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Networking Basics: General Information - Authored by David T. Butler | |
| Networking Basics |
Hardware Software Networking is defined as connecting computers so they can communicate with each other as well as share resources and peripheral devices. The driving reasons companies network computers include the desire to:
Networking technology consists of hardware and software components.The primary hardware components are the NIC (network interface card) and the wiring that connects the population of the network to each other. The NOS, (Network Operating System), is the software component that enables communications over the network's hardware. At the most basic level, anything you can physically touch is hardware (i.e. a computer, a floppy disk, cables, printers, circuit boards.) Software on the other hand, is a little more intangible. Software will always live on hardware but you never touch it directly. For example, the floppy disk, hard drive, or backup tape you might have is hardware; the program/data stored on the floppy disk, hard drive, or backup tape is software.
HardwareThe network interface card (NIC) is typically a circuit board installed in a computer. There are also models that can be attached externally like the XIRCOM pocket ethernet adapters. Laptops will commonly have PCMCIA Ethernet/Modem cards - in various flavors and combinations. (XIRCOM is a reliable brand name, but there are of course other manufacturers of possibly equal quality).An external network card will either attach to a serial or parallel port of the computer. A PCMCIA ethernet card will take one or two PCMCIA slots depending on its design; The single-slot models should be avoided since the pop-out RJ-45 jacks tend to snap off easily and the cards with pigtails (adaptors) tend to get seperated from their pigtails - becoming useless. Wiring, or network cabling, physically links the nodes or components of the network to each other. Network cabling will normally follow one of two wiring topology schemes - a star network topology or a linear-bus topology. Today, wireless networks are more and more common. With that said though, wireless networks are typically still segments of hardwired networks and their layout will still flow like the hard-wire networks described in this document. Each topology has its strengths. A star network has great advantages over a linear-bus network in terms of fault tolerance and modularity. Many small offices get a quick start in networking by installing a linear-bus topology network. This is largely due to the fact that the network wiring can be laid across the floor, behind desks and cabinets, making installation cheaper and permission from landlords to run wiring unnecessary. As a network grows, it often changes to a star topology - as expanding the linear-bus wiring becomes problematic. The star topology is much more common than the linear-bus topology, especially in a new installation. SoftwareA network operating system, (NOS), expands the resources of a computer by creating virtual connections to physically remote hardware and software. For example, a user may sit at his/her desk and be able to print to a printer, photocopier, or fax that they have no direct physical connection to.Likewise, the same user may have access to accounting software that lives on a fileserver, (read fileserver as centrally shared computer), many feet or even miles away from their desk. A NOS accomplishes this by convincing the computer it has a direct connection to these remote resources. The computer is convinced by the creation of 'mappings' that establish a virtual connection to the remote device, mimicking a physical connection to the device. Potentially, a networked user will have access to every printer or peripheral device on a network and every megabyte of central storage space on the fileservers.
For example, a user on a Novell Netware network will in addition to their 'local' A: and C: drives have an F:, G:, H:, etc….. drive. These 'remote' drives (F:, G:, H:, etc…) will be virtual drive mappings to remote resources. Likewise their printer ports are not limited to local hardware and may be 'mapped' to network printing devices.
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