summit CO, grey brown, tail stripe,
reginae-group.
Liophis cobella, LINNAEUS 1758
Liophis cobellus dycticus, DIXON 1983, LITREC
Liophis taeniurus, TSCHUDI 1845, LITREC
Liophis typhlus typhlus, LINNAEUS 1758, LITREC
- Leptodeira sp.nov,
Ghost snake
- Leptodeira a. annulata, LINNAEUS 1758
Leptophis ahetulla nigromarginata, GÜNTHER 1866
Leptophis spec.1, green with yellow vertebral stripe (TDF)
Leptophis cupreus, COPE 1886, LITREC
Matigodryas boddaerti boddaerti, SENTZEN 1796, LITREC
Oxibelis aeneus, WAGLER 1824, LITREC
Oxibelis argentus, DAUDIN 1803
Oxibelis fulgidus, DAUDIN 1803
Oxibelis spec.1, Nuevo Celendin, TDF Rio Mayo (Ahorca venado)
Oxyrhopus melanogenys, TSCHUDI 1845
Oxyrhopus petola digitalis, REUSS 1834
Oxyrhopus trigeminus, DUMERIL, BIBRON & DUMERIL 1854,
LITREC
Philodryas olfersi, LICHTENSTEIN 1823, confused with Loromachaco
Bothriopsis (Bothrops) bilineatus smaragdinus, young feed
on Adenomera frogs, Observ. 9.3.95.
Philodryas viridissimus, LINNAEUS 1758, confused with Loromachaco
(Bothriopsis bilineatus smaragdinus)
Pseudoboa coronata, SCHNEIDER 1801
Pseudoboa neuwiedii, DUMERIL, BIBRON & DUMERIL 1854
Pseustes s. sulphureus, WAGLER 1824, the largest non venenous
colubrid snake in the area (3,50 m), feeds
on Ameiva a. petersi and big extremely toxic Bufo marinus.
- Pseustes poecilonotus polylepis, PETERS 1867, LITREC not confirmed.
Sibynomorphus vagus, JAN 1863, LITREC, not confirmed.
Siphlophis cervinus, LAURENTI 1768, extremely rare.
Spilotes p. pullatus, LINNAEUS 1758, Faninga
Taeniophallus (Rhadinaea) brevirostris, PETERS 1863
Tantilla m. melanocephala, LINNAEUS 1758
Tripanurgus compressus, DAUDIN 1803
Xenodon severus, LINNAEUS 1758, Yacu-Jergón, Toxic,
Analia divided.(See Remarks).
Xenodon rhabdocephalus rhabdocephalus, WIED 1824
Xenodon suspectus, COPE 1868 mentioned from Eastern Peru,
not recorded from San Martín until now.
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- D) VENENOUS SNAKES - Serpientes Venenosa
-
- 3) ELAPIDAE: (8) Naca-Nacas
or Corales
- Micrurus (Leptomicrurus) narducci, JAN 1863
Leptomicrurus narducci melanotus, PETERS 1881, LITREC
Leptomicrurus scutiventris, COPE 1869, LITREC
Micrurus a. annelatus, PETERS 1871- black, fine white rings
w. some red spots
Micrurus lemniscatus helleri, SCHMIDT & SCHMIDT 1925
Micrurus spixii obscurus, JAN 1872
Micrurus s. surinamensis, CUVIER 1817
Micrurus spec. 1, (pattern similar M. fulvius, TRUTNAU 1982),
Tarapoto city
Micrurus spec. 2, Chazuta, Tarapoto Airport
Micrurus spec. 3,
Micrurus spec. 4, young, 2 clear bands between two black
spacers.
- 4) CROTALIDAE: (5)
- Bothrops atrox, LINNAEUS
1758, Jergón común.
- Bothrops microphtalmus, COPE 1876, Jergon- Shushupe.
Bothrops spec.1, rarest Canopy Species, slender, long head,
long fangs.
- Bothriechis (Bothrops) bilineatus smaragdinus, WIED 1825, Loromachaco
- Bothriechis (Bothrops) castelnaudi, DUMERIL, BIBRON & DUMERIL 1854, green markings, Cascabel
- Lachesis muta muta,
LINNAEUS 1766, Shushupe.
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- REMARKS:
- The present listing is a combination of own field
work (CRS- collection at Tarapoto, Peru) and the integration of literature
records (LITREC) from other authors.
- Bothrops bilineatus smaragdinus is named in other papers Bothrechis bilineatus smaragdinus
- the author follows the version of Carillo & Icochea 1995.
Their listings should be updated geographically (San Martin) with the
data published herein.
- The Yacu-jergon, Xenodon severus, is possibly
extremely toxic: there are hospital records of bitings contributed to
this very agressive and somewhat common snake which showed severe effects
- campesinos mention that this snake kills persons. Typical for our
San Martin Xenodon samples are the DIVIDED ANALIA (versus Duellman
1978). Another toxic colubrid snake present is a brown Erythrolampus
(?) with two yellow to cream dorsolateral stripes (personal experience
after a bite with numbness of bitten area on hand). This snake is a
frog feeder and lives along streams.
- General Faunal contents of the Region San Martín
is 1/2 of the known Peruvian Reptile Fauna and 1/3 of the Peruvian Amphibian
Fauna, which are absolutely outstanding values for our Region.
-
If there are changes, criticisms or updates necessary,
please contact us by Email:
-
Dipl. Biol. Rainer Schulte
INIBICO TARAPOTO
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