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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction
1. Time
2. Focus
3. Practicality
2. Game Concepts
1. Course of a Game
2. Rules
3. Simulation
4. Representative Scales
3. Preparation for a Game
1. Game Equipment
2. Element Base Sizes
1. Foot Element base sizes
2. Mounted Element base sizes
3. Artillery Element base sizes
4. Supply Train Element base sizes
5. Commander Element base sizes
3. Organizing Elements in Units and Commanders
1. Recommended Unit Sizes
2. Representation of Commanders
3. Type of Elements in a game
4. Procedure of Play
1. Initial Orders
2. Events
3. Responses to an Event
4. Automatic Responses and Commanders' Initiative
5. Control of troops
1. Command and Control
1. Chain of Command
2. Command, Control and Communications Rating
2. Orders
3. Messages and Messengers
1. Transmitting and testing response to Orders or Messages
4. Commands
1. Standard Commands
2. Special Commands
5. Signals and Signalling
6. Troop Formations
1. Permissible Formations
2. Formation Definitions
7. Visibility and Acquisition
1. Maximum Visibility
2. Dead Ground
3. Hidden Troops
4. Patrols
1. Forming patrols
2. Deployment
3. Movement and combat
4. Reporting by Patrols
8. Terrain
1. Types and depiction Thereof
9. Movement
1. Movement Distances
2. Changes in Direction
3. Effect of terrain on Movement
4. Combat
1. Fall Back
2. Rout
3. Pursuit
4. Evade
5. Artillery Prolong
5. Formation Changing
1. Time Required to Change Formation
6. Interpenetrating
10. Combat
1. General Procedure
2. Eligibility for Combat
3. Close Combats
1. Types of Close Combats
2. Close Combat Resolution
4. Distant Combat
1. Types of Distant Combats
5. Combat factors
1. Foot Elements
2. Mounted Elements
3. Artillery Elements
6. Modifiers to Combat Factors
1. Changes in Combat Factor - Casualties
2. Changes in Combat Factor - Fatigue
3. Changes in Combat Factor - Terrain
4. Changes in Combat Factor - Movement
5. Changes in Combat Factor - Tactical
7. Combat Table Results
11. Casualties
1. Eligibility to inflict Casualties
2. Target Priorities
3. Calculating Casualties
1. Method of calculating casualties
2. Modifiers for Combat Factors
3. Die roll modifier
4. Weapons with high rates of fire
5. Casualty factor tables
12. Special Combat Situations
1. Grand Batteries
2. Firing at Constructions
3. Rockets
4. Skirmishers
1. Concepts
2. Eligibility
3. Skirmish Combat
5. Cavalry Charges
1. Eligibility to do Cavalry Charges
2. Cavalry Charge Procedure
6. Overlapping Flanks
7. Interrupted Combat
13. Fatigue
1. Recording Casualties and Fatigue
2. Recovering from fatigue
14. Ammunition Expenditure
15. Appendix 1: Glossary
16. Appendix 2: Rules Terminology and Definitions
17. Appendix 3: Points System
18. Appendix 4: Historical Recreations
19. Appendix 5: Scenario
20. Appendix 6: Competitive Games
21. Appendix 7: Campaigns

INTRODUCTION

TIME

FOCUS

PRACTICALITY

GAME CONCEPTS

COURSE OF A GAME

RULES

SIMULATION

REPRESENTATIVE SCALES

Ground: 1 mm = 2.5 to 30 metres.
Time: 1 game segment = one minute of real time.

PREPARATION FOR A GAME

GAME EQUIPMENT

1. Two ten sided dice. When rolling a single ten sided die (1D10) then the "0" counts as "10", and when rolling two dice (2D10) then a double "0" counts as zero. When rolling for a 2D10 result the darkest die will represent the 'tens' and the lightest one the 'units'.
2. Terrain pieces to represent the geographical features on the field of battle.
3. Miniature castings to represent the troops engaged.
4. Copy of the distance and movement marker.

ELEMENT BASE SIZES

Foot Element base sizes

Mounted Element base sizes

Artillery Element base sizes

Supply Train Element base sizes

Commander Element base sizes

• lowest : single mounted casting (eg Brigade)
• next highest : single mounted and single foot casting on same base (eg. Division)
• next highest : two mounted casting on same base (eg Corps).
• next highest : two mounted and single foot casting on same base. (eg Army)
• next highest : three mounted castings on same base (eg AGrand@ Army).

ORGANIZING ELEMENTS INTO UNITS AND COMMANDERS

• For Foot from 4 to 14 Elements.
• For Mounted from 4 to 8 Elements.
• For Artillery from 1 to 6 Elements.

Recommended Unit Sizes

Representation of Commanders

Type of Elements in a game

1. They must be organised in the same command structure as was used historically.
2. They may only have the same weapons as they did historically.
3. They may be present in the same quantities and combinations as they were historically.

PROCEDURE OF PLAY

1. Any Orders or Messages are written and Commands issued. Players determine the amount of time for them to be transmitted or actioned, and make a note of such as reminders of the Order, Message or Command, and when they must follow up on such.
2. Players then declare sufficient of the actions that their troops will do to determine where the troops will first come into contact ie the time the NEXT Event will occur. All troops are then moved to fulfil their Orders up to the time of that next Event.
3. Any Combat resulting from the movement from the above Units is resolved and a note is made of what time they must follow up on the Combat.
4. Players then go back and proceed through the steps 1 to 3 again until the battle is over. Note that the end of any Combat is an Event. So although no other troops have made contact, the ending of that Combat would mean the troops moving as far as they could at the time of that Combat being resolved.

INITIAL ORDERS

EVENTS

1. Eligible responses are: A,B,D
   • Enemy troops are seen within 30 minutes of their normal movement rate distance from you for the first time, or previously stationary enemy begin to move or change formation.
   • A Unit under your command Falls Back or Routs.
   • A Unit under your command becomes engaged in or ends a Combat.
   • A Unit under your command runs out of ammunition.
2. Eligible responses are: A,B,C
   • Enemy troops in Combat with a Unit under your command Falls Back, Routs or Withdraws.
   • A Unit under your command Rallies.
3. Eligible responses are: A,B,D
   • You receive a Message or an Order.
4. Eligible responses are: B
   • Your current Orders are fulfilled or cannot be fulfilled
5. Eligible responses are: D
   • A Commander becomes aware, that a subordinate has not responded to a previously issued Order.

RESPONSES TO AN EVENT

1. Take action to preserve force, but must still attempt to fulfil Orders or Command. At most one-third of the force may be used to counter the actions likely to prevent the remainder of the force from fulfilling its actions.
   Infantry may form square.
   Artillery may limber or unlimber.
   Cavalry may Charge or Countercharge.
2. Send a Message to immediate superior.
3. Revert to original Orders and Formation.
4. Put new Orders into effect, or issue Orders or Commands to subordinate Commanders or Units.

AUTOMATIC RESPONSES AND COMMANDERS' INITIATIVE

• Artillery may open fire on any enemy troops within range.
• Cavalry may Charge or Counter Charge any troops they could reach within 15 minutes of their own normal and or charge movement.
• Any troops on foot may engage in Close Combat with any troops within range of their weapons.
• Any troops may change facing or formation in response to any known enemy.

CONTROL OF TROOPS

COMMAND AND CONTROL

Chain of Command

Command, Control and Communications Rating

ORDERS

1. Must have a reference to a geographical feature or a specific enemy force where, or against whom the action is to be taken, and
2. Must have the time they were issued and when they are to be put into force, and
3. Must note from and to whom they are being sent, and
4. May NOT contain the word "if", or any other synonym thereof, and
5. Are transmitted from a Commander to his subordinate Commander and or Units.

• Support: Must attempt to move to a position to aid in the following manner;
  1. Cavalry will Charge or Counter Charge enemy engaging the supported Unit(s) or being engaged by the supported Unit(s), but may choose not to Charge Foot in Square.
  2. Foot will attempt to engage in Combat with enemy engaging or being engaged by the supported Unit(s).
  3. Artillery will fire upon any troops Charging, Counter Charging, Firing at, in Combat with or Pursuing the troops to be supported.
• Attack: All moves must be attempts to close distance with enemy force or geographical position to be attacked.
  1. Cavalry must Charge the enemy or enemy on the position.
  2. Foot must attempt to engage in Combat with the enemy or enemy on the position.
  3. Artillery must fire upon enemy or enemy on the position for as long as they have ammunition.
• Hold: May only be given with reference to a specific geographical position. Troops must either occupy and / or line the edge or perimeter of the position. If forced off or out of the position each Commander must issue Orders to retake the position, once at least as many Elements of his force are Formed as there are known Enemy Elements on or in the position.

MESSAGES AND MESSENGERS

Transmitting and testing response to Orders or Messages

• The time taken for the Messenger(s) to travel along the Chain of Command, plus
• The total of all Commanders' Command Control and Communications Ratings in that Chain of Command.

COMMANDS

Testing Response to Commands

Standard Commands

• General advance: Move towards nearest visible enemy to self and attack as follows, Cavalry must Charge, Infantry must attempt to close for Combat, Artillery must attempt to fire upon enemy troops.
  
  Troops with Orders to support a Unit with such a Command must carry out the same actions, but with regard to the limitations of Support Orders. The supported Unit=s response to the A general advance A Command is treated as an automatic Aact now ...@ Command to act in support.
• Halt: Stop all movement as soon as possible. Troops may continue for a ten minute move to get clear of difficult terrain, to advance to the top of a rise or to behind a linear obstacle.
• Change formation to ...: May be used in combination with any other Command or on its own. Need not be issued if Orders already require or specify a formation change.
• Grand battery fire upon ...: May only be given to a Grand Battery. May indicate a geographical position, enemy Unit (ie Infantry, Cavalry etc) or a point at which a particular Element, within the Grand Battery, is firing at. Only the indicating Elements need receive this Command to carry out this indication. All other Elements respond only if previous Orders stated such Element would give such an indication. Note no other Elements of the Grand Battery must be firing when this indication fire is done.

  Special Commands

  The following are urgent responses and the testing Unit responds after 1D10-5 minutes
  • Change formation to Square: May be used by troops on foot only
  • Charge: May only be given to Cavalry who have Orders permitting a Charge, but are stationary at the time the opportunity arises. Cavalry already moving to fulfill orders to attack do not require such a Command.
  • Counter-Charge: May only be given to Cavalry, and only in response to a Charge upon themselves or a Unit being supported by themselves.
  • Evade: Move away from all known enemy. Artillery may decide to limber or to push their weapons. This decision must be done prior to roiling the dice, else it will be assumed they opted to limber.
  The following are less urgent responses and the testing Unit responds after 1D10-3 minutes
  • Act now ... (as per previously received Order): Carry out an action as required or permitted by an Order or Orders which have already been received. Includes all actions required by Support Orders.
  • Withdraw: All Units attempt to move so as to put greater distance between themselves and visible and or known enemy Units. This will not cancel any Combat, but means the force with "Withdraw" will automatically Fall Back at the conclusion of such event.

  SIGNALS AND SIGNALLING

  Signals may be sent by any means appropriate to the period and the army. Such as signal guns, semaphore or heliograph stations.
  
  Signals may act as a Command, such as the firing of a signal gun for "Act as per ...". The signal must however have been given in a previous Order, and any similar signal must be responded to as if it was the actual Signal.
  
  A mechanical signalling station (eg semaphore and heliograph) can send one and receive ONE Order or Message in a single ten minute period. When an Order or Message is being sent through a number of mechanical signalling stations, then each one counts as if it were a link in the Chain of Command with a Command, Control and Communications Rating of ten minutes.
  
  An electronic signalling station (eg telegraph) can send OR receive one Order or Message in a five minute period. Where a continuous line exists an Order or Message can be sent any distance in a five minute period. Where the line is not continuous, ie signallers must receive and retransmit, then each such break counts as if it were a link in the Chain of Command with a Command, Control and Communications Rating of ten minutes (ie five to receive and another five to retransmit).
  
  The sending of Orders or Messages through signal stations uses the same procedure as for Messengers, but they count the distance between stations as zero.
  

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  TROOP FORMATIONS

  PERMISSIBLE FORMATIONS

  Any troops may only use the formations that they historically used, and in the manner they actually used them. This applies regardless of any implication which may be derived from any other section of the rules.
  
  Due to the scale, size and shape of the Element bases, troops may not always be able to be displayed in the identical layout of the historical formation, in such cases only then as long as the definition of the formation is upheld then the troops are considered in a permissible formation. Players should declare such formations when formed to avoid arguments later.
  
  Units not in any recognisable formation, may either Withdraw or Rally.

  FORMATION DEFINITIONS

  The following definitions will be held to determine if troops are in the Formation claimed or not;
  • Square: Permissible to troops on foot only. May be composed of one or more Units. A single Unit in square may have alternate Elements placed back to back, A combined square formed from two or more Units must attempt to form a square shape with no side being more than one and a half times the length of any other.
  • Line: Single rank of Elements, side by side. Units need not have all their Elements in base contact, if such a historical formation existed.
  • Column of March: The Units Elements are placed as for a Line, but the owning player defines them as moving to one flank. Only Formation in which a road can be moved along or bridges crossed.
  • Masse: This encompasses all forms of column or massed troops used for manoeuvre or attack. Must have at least two ranks of Elements. Units need not have all their Elements in base contact, if such a historical formation existed.
  • Masse square: Units forming a Masse Square remain as for Masse, but place the rearmost castings facing back the way they came from.
  • Extended Order: Dispersed formation for troops. Used by skirmishers and where troops are spread out to lessen casualties. Troops must occupy a frontage of not less than double their Close Order frontage if on foot or Open Order frontage if mounted.
  • Unlimbered Battery: Models are positioned with crews out.
  • Limbered Battery: Models are positioned with weapons attached to Limbers and limber crews on table.
  Units need not have all their Elements in base contact, if such a historical formation existed.
  

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  VISIBILITY AND ACQUISITION

  MAXIMUM VISIBILITY

  The maximum distance that troops may be acquired is::
  
  

  AIDED	ACQUISITION
  5000 m	Any troops can be seen in open
  3000 m	Can distinguish between Mounted and Foot
  1000 m	Unit strength can be estimated
  1D10x250m	Identify nationality by flag or uniforms
  5000 m	Read heliograph or semaphore signal

  
  
  Attempts to distinguish between similar troops or identify nationality can only be made by Commanders, and only one attempt per Commander, per unknown Unit may be made in a period of fifteen minutes.
  
  For visibility against troops in Extended Order all distances above are reduced to one-third.
  
  Stationary troops in woods or built-up areas can be seen at a distance of 50 m if in Extended Order, or 200 m if in Close Order by others inside the wood or built-up area. Any troops moving on the edge of a wood or built-up area can be seen from the full distances listed above.

  DEAD GROUND

  Visility is also affected by dead ground behind obstacles. To check for dead ground determine the following;
  • Height of observer.
  • Height of obstacle.
  • Distance from observer to furthest point of obstacle, in a straight line between the observer and the item to be observed.
  Then consult the Dead Ground Table. Cross reference the height of the observer with the height of the obstruction. This will give the amount of dead ground as a percentage of the distance from the observer to the furthest point of the obstruction.
  
  If a Unit is visible it can be fired upon. Troops behind linear obstacles still count in cover.
  
  The heights of obstacles are as follows:
  • 2m: Any troops, walls and hedges
  • 5m: Single or double storey building
  • 10 m: Three storey building and churches, Woods, Contours
  
  
  DEAD GROUND TABLE
  
  

  HEIGHT OF OBSERVER	HEIGHT OF OBSTACLE
  	2m	5m	10 m	15 m	20 m	25 m	30 m	35 m	40 m
  45 m	4	10	30	50	110	135	225	400	600
  40 m	4	15	35	60	100	165	325	650
  35 m	5	18	40	70	130	260	650
  30 m	5	20	50	110	225	450
  25 m	6	25	65	150	260
  20 m	10	35	100	190
  15 m	15	50	225
  10 m	25	100
  5m	60

  HIDDEN TROOPS

  To lessen the probabilities where some players seem to coincidentally "just happen to choose to send troops to certain strategic places" use this rule. Although it does not remove the problem, it does lessen it and reduces the players ability to function as an all seeing deity over the table.
  
  All Units not visible to any enemy troops may be exchanged with a card marker, at least equal in area to the Unit's constituent Elements base areas. Such hidden Unit cards and any dummy cards may then be moved around without the opponent knowing exactly what you are doing.
  
  One dummy Unit card may be used for every five actual Units a player has. Dummies are moved without requiring any Orders or Commands. They however cannot be used to do any action which would require actual troops. They are also immediately revealed if they could become visible to enemy troops.
  
  Players could use actual castings to represent the dummy Units, however they must be clearly identifiable as dummies when the times comes for them to be uncovered. Dummies may be moved in conjunction with or independently from other Units. Dummies also need no Orders and can obviously send no messages. Though this does not prevent a player from pretending to do so.
  
  Players may exchange a real Units for hidden Unit card anytime that the real Unit is not visible to any enemy troops.

  PATROLS

  Patrols are the mechanism for all scouting, vedettes and similar small detachments of troops.
  
  Patrols can be formed from any troops who were historically used to patrol or act as vedettes on the flanks or in the advance of an army.

  Forming patrols

  At any Event, any eligible Elements may be broken down into Patrols. Every twenty troops in an Element will provide one Patrol. If only part of the Element is used, the balance is lost for use until such time as the Patrol(s) are reintegrated into the Element. Patrols can be represented by tokens in place of Elements.

  Deployment

  All available Patrols may be deployed up to 1000 m from any Unit of the player=s force at the start of any game. Thereafter they may move any distance and direction that their Orders permit.
  
  Each Patrol is placed alternately by each player at intervals of 1000 m across the front or flanks of their force. Any number of Patrols may be placed within in each 1000 m sector.

  Movement and combat

  Patrols move at normal move rates, and may not voluntarily come closer than 800 m to known enemy Units. They must also withdraw in the face of any Formed enemy troops.
  
  Patrols may never initiate Combat, and if Charged or fired upon they immediately Evade. If engaged in Combat they automatically Rout.
  
  If a Patrol encounters an enemy Patrol within their 1000 m sector either may be forced to retire or they may be penetrated
  
  Test for each 1000 m sector, by rolling 1D10 plus the odds difference between the number of Patrols (foot count three times when facing only foot Patrols)
  
  If the modified result is equal to
  
  1 - The smaller force of Patrol(s) retires for 1000 m and the larger may advance.
  
  5 - The larger force may penetrate with as many Patrols as it has more than the opponent.
  
  10 - The larger force of Patrol(s) retires for 1000 m and the smaller may advance
  
  All other results have no effect for a period of 30 minutes after which they may test again.

  Reporting by Patrols

  Should Patrols see any enemy troops they may automatically send a Message to whichever Commander they are fulfilling the Patrol actions for. This may be along the Chain of Command or directly to a Commander if the Patrols was from an Element detached for the purpose of providing Patrols. If the players are not using hidden Unit Cards then obviously the scouting player will know exactly what strength the troops are. If hidden Unit cards are being used then the Patrols may report on the presence of any Foot, Mounted or Artillery, but not of exact type (ie Grenadier or Musketeer) or calibers or types of Artillery.
  
  Patrols may also inaccurately report on the numbers of enemy troops. When Patrols see an enemy force the enemy player draws a token from a cup and places it with the 'scouted' force. Once a Message has reached the Patrols Commander, then the 'scouted' player reveals his forces strength, after having modified it by the amount on the token. The token is kept with the force until such time as the force has been acquired a Commander of the Patrolling player.
  
  The cup of tokens should consist of the following distribution of tokens:
  • 3 x minus 30%
  • 3 x plus 30%
  • 3 x minus 20%
  • 3 x plus 20%
  • 6 x minus 10%
  • 6 x plus 10%
  • 6 x no modifier to actual amounts.
  If an umpire is available then he will draw the token and pass the requisite information to the Patrolling Commander, once a Messenger could get from the Patrols to the Commander. Note the Patrolling Commander does not need to be told the answer to the number of troops, or even if there are any troops present, until such time as a Messenger can get to him from the Patrol.
  
  Patrols may have Orders to end their Patrol at a specific point where they will rejoin their Unit. At this point they must Rally before they can be integrated back into the Unit and can continue with any other actions.
  

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  TERRAIN

  TYPES AND DEPICTION THEREOF

  All terrain is of one of the following types.
  
  Area terrain - which is depicted by a base cloth or loop of string which defines the exact area that the area terrain covers. On the base, or within the loop, may be placed models to indicate what the type of terrain the area represents. Any Elements on the base or within the loop are considered in the terrain.
  
  For example
  • Built-up area: Any town, village, farmstead etc. Any model buildings are for show and do not count as actual houses etc.
  • Woods: Generally smaller and more open tree covered areas
  • Forests: Generally larger and more dense areas of trees and shrubbery.
  • Rough ground: Is all areas of rocks, marsh, scrub etc which could hamper movement, and which may provide cover.
  
  
  Linear terrain is marked with appropriate terrain models to indicate the position of the terrain.
  
  For example
  • Linear obstacle: Any stream, wall ditch or hedge. Will limit movement to certain troops and may provide cover.
  • Rivers: All waterways which cannot be crossed except at bridges and fords.
  • Streams: All waterways which are fordable along their entire length.
  
  
  Hills and slopes are classified according to the distance between contours as follows;
  
  

  CONTOUR HEIGHT	DISTANCE BETWEEN CONTOURS
  5 m 10 m 15 m 20 m	55 m or more 110 m or more 165 m or more 220 m or more	30-54 m 60-109 m 90-164 m 120-219 m	20-39 m 40-59 m 60-89 m 80-119 m	19 m or less 39 m or less 49 m or less 79 m or less
  SLOPE IS	GENTLE	STEEP	VERY STEEP	IMPASSABLE

  
  

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  MOVEMENT

  MOVEMENT DISTANCES

  All movement is simultaneous and all Units may only move in accordance with their Orders or a Command already received. Any player therefor having to think about his move may either forfeit his movement or be compelled to move as his opponent directs. The choice is the opponents.
  
  Once any movement is required as a consequence of an Order, Command or result of Combat, troops must make full moves in fulfilment of, or until they have fulfilled their Orders. Any changes in speed and or direction can only be done as a response to an Event.
  
  To speed movement up it is recommended the "walker" supplied with the rules be used. Each side is the measured distance of each of the above movement rates. The "walker" allows faster determination of distance moved than measuring with a tape measure or ruler.
  
  The distance each Element may be moved in a period of one minute are:
  
  

  CATEGORY	NORMAL MOVE	ROUT MOVE
  Any troops on foot,"foot" Artillery or any unlimbered Artillery	37.5 m	75 m
  Any Mounted troops and limbered "horse" Artillery	75 m	150 m
  Cavalry Charge - last minute - 2nd and 3rd last minute - 4th and 5th last minute	250 m 150 m 100 m
  Supply caissons or wagons	37.5m	150m
  Mounted Messengers and Commanders	150m	150m

  CHANGES IN DIRECTION

  Changes in direction can only be made by wheeling or by changing the Unit=s formation
  
  When wheeling, the corner of the base of the casting on the inside of the wheel acts as a pivot, and the distance moved is measured on the outside leading corner of the outside Element=s base.

  EFFECT OF TERRAIN ON MOVEMENT

  All movement over non clear terrain may reduce the speed or be impassable to certain troops.
  
  Terrain effects are
  
  

  TERRAIN TYPE	FOOT			MOUNTED				ARTILLERY
  	Close Order	Extended Order	Column of March	Close Order	Open Order	Extended Order	Column of March	Light Smooth bore	All other
  Wood	x2	x1	x2	x4	x2	x2	x4	x1	x4
  Forest	x4	x1	x2	x8	x4	x2	x8	x2	x8
  Built-up	x3	x1	x1	x4	x2	x2	x1	x1	x2
  Rough Ground	x3	x1	x2	x8	x4	x4	x4	NA	NA
  Wall,hedge	-4	-2	-4	-5	-5	-5	-5	-15	-15
  Stream	x2	x1	x2	x2	x2	x2	x2	x10	x15
  River	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
  Bridge	x2	x2	x1	x2	x2	x2	x1	x1	x1
  Ford	x3	x2	x3	x5	x3	x2	x5	x5	x10
  Gentle slope	x1	x1	x1	x1	x1	x1	x1	x1	x1
  Steep slope	x1	x1	x1	x1*	x1	x1	x1	x1	NA
  Very steep slope	NA	x2	NA	NA	NA	x3	NA	NA	NA

  
  
  Where
  • x# Means the terrain counts # many times further,eg A2" cost double the time to cross.
  • # Means that # many minutes are required to prepare a way through or over the obstacle.
  • NA Means crossing or entering is not allowed.

  COMBAT RELATED MOVEMENT

  Troops may have mandatory or optional movement due to Combat of the following types;

  Fall Back

  All troops with a Fall Back result must move away from all known enemy troops for a distance equal to 1D10 x 5 minutes. During this time they move at their normal movement speed. Such troops may halt sooner if they are out of sight of enemy. They may also continue further to obtain better cover or more secure position. If this is elected it must be declared by the Commander and a Command must be issued by the Unit Commander to halt the Unit at the desired point.

  Rout

  All troops with a Rout result must move away from all known enemy troops for a distance equal to 1D10 x 5 minutes. Troops in Rout move at Rout move speed until no longer in contact or under fire from any troops. Thereafter they move at their normal move speed. They may not halt sooner even if they are out of sight of enemy. They may however continue moving further to obtain better cover or more secure position. If this is elected it must be declared by the Commander and a Command must be issued by the Unit Commander to halt the Unit at the desired point.

  Pursuit

  All Elements, except for Artillery, must test for the possibility of pursuing opponents who Fall Back after Combat. Each Unit affected tests separately.
  
  Pursuers will follow the their opponents for a period of time equal to 1D10 (plus modifiers) x three minutes. After which they will halt and may Rally or Withdraw.
  
  Roll 1D10 and modify as follows:
  • -6 if testers are holding a prepared position, or must cross a stream or linear obstacle within the first 100 m of Pursuit.
  • -6 if testers' Orders specifically state they must not engage in Pursuit.
  • -8 if Skirmishing, or -5 if in Extended Order only.
  • +5 If the testers' Orders specifically require Pursuit.
  • -1 per fatigue or casualty incurred at time of the test.
  
  
  Any Unit which is carrying out a Withdraw, Fall Back or Rally and is contacted by any troops in Pursuit (of themselves or another Unit) will automatically Rout. Causing the pursuers to test for pursuit again
  
  Any troops Pursuing and who can remain in contact with the troops being pursued, must break formation to enable the maximum number of Pursuing Elements to contact the troops being pursued. This includes Cavalry having to Charge if a normal move would not keep them in contact.

  Evade

  Evade is an option for any troops in Open or Extended Order or for Horse Artillery.
  
  If Unit elects to Evade then they must test for an Evade Command. On responding they can move at double speed until they are at least 800m away from the Unit which prompted them to Evade, wherafter they must continue with their Orders.

  Artillery Prolong

  Artillery carried out movements which increased their effectiveness by combining high speed movement, deployment and opening of fire. Such actions are termed prolongs and Artillery may carry out the following actions
  
  For as long as an Artillery Element has incurred less than ten fatigue and / or casualties it may;
  • Move limbered or unlimbered at up to double its normal move speed, or
  • Fire at double it normal Fire Factor for up to a maximum of five minutes, or
  • Limber or unlimber within two minutes.
  
  
  Note that fatigue is incurred for doing these actions.

  FORMATION CHANGING

  General

  Formation changes may occur ONLY in response to a Command or as required by a Unit's Orders.
  
  Commands are only needed to change formation where the Orders have not already stated such change is required, eg the change is a response to previously unseen enemy.
  
  Orders to attack are assumed to imply a change of at least half the Elements to a Masse, if used.
  
  Orders to defend or to Hold are assumed to require at least half the Elements to form Line. Any Foot Unit on a flank may form Square instead of Line in any cases where Line is required or requested.
  
  Units in a reserve may be in any formation.

  Time Required to Change Formation

  The time taken for a Unit to change Formation is equal to the total of
  • The time to respond to the Command to change Formation,.
  • A period of time to actually communicate the instruction and position markers to guide the change of Formation. Note that although troops changed formation at a faster rate than normal marching, they also require time for instructions to be shouted within the companies, battalion etc, and markers to move into position. All of this uses up more than the time gained by faster formation changing rates of march.
  • The time taken for the Elements to actually move into place, if required by that Formation change.
  
  
  In the event a change is required, which is not envisaged or provided for in the Orders, then a "change formation to ..." Command must first be issued. Note that the Command test is for the delay in response before the change is carried out. Any Unit testing must continue with its current actions until such time as it is in receipt of this Command and then it is able to carry out the Command.
  
  Note some Formation changes are carried out by the Unit marching off and the following companies or squadrons falling in behind or to the side of the leading company. In such cases the leading Element is moved, when the necessary responses have been completed, and the trailing Elements fall in behind.
  
  The times are indicated on the quick reference sheet.

  INTERPENETRATING

  The passing of one body of troops through another is called interpenetrating and is only possible in the following circumstances;
  • Any troops in Extended Order may pass through any other stationary troops in Extended Order, or unlimbered Artillery.
  • Any limbered or unlimbered artillery may pass through any stationary troops in Extended Order.
  • Command castings may pass through, or be passed through by any troops, in any Order.
  • Any troops in Rout or Falling Back may pass through any stationary troops in Extended Order.
  
  
  Any other interpenetrating is not possible and troops must pass around each other. During the time in which any Element is in contact with any Element it is interpenetrating then neither of the Elements may undertake any action other than to remain stationary and be Interpenetrated or Interpenetrate the stationary troops.
  

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  COMBAT

  GENERAL PROCEDURE

  The general procedure for calculating the outcome of a Combat is,
  • Players determine the result of any firing on the Elements involved, prior to the commencement of the Combat.
  • Each player then based on the Combat Factor of the eligible Elements and modified by any tactical advantages that may exist and the current condition of his troops to get a total Combat Value for his force.
  • The players then compare their respective total Combat Value of their troops engaged to determine the odds ratio between the engaged troops.
  • 2D10 are then rolled and cross referenced with the applicable Combat Table to determine the result of the Combat.
  
  
  Note that casualties are only calculated at the resolution of the Combat or if and when the Combat is Interrupted.

  ELIGIBILITY FOR COMBAT

  An Element may count in a Combat if:
  • They have Clear Line of Sight to a target Element, and.
  • They are in the front rank of Elements of their Unit, and
  • The target Unit is within a 45 degree arc of their front.
  • They are within their own weapon range of a target Element, and
  • If it is a Close Combat then at least half of the front of their own Element is within 200m of a target Element.
  
  
  

  CLOSE COMBATS

  Close Combat represents the close-in firefight and melee action between troops. It encompasses all the events of groups of troops advancing forward, being beaten back and urged on by the officers. It assumes all the methods of enhancing the troops fighting capabilities have been taken into effect.
  
  When an Element gets to within 200 m of an enemy Element a Close Combat automatically ensues.
  
  Where forces do not match up exactly, for whatever reason, then the player with the larger force (counting number of Elements involved) specifies which of his Elements, which are eligible to count in the combat, will engage the enemy Elements involved. If the player with the smaller force still has any Elements uncommitted, then he can specify which enemy Element they will count against. All Elements must be capable of engaging the Element they are counting against.
  
  A Unit may simultaneously oppose as many Units as it could be eligible to count against. All however are counted in the same Combat and all casualties must be proportionately divided according to the portion of the Unit facing the enemy.

  Types of Close Combats

  The following types of Close Combat may occur, and each is resolved on a different Close Combat table;
  • FOOT vs FOOT: Any troops on foot, whether primarily intended to fight on foot or not (including Artillery) against any other troops on foot.
  • MOUNTED vs FOOT: Any troops who are mounted, whether they are primarily intended to fight on their mounts or not (including mounted Artillery crews such as limbered guns) against any troops on foot. Included in this is Cavalry Charges against troops on foot.
  • MOUNTED vs MOUNTED: Any troops who are mounted, whether they are primarily intended to fight on their mounts or not (including mounted Artillery crews such as limbered guns) against any mounted troops. Included in this is Cavalry Charges against other mounted troops and Cavalry Counter-Charges.

  Close Combat Resolution

  When the time for the conclusion of the Close Combat is reached, then casualties are calculated and the respective Units Combat Values recalculated. The recalculated Combat Values odds are cross referenced with 2D10 on the Resolution Table, which will determine the outcome of the Close Combat.
  
  If the 2D10 is less than the casting shown the lower Combat Value force will Fall Back, if not then the higher Combat Value force will Fall Back.
  
  The force which does not Fall Back must test for Pursuit.

  DISTANT COMBAT

  Distant Combat represents the long range firing between troops. When an enemy force gets to within the weapon range of a Unit Distant Combat may ensue if the Orders of the Unit require or permit such to occur.
  
  A Unit may simultaneously engage as many enemy Units as its Elements could be eligible to count against. All casualties must be proportionately divided according to the number and type of Elements of all Units engaged.

  Types of Distant Combats

  The following types of Distant Combat may occur, and each is resolved on a separate Distant Combat table;
  
  
  
  
  
  • LONG RANGE FIRE: The Long Range Fire Test represents the test of will of an attacking force to close with the enemy. It is only taken if the attacking troops come under fire at a range of 400 m or more. Once a Unit advances to within 400 m from an enemy Unit and is under fire from that and or another enemy Unit, they must take a Long Range Fire Test.
    
    Units engaged in Long Range Fire use the Combat Factor and Casualty Factor for the range applicable. If a Unit cannot respond to Long Range Fire it counts its Combat Factor as 0.5 per Element. Unless its actual Combat Factor has been reduced to zero when it shall automatically Fall Back.
    
    Retest the duration of a Halt on the Long Range Fire table, by using the same odds column on the Firefight table.
    
    
  • FIREFIGHT: Firefights are the representation of long range fire and those circumstances where advancing troops are halted by enemy fire. Troops unable to return fire, ie because their weapons are out of range, are assumed to be halted and their officers are trying to urge them back on to the attack. The duration of the Firefight is determined on the Firefight Combat Table.
    
    Mounted troops may always Withdraw rather than be in a Firefight. If one or both forces in a Firefight is only of Mounted troops, who do not withdraw, then the length of the Combat is halved.
    
    If one or both forces consist only of Skirmishers than the length of the Firefight is doubled. However the casualties and ammunition expenditure remain as for the original length of the Firefight.
    
    At the conclusion of the time of the Firefight, casualties are then calculated and the forces must take another Long Range Fire Test.
    
    
  • COUNTER BATTERY: This is for circumstances where Artillery engage other Artillery without the involvement of any other troops, at any range, then the Counter Battery Test is used to determine the outcome of this action.
    
    Casualties are inflicted as per the Casualty Factor Table. If an Artillery Element is receiving fire, but does not responding will suffer casualties as per the Casualty Factor Table.
    
    If reduced to Zero Combat Factor, an Artillery Unit's crews will abandon their weapons.
  
  
  

  COMBAT FACTORS

  Foot Elements

  Foot Elements have a Combat Factor of between 8 (worst) and 12 (best). This reflects the level of fatigue, moral and esprit de corps of the Unit. An average Unit at full strength has a rating of 10.
  
  Illustrative examples
  
  
  
  • 12 - French Old Guard
  • 11 - Other Guard and veteran units
  • 10 - British, French, Prussian, Russian, Austrian Line
  • 9 - Spanish
  • 8 - Cossack Militia, Landwher
  
  
  

  Mounted Elements

  Mounted Elements have a Combat Factor of between 4 (worst) and 7 (best). This reflects the level of fatigue, moral and esprit de corps of the Unit. An average Unit at full strength has a rating of 5.
  
  Illustrative examples
  
  
  
  • 7 - Guard heavy (Cuirassier, Dragoon)
  • 6 - Line Cuirassier, Lancers
  • 5 - Dragoons, Hussars
  • 4 - Cossacks
  
  
  

  Artillery Elements

  Artillery Elements' have a Combat Factor equal to 5 times their Casualty Factor at the current range and time the Combat commences.

  MODIFIERS TO COMBAT FACTORS

  Elements whose Combat Factor is reduced to zero or below may not attempt to initiate any Combat, but may engage troops already who initiate Combat with themselves. If attacked such Elements= Combat Factor is calculated as if it were 0.5.

  Changes in Combat Factor - Casualties

  All Elements will suffer a permanent loss to their Combat Factor due to casualties from any and all Combat

  Changes in Combat Factor - Fatigue

  Foot or Mounted Elements suffer a temporary loss of 1 Combat Factor for each of the following:
  
  - If Mounted, per Charge, Countercharge or every ten minutes of Pursuit or Rout at full speed, for all others per ten minutes of Pursuit or Rout at full speed.
  
  Artillery Elements suffer a temporary loss of 5 to their Combat Factor for time spent in prolong, as follows;
  
  

  Artillery Class	No. Minutes or part thereof spent in a prolong activity
  LS	3
  MS	2
  HS	1

  
  
  

  Changes in Combat Factor - Terrain

  All Elements suffer a temporary loss of 1 from their Combat Factor for each of the following circumstances, but for only as long as the circumstances apply:
  
  
  
  • Any troops not trained to act in Extended Order and within Woods, Forest, Built-up areas or Rough ground, or have been so and have not yet Rallied. But not if manning any prepared fortifications.
  • If Cavalry and not armed with HB, MF or RC and dismounted.
  • For each visible friendly Unit in Rout within 300 m.
  
  
  All Elements have a temporary gain of 1 to their Combat Factor if they are formed Foot, and stood to receive enemy in Close Combat and are uphill of all enemy Elements within 200m.

  Changes in Combat Factor - Movement

  The Combat Factor of any Element Falling Back, Routing, Withdrawing, Rallying or changing Formation is quartered after taking into account any modifiers listed above.

  Changes in Combat Factor - Tactical

  The following cumulative modifiers are applied.
  
  
  
  • Elements of Foot defending linear obstacles or built-up areas and attacked frontally count 1.5 times.
  • Elements of Foot defending prepared defences and attacked frontally count double.
  • Any Elements facing onto a flank or rear count double. To count as facing a flank or rear, the Element must be completely behind a line extended from the target Elements frontal base edge.
  • Troops on foot, and not in Square, facing Cavalry count half.
  • Mounted troops facing Formed troops on foot or Artillery and not Charging count half.
  • Cavalry while Charging count double.
  
  
  

  COMBAT TABLE RESULTS

  The total modified Combat Value's are compared to determine which band on the Close Combat table a result will be found. The band and the result of 2D10 are cross referenced to determine the result of all involved Units' responses. All odds are rounded in favour of the smaller force.
  
  
  
  • LOW FALL BACK: The force with the lower total modified Combat Value Falls Back. If this is the defender they may choose to stand if they are deployed Artillery or formed troops on Foot and their Orders require them to hold.
  • LOW HALT: If the Attacker has the lower modified total Combat Value a Firefight will result. The Attacker halts at 400 m and a Firefight is calculated. If the Attacker does not have the lower modified total Combat Value then he continues to advance to engage in combat.
  • LOW ROUT: The force with the lower total modified Combat Value Routs.
  • HIGH FALL BACK: The force with the higher total modified Combat Value Falls Back. If this is the defender they may choose to stand if they are deployed Artillery or formed troops on Foot and their Orders require them to hold.
  • HIGH HALT: If the Attacker has the higher modified total Combat Value a Firefight will result. The Attacker halts at 400 m and a Firefight is calculated. If the Attacker does not have the higher modified total Combat Value then he continues to advance to engage in combat.
  • HIGH ROUT: The force with the higher total modified Combat Value Routs.
  • ##: There is Close combat for period of ## minutes occurs. A note is made of the Units involved, time the Combat started and when it will end.
  
  
  Note : The length time of a Combat is cumulatively doubled for each of the following;
  • If one or both forces are entirely of skirmishers.
  • If two-thirds or more of all Elements which counted in the combat are within a Wood, Forest or Built-up area.
  
  
  

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  CASUALTIES

  Casualties can be inflicted by any eligible Element against any enemy Element(s) (whether they respond or not) within the limits of their target priorities.
  
  Troops who Withdraw or Fall Back still suffer casualties for five minutes, if their opponents could have inflicted any.

  ELIGIBILITY TO INFLICT CASUALTIES

  An Element can inflict casualties if:
  1. They have a Clear Line of Sight to the target Element, and
  2. The target Element is within their weapon range (ie there is a factor for their weapon at that range), and
  3. The target Element is within a 45 degree arc to their front, at the time of firing, and
  4. They are eligible for Close or Distant Combat with the target Unit.
  
  
  

  TARGET PRIORITIES

  All Elements must obey the following target priorities.
  1. The nearest enemy Element the Element is facing in Close Combat.
  2. An nearest enemy Element in Combat with a friendly Unit, that the Element=s Unit is tasked to Support.
  3. The nearest enemy Element.
  4. The target Unit indicated by means of a Command.
  
  
  If an item in the list does not clearly indicate a specific target Unit then progress to the next item. Note that Elements in the same Unit may have different target priorities. In such cases the Units firepower will be spread over the various target Units in proportion to the number of Elements firing at each target Unit.

  CALCULATING CASUALTIES

  Method of calculating casualties

  The total casualties inflicted by a Unit are calculated according to the following steps, in the following order:
  1. Multiply the number of eligible Elements in the Combat by their Casualty Factor, taking into account of the circumstances and range to the target if applicable.
  2. Apply any modifiers due to weapon type, terrain, target or firing Elements= formation.
  3. Divide total by the number of minutes of Combat divided by 10 to get the total maximum casualties.
  4. Multiply the total maximum casualties by the die roll modifier to get the actual number of casualties.
  5. Divide the actual number of casualties by the total number of Elements in the target Unit to the number of losses of Combat Factors of the target Unit. If the result is a fraction then round up if 1D10 <= to the fraction, else discard.
  6. Adjust the record of the target Unit=s Combat Factor by the losses, if any.
  
  
  

  Modifiers for Combat Factors

  
  
  
  1. Firing Units may elect to double their fire if using HB and have sufficient ammunition.
  2. Increase to 1.5 times for all Foot in two ranks or any troops on foot in Extended Order.
  3. Halve if firing at troops in Woods, Forest or Built-up Areas, or behind linear obstacles.
  4. Halve if firing with Mounted troops.
  5. Halve if firing at troops in Extended Order.
  6. Quarter if firing at troops in or behind prepared defences
  
  
  

  Die roll modifier

  Multiply by 1D10/10 counting a minimum dice roll of 5, but
  
  -1 per Combat Factor lost for all troops in two ranks or Extended Order
  -1 per Combat Factor lost greater than 6 for Artillery
  -1 per Combat Factor lost over 10 for all other Elements
  
  

  Weapons with high rates of fire

  Some weapons may double their Combat Factor and Casualty Factor. If the option is elected then it must apply to both their modified Combat Value and their casualty rate (ie a Unit cannot double their Combat Value and still fire at the normal rate).
  
  The option to double must be taken before the die roll for the Combat. This option also cannot be taken if the necessary ammunition is unavailable. Troops may opt to use the option knowing that they may run out of ammunition if the Combat lasts for too long. If however the opponents are not driven off, then bad luck.

  Casualty factor tables

  The tables give the number of casualties per Element per ten minutes of Combat.
  
  Artillery have a constant factor up to 400m, but variable thereafter.
  
  When firing with Artillery over ranges of 400m they are taken to be using roundshot, hence the greater the depth of the target the greater potential number of casualties can be inflicted. However any ranks of target already penetrated will reduce the maximum number of ranks the ball is capable of penetrating.
  
  Artillery has therefore a factor of two per rank of troops in the target, to a maximum of the value noted in the table at that range.
  
  Examples
  
  One Element of MS firing at a two rank Unit at 400-800m has a factor of 2 - ie one per rank. If they were firing at a target of six ranks they would be able to increase this to a factor of four (ie 2 ranks x 2 = 4)- their maximum factor at this range.
  
  If the same Element of MS were firing at two Units, both in two ranks and both within the 400m-800m range, then they would have a factor of four against the first (ie 2 ranks x 2 = 4) and nothing against the second - they have no greater factor.
  
  If the element was of HS firing at the same two Units, both in two ranks and both within the 400m-800m range, then the artillery would have a factor of four against the first (ie 2 ranks x 2 = 4) and a factor of two (ie 1 rank x 2 =2) to make a maximum factor of six. If the second Unit was further than the 800m range they would have no effect on them as they would have already reached a factor of four within the 800m range and they have a maximum factor of four in the 800-1200m range.
  
  Artillery in a Combat where their opponents successfully Charged "through" or into "contact" count as half as many Elements of Foot with Small Arms.
  
  Infantry firing examples
  
  Eight elements of MM in three ranks firing at a Unit in two ranks for 25 minutes is calculated as follows
  
  - 8 Elements x Casualty Factor of 2 = 16
  
  - Period of combat 25 minutes / 10 = 16 x 2.5 = 40
  
  - Die roll is seven = 40 x 0.7 = 28
  
  - Target is eight elements = 28 / 8 = 3.5
  
  Hence the target loses three Combat Factors and a fourth if the firing player can roll <= 5 on 1D10.
  
  

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  SPECIAL COMBAT SITUATIONS

  GRAND BATTERIES

  Only those armies which used the practice of massing artillery at strategic point to force a breakthrough may employ Grand Batteries.
  
  A Grand Battery is formed by grouping from Artillery Elements which total no less than 40 weapons, under a single Commander. A Grand Battery must be created before the commencement of the battle.
  
  Grand batteries may concentrate their fire, upon a Command from their Commander, onto a frontage of not less than one quarter of their own frontage. This may be done even if it infringes upon all except the first target priority. Self preservation always overrides any generals battle plan.

  FIRING AT CONSTRUCTIONS

  Any fire with Small Arms or Artillery using the factors given at up to 400 m range (ie when using canister), or their factors for shrapnel, will not cause any damage to any construction.
  
  Artillery may fire at 400 m, or lesser ranges, using their factors for ranges up to 800 m, or further (ie when using shell or ball) and may then cause damage to constructions.
  
  Such fire at Built-up Areas may cause damage in addition to any casualties caused. Players fire and inflict casualties as for the applicable combat type occurring, and then calculate damage separately.
  
  To calculate for damage, recalculate casualties as if the Artillery were firing at a close order target and divide by every 100 m section of the frontage of the built up area being fired at. The area will be broken down for a depth of up to 20m if the total is equal to or greater than the following
  
  

  TYPE OF AMMUNITION	TYPE OF BUILT UP AREA			TRENCH
  	WOOD	BRICK	STONE
  ROUND SHOT	10	50	100	NO EFFECT
  SHELL	5	30	120	300

  
  
  All smoothbores are assumed to be using round shot and all howitzers shell.
  
  There is also the possibility of setting a Built-up Area on fire if it is primarily made of wood or the roofs are made of inflammable materials. For every ten minute period of fire by the following roll 1D10 per Element firing and if greater than the required amount a fire will be started.
  
  

  Hotshot	6
  Shell	10
  Incendiary carcass	4
  Rockets	8

  
  
  Hotshot consists of round shot which has been heated in a fire and then fired at a target, it takes three hours to prepare, in which the battery must remain stationary, although it may be engaged in combat.
  
  Fires spread 1D10 times 50 m downwind and 1D10 times 10m in width per ten minute period, for as long as they can in a Built-up Area.

  ROCKETS

  All rockets are treated the same, as smaller rockets fired in greater quantities would compensate for the larger rockets greater charge. Rockets are not particularly accurate and hence this may mean they may well not be particularly effective.
  
  They may be launched along the ground on gentle slopes or through the air. The firing player nominates a point of aim and how many salvos will be fired. The effect of the rocket is spread over an area in accordance with its method of being launched.
  
  If launched along the ground then the area affected is equal to 1D10 x 100m by 50 m deep. All Elements in the area are affected by the rockets. Ground launched rockets can only be fired upon the first target in their path, and any terrain feature higher than the ground will detonate the rockets.
  
  If launched through the air then the area affected is equal to 1D10 x 100m wide and 1D10 x 200m deep. All Elements in the area are affected by the rockets.
  
  The casualty factor is 20 and is divided amongst all Elements of all Units affected. Normal terrain factors apply for woods and buildings, but not for linear cover. It is possible that a Unit does not suffer any losses as the number of Elements affected is not sufficient to total at least one casualty per Element for the entire Unit.
  
  All Mounted Units who had any Elements in the affected area, or whom the rockets passed over, test to see if their mounts become out of control. If the total of 1D10 plus the number of casualties per Element in their Unit is greater than five then they must halt and Rally.
  
  

  SKIRMISHERS

  In terms of these rules, skirmishers are not any troops capable of acting in Extended Order, but only those trained to carry out a harassing role on enemy troops in while in Extended Order. Such harassment of enemy troops, is intended to force them to stand to (stopping movement) and possibly fire back. Hence resulting in losses to such troops Combat Factor and cause such troops to waste ammunition.
  
  Elements Skirmishing may not be more than 300 m away from any other Element of their parent Unit.
  
  The deploying of and taking in of Skirmishers counts as a Formation change.

  Concepts

  Skirmishing troops are viewed in two categories
  1. Offensive Skirmishers
     • These are troops in which the entire battalion or regiment is trained to skirmish.
     • They are used aggressively to move out an encounter enemy troops, shielding their own force and preventing the enemy from unhindered deployment.
  2. Defensive Skirmishers
     • These are troops in which only a small portion of each battalion or regiment is trained to skirmish.
     • They are used passively to shielding their parent Unit from enemy Skirmishers.
  
  
  Depiction
  
  Elements in Skirmish order are deployed in on sabot bases 72mm wide to reflect the dispersed formation.

  Eligibility

  Troops may Skirmishing if they are eligible to participate in Close Combat. Where a force capable of Skirmishing has integral LS, they may use them in skirmishing (eg Austrian Grenze).

  Skirmish Combat

  The effectiveness of skirmishers' harassment of enemy troops is resolved as Long Range Fire. The combat is treated as for normal Close Combat in determining the odds. But are resolved on the Long Range Fire table.
  
  
  
  • Skirmishers versus Close Order troops
    1. If the Close Order troops are required to Halt then a test is done on the Firefight table to determine how long they will be halted by the Skirmishers.
    2. If the Close Order troops are advancing then the Skirmishers will Fall Back as normal, otherwise they Fall Back only 400m.
    3. All other results are as per the Close Combat.
  • Skirmishers versus Skirmishers
    1. If either of the Skirmishers are required to Halt then a test is done on the Firefight table to determine how long they will be engaged in Combat.
    2. If either Fall Back they Fall Back only 400m.
    3. If Defensive skirmishers Fall Back they are reintegrated into the parent Unit. If this leaves the parent Unit exposed then enemy Skirmishers can engage the parent Unit.
    4. All other results are as per the Close Combat.
  
  
  

  CAVALRY CHARGES

  The Cavalry Charge represents the utilization of the speed and shock effect of a mounted charge. Only those Mounted troops, such as Cavalry, or who are suitably trained to do so may do Cavalry Charges.
  
  When doing a Cavalry Charge troops may opt to either;
  
  
  
  • Charge Through their opponents, where the intent is to penetrate the ranks of the enemy troops to gain access to other troops beyond the target troops, or
  • Charge to Contact with their opponents, where the intent is to engage their opponents in a melee and thereby inflict casualties.
  
  
  All Cavalry Charges against troops on foot or Mounted troops in Open Order are assumed to be attempts to Charge Through, unless declared otherwise prior to any calculations, tests or die rolls involving that charge. a Charge to Contact must be declared either by means of a Command or have such intent stated in their Orders.
  
  Cavalry may not elect to attempt to Charge Through if their opponents are Mounted troops in Close Order.

  Eligibility to do Cavalry Charges

  To be eligible to do a Cavalry Charge troops must;
  
  
  
  1. Be able to, or have moved in a straight line for a distance of not less than the full last five minutes of the Cavalry Charge distance, before contact occurs with their opponents.
  2. The charging troops must be suitably trained to carry out a Cavalry Charge (ie they must have been intended to do this sort of thing in real life).
  3. They must pass any Long Range Fire Test required and be able to got to a Close Combat with the target Unit.
  
  
  

  Cavalry Charge Procedure

  The eligible charging Elements' Combat Value is compared to the Combat Value of all the Elements of the troops on foot who would be eligible to count in a Close Combat, or through whom the chargers would have to pass, were they to successfully Charge Through the troops on foot.
  
  Charging Elements, in a Charge Through situation, must keep moving for however long it takes to clear the troops they are charging. If they cannot get clear with their initial charge move then they must use another charge move to do so. Once a Charging Elements is at least 200m clear of its target, it may;
  
  
  
  1. Turn and Charge back through the same Unit (but not counting the Charge bonus), or
  2. Continue their Charge move into any other Unit now visible and in their path, or
  3. Withdraw, or
  4. Rally on their current position.
  
  
  

  OVERLAPPING FLANKS

  The opportunity to overlap an enemy Unit's flanks can occur in a Close Combat where some Elements may not be directly faced by enemy Elements.
  
  In a force that has a wider frontage than its opponents, any Elements not faced by opposing Elements, are affected as follows
  
  
  
  1. Cavalry who Charged may not overlap, but must continue their Charge movement in a straight line.
  2. Units who advanced into a Close Combat must continue moving to overlap their opponents during any Combat that ensues. They will wheel at normal movement speed until in contact with Elements belonging to the Unit, the remainder of their Unit is engaged with.
  3. Units who stood to receive enemy in Close Combat may choose to overlap their opponents during any Combat that ensues. Their Commander needs to issue a AGeneral Advance@ or and AAct now on ...@ Command for them to commence movement. They will then wheel at normal movement speed until in contact with Elements belonging to the Unit, the remainder of their Unit is engaged with.
  
  
  

  INTERRUPTED COMBAT

  An Interrupted Combat occurs when additional Elements become involved in a Combat, such that their presence would change the odds of that Combat. This could occur as a result of an overlap.
  
  When any Combat is interrupted, then casualties are calculated up to that stage of the Combat and a new Combat is calculated.
  
  Note that even if the original troops were engaged in a Firefight the troops interrupting the Firefight must be able to come to a Close Combat to interrupt the Firefight.
  

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  FATIGUE

  RECORDING CASUALTIES AND FATIGUE

  All casualties and fatigues accumulated must be recorded. A simple method is to place coloured counters alongside the Unit. Each counter represents a specific amount of loss on the Combat Factor of all Elements of the Unit. Alternatively a written record is kept of each loss of Combat Factor on a sheet of paper.

  RECOVERING FROM FATIGUE

  All Units may recover the losses to their Combat Factor due to fatigue by resting.
  
  To be eligible to rest a Unit must;
  
  
  
  1. Be out of sight, not under any fire or engage in any physical activity.
  2. Have Rallied if necessary.
  3. Have ready access to water, and be in supply as regards food.
  
  
  For every hour of rest a Unit may recover one of their fatigue related Combat Factors
  
  Note all troops are assumed to be dismounted and lying down if possible. All mounts must be able to be watered.
  
  As the Unit cannot remain in a Formation while resting they must first Rally before they can respond to any Orders or Commands. This applies even if they Rallied prior to resting as the resting troops will not be in their appointed positions for any specific formation. A Commander of such a Unit(s) may still receive and send Orders, Messages and Commands.
  

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  AMMUNITION EXPENDITURE

  Due to the rules coping with longer battles, the expenditure of ammunition must be recorded.
  
  Each Unit must be allocated a number of Ammunition points.
  
  These are expended at the rate of one per minute the Unit is in a Combat. Units which elect to double their effectiveness, expend three ammunition points per minute.
  
  Units without ammunition are affected as follows:
  
  
  
  1. Their Combat Value is halved if armed with Small Arms, or if Artillery they count as half as many Elements of Foot with Small Arms and with ammunition, until that too is expended.
  2. No Weapon modifiers may apply.
  3. They may not engage in any Distant Combat.
  4. They only cause half casualties in a Combat in which they could physically contact the enemy troops. ie they or the enemy do not Fall Back or Rout in the Combat Test.
  
  
  Barring available accurate information it is recommended that all Mounted and Foot have 100 and Artillery 200 ammunition points.
  
  All firearm weapon modifiers also cease for troops who are out of ammunition.
  

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  APPENDIX 1: GLOSSARY

  WEAPON CLASSES

  All weapons are grouped into various classes of like weapons, which are as follows:

  ARTILLERY

  All batteries are classed according to the majority of the types of weapons in the battery. The classes of artillery are as follows:
  
  
  
  • LIGHT SMOOTHBORE (LS): 4 to 6lb cannon, 4lb licorns.
  • MEDIUM SMOOTHBORE (MS): 6, 8 or 9lb cannon, 9lb licorns, 4.25" howitzers.
  • HEAVY SMOOTHBORE (HS): 12lb cannon, 20lb licorns, 5.5" and 6" howitzers.
  • EXTRA HEAVY SMOOTHBORE (EHS): 24lb cannon, 8" howitzer
  
  
  

  SMALL ARMS

  
  
  
  • PIKE (P): Any shafted weapon, 2 metres or longer in length. Intended to be used as the primary weapon by its bearer in combat.
  • BAYONET (B): Any firearm equipped with bayonet, as well as any shafted weapon not long enough to be classed as a Pike.
  • LANCE (L): Any shafted weapon, 2 metres or longer in length, intended for use by a Cavalryman.
  • SWORD (S): Any single handed weapon, used by Foot or Mounted troops. Or any shafted weapon used by Mounted troops and which is too short to be a Lance.
  • MATCHLOCK MUSKET (MM): Early Matchlock Mechanism weapons, may or may not need a stand, and very poor quality flintlocks. (eg jezails, Matchlock Muskets, Firelocks)
  • MUZZLE LOADED FLINTLOCK MUSKET (MF):18th Century smoothbore muzzle loading flintlock mechanism. With ramrod. (eg Brown Bess)
  • RIFLED MUZZLE LOADER (MR): Mid 19th Century muzzle loading rifles. May have percussion mechanism. (Baker rifle)
  • SMOOTHBORE CARBINE (SC): 18th Century muzzle loading smoothbore weapon. Usually carried by Cavalry. (eg Cavalry Carbines)
  • HANDBOW (HB): Any hand held bow. (eg American Indians and Ottoman Turks)
  
  
  

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  APPENDIX 2: RULES TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS

  To ensure clarity many of the terms in these rules need to be defined, and the definitions of all terms or expressions are as follows. Also all references to the singular include the plural unless the context implies otherwise.
  
  Attacker: The situation should make the determination of the Attacker clear. If it does not then the Attacker is the force that advanced to cause the combat, or if both advanced, it is the larger force, counting the forces total Combat Value.
  
  Cavalry: Mounted troops trained to fight from their mounts, even if they may be able to operate on foot.
  
  Clear Line of Sight: An element has a clear line of sight if a line drawn from the edge of its base to the target does not come within 50m of anything which may block it.
  
  Close Order: Usual deployment for all Mounted and Foot. Represents the 'shoulder-to-shoulder' and 'boot-to-boot' deployments of troops.
  
  Defender: The situation should make the determination of the Defender clear. If it does not then the Defender is the force that stood and awaited the advance of the force that caused the combat, or if both advanced, it is the smaller force counting the total modified Combat Value of each force.
  
  Fall Back: One of the compulsory actions due to combat. Unit moves away from enemy causing the Fall Back. If Pursued by troops who already are in or who make contact then a Fall Back will automatically become a Rout. Unlimbered Artillery are abandoned. Will pass around friends if there is a gap within 100m, or through if possible. If cannot do either then it bursts through and causes friends to be Unformed.
  
  Foot: Troops primarily intended to fight on foot. Includes any troops which are normally or could be Mounted, while dismounted.
  
  Formed: In any permitted formation and not required to Rally for any reason.
  
  Artillery: Collective term for all artillery and similar heavy weapons.
  
  Mounted: Any troops who have some mount, whether primarily intended to fight Mounted or not. Note all Cavalry are Mounted troops, but not all Mounted troops are Cavalry, ie such as mounted infantry.
  
  Open Order: For Mounted troops, to indicate a more dispersed formation than Close Order. This is the sort of order that Mounted troops could engage in combat.
  
  Pursue: The uncontrolled action where one force falls upon another.
  
  Rally: The only means whereby any Unformed Unit can become Formed. To Rally takes a Unit 2D10 + Unit fatigues and casualties x 2 minutes.
  
  Ranks of troops and ranks of Elements: Each Element represents a number of troops in one to three ranks. So two ranks of Elements will be equal to twice the depth of the number of ranks of troops that each Element represents.
  
  Rout: One of the compulsory actions due to combat. The Unit moves away from enemy causing the Rout. All unlimbered Artillery are abandoned. Will pass around friends if there is a gap within 100m, or through if possible. If cannot do either then it bursts through and sweeps them away in Rout as well.
  
  Unformed: Any Unit not conforming to a recognised formation, or while in Rout, Fall Back, Withdrawing or Rallying or Pursuing.
  
  Withdraw: Action whereby an Unformed Unit can move to a safer position in which to Rally. May not initiate any combat while Withdrawing.
  
  

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  APPENDIX 3: POINTS SYSTEM

  The number of points for any troops must be a close as possible to the value of those troops in a game. The greater the worth of those troops, the greater its points cost must be.
  
  Both players may have the same number of points to "buy" their troops with, or it could be amended to adjust for the varying skills of the players.
  
  

  ARTILLERY ELEMENTS

  All Artillery Elements cost three times the sum of the values of their Casualty Factor from the Casualty Factor Table, modified as follows;
  
  - Multiplied by the number of minutes of ammunition they have divided by 100.
  - Rounded up to the nearest whole number.
  
  Eg 3 MS with 100 minutes of ammunition = 3 @ 3x(4+3+2)x (100/100) = 81
  
  

  FOOT ELEMENTS

  All Foot Elements cost the sum of the values of their Combat Factor
  
  - Doubled if they could increase their Combat Factor, and
  - Multiplied by the number of minutes of ammunition they have divided by 100.
  - Rounded up to the nearest whole number.
  
  Eg 9 Foot with MF and 90 minutes of ammunition = 9 @ 10 x (9/10) = 81
  
  

  MOUNTED ELEMENTS

  Mounted Elements cost
  
  - 18 points if Cuirassier
  - 16 points for Lancer
  - 15 points for all others
  
  Eg 4 Cuirassier = 4 x 18 = 72
  
  

  COMMANDERS

  All Commanders (ie that includes each Unit Commander) are paid for on the basis of their Command, Control and Communication Rating, as follows;
  
  - five minute rating = 6% of the total points available to the player.
  - ten minute rating = 4% of the total points available to the player.
  - fifteen minute rating = 2% of the total points available to the player.
  - twenty minute rating = 0% of the total points available to the player.
  
  

  FIELD DEFENCES

  All field defences cost 50% of the cost of the troops that could occupy them.
  
  Recommended game size would be a 5000 point force. This allows for between one elite Corps (eg French Guard) or two poor quality and or poorly led Corps (eg Russian or Austrian).
  
  

  EXAMPLES

  Infantry Brigade of 10 Elements with muskets and 100 minutes of ammunition: 10 x 10 x (100/100) = 100pts, plus Commander with a 10 minute rating : 5000 x 4% = +200 for total of 300ts.
  
  Cavalry Brigade of 4 Elements of Dragoons and 100 minutes of ammunition: 4x15 = 60pts, plus Commander with a 10 minute rating : 5000x4% = +200 for total of 260ts.
  
  A unit of Artillery of 9 Elements of 8pdrs (MS) and 200 minutes of ammunition: 9 x 3x (4+3+2) x (200/100)= 486, plus Commander with a 10 minute rating : 5000x4% = +200 for total of 686pts
  
  
  

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  APPENDIX 4: HISTORICAL RECREATIONS

  When a refight of a historical battle or a campaign game is to be fought then use the following procedure to determine scales.
  
  - First determine the minimum size of area the battle is to take place over. This should allow enough room for players to use their own plans of how to have fought the battle. Compare this to the table area available and note the scale the battle will fit onto on the table.
  - Determine the sizes of all forces which may be engaged and compare to available Elements. From this note the possible Element to troops scale.
  - The smallest of the above scales, ie the one where 1mm on the table equals the greatest amount of distance in real life, will be the scale to which the game can be played.
  
  For Example
  
  The battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815. The battle, plus surrounding area is 9000m x 6000m. On a 4'x 8' (1200mm x 2400mm) table this can be accommodated by a scale of 1mm = 6m (6000m/1200mm = 1:6, and 9000m/2400mm = 1:3.8).
  
  The troops engaged are:
  
  

  NATION	FORCE	ELEMENTS	ELEMENT SCALE	GROUND SCALE
  France	72000	100	1:720	1mm=10m
  Anglo-Netherlands	68000	100	1:680	1mm=10m
  Prussia	50000	300	1:375	1mm=5m

  
  
  So a ground scale of 1mm to 10m and troop scale of 1 Element = 720 troops is required, as this is the only scale in which all forces and the battle area can be represented with the available equipment. Obviously players will also need to take into consideration the proportions of Cavalry, artillery and Infantry Elements required to those available. This will be more easily done once the basic scales are established.
  

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  APPENDIX 5: SCENARIO

  *** Rules pending ***
  

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  APPENDIX 6: COMPETITIVE GAMES

  *** Rules pending ***
  

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  APPENDIX 7: CAMPAIGNS

  CASUALTIES

  Each 1 factor of Combat Factor lost results in the loss of;
  
  - 5% of the strength of the men in that Unit.
  - 15% of the number of mounts in that Unit.
  - 10% of the Artillery in that Unit.
  
  All Units will also lose 1% of their strength each week for each of the following;
  
  - If they are not in a permanent military base.
  - If they if marched for more than 4 days that week, due to stragglers.
  - If marched for more than eight hours in a day.
  - For every 10 000 troops in a single column, camp or within an area of 5000m, or part thereof, due to disease and illness.
  
  Such losses could be done by reducing the size of Units, or by reducing the affected Units Combat Factor by for every five percent of losses.
  
  Half the losses will be permanent, and the remainder will return for active duty in equal portions over the next 10 weeks, as long as their parent Unit remains in a permanent military base.
  
  All Mounted Units lose twice as many of their mounts as they lose troops from any of the above causes.
  
  GO TO GROUND
  
  With the increase in firepower during the period of these rules, common sense in taking cover started to prevail in war. The "go to ground" rule is to represent that. It is advantageous to reduce casualties, but makes troops difficult to get going again.
  
  An Unit may "go to ground" if;
  
  
  
  • 5 - They used this type of action historically, and
  • 6 - They are on foot and in Extended Order, and
  • 7 - They are about to undertake a Long Range Fire Test or go into a Close Combat.
  
  
  A player may state the "go to ground" option is to be exercised in his Orders, or declare the option will be taken before any die roll for a Long Range Fire Test or Close Combat, in the event of a result other than his opponent receiving a Fall Back.
  
  The consequences for a Unit which has opted to "go to ground" are;
  
  
  
  • 8 - The testing Unit will not Fall Back due to the Long Range Fire Test or Close Combat result, but may later Fall Back due to the ??? Combat Resolution Test. The Unit will however Rout if that is the result of the test.
  • 9 - The length of any Firefight or Close Combat is doubled, but casualties and ammunition expenditure remain as for the original length of the engagement.
  • 10 - On a delayed Resolution Test troops which have opted to "go to ground" will only Fall Back if the die roll of one quarter, or less, of what is required to Fall Back is rolled.
  • 11 - Only the front rank of Elements in a Unit which opted to "go to ground" may count in the in any later Long Range Fire Test or Close Combat, regardless of its formation.
  • 12 - Any Units interrupting on behalf of the troops which opted to "go to ground" will also "go to ground" if they can and they did not get a result allowing them to close to a Close Combat or which caused the opponent to Fall Back.
  • 13 - Troops in the open count as behind linear obstacles, and those in woods, rough ground or built-up areas count as in prepared defences, for the purposes of suffering casualties only.