Steroid faq guru
In clinical tests, the drug was found beneficial for nutritionally depleted cardiac patients, gastrectomy patients, chronically underweight men, women, and children, and some doctors even used norethandrolone "almost routinely to hasten the convalescence of hospitalized children. steroid faq guru Nutrition food values. "4 The drug was FDA approved in 1956 and still sees some use today, although it has been shown to be slightly hepatotoxic. 6Numerous other drugs were developed which, like norethandrolone, were simple modifications of the testosterone structure. Only two, which shall be described later, appear clearly superior to norethandrolone for use as a protein anabolic where minimization of virilizing side effects is desired. steroid faq guru Foods nutrition articles. Many are similar, and many are worse as regards toxicity and/or clinical androgenicity and other side effects. Certain more substantially modified structures, to be described, have properties extending beyond protein anabolism which make them therapeutically useful for treatment of several diseases. Presently Known Clinical Activities of TestosteroneIn the human, testosterone is known to improve protein anabolism in depleted individuals, and at supraphysiological levels, it can increase protein anabolism in healthy individuals. steroid faq guru Low calorie diets. It can also maintain or improve bone density. These properties are classified as anabolic. Androgenic properties include, for the male, development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics, induction or acceleration of development of male pattern baldness, and enlargement of the prostate. In the female, they can include induction of hirsutism, hoarsening and lowering of the voice, change in skin texture, menstrual irregularities, growth of cartilage of the nose, and enlargement of the clitoris. Other effects which may be experienced by either sex include acne, increased aggression, increased libido, or other mood changes. Many of the tissues experiencing these effects have high levels of 5a- reductase, an enzyme which converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Other effects, not readily categorizable as either anabolic or androgenic, include edema, suppression of LH/FSH, gynecomastia in the male, hypertension, and maturation of immature epiphyseal plates. These effects may be caused partly or entirely by the conversion of testosterone to estradiol in the body, accomplished principally by CYP 19 aromatase. Other effects include hypertension, reduction of HDL blood lipid, decreased blood clotting time, enlarged heart, CNS stimulation which may lead to insomnia or headaches, and reversible reduction or loss of fertility in the male. Testosterone is also known to modulate the immune system7 and to have other metabolic effects not discussed here. These activities appear to be primarily the result of the ability of testosterone or certain of its metabolites, particularly DHT, to bind to the androgen receptor (AR) of cells. The AR then binds to DNA and increases the transcription of certain genes; this concept was proposed by Jensen and Jacobsen in 1963. There also appear to be effects at the translational level. 8Despite the list of undesirable potential effects, the fact remains that testosterone is normal and necessary to functioning of individuals of both sexes. The complications listed above should be considered to be potential results of abnormal use of testosterone. Structure Activity RelationshipsProstate tissues contain high levels of 5a-reductase, which converts testosterone to DHT, and DHT was shown to be the active androgen in this tissue. Skeletal muscle, on the other hand, contains little or none of this enzyme, and so it seemed a plausible hypothesis that DHT was perhaps responsible for androgenic effects, and testosterone responsible for anabolic effects. In fact, however, muscle androgen receptors were found to bind DHT even better than testosterone, and the receptors of the two tissue types were indistinguishable. 9While it has been shown that shorter and longer length isoforms of the same AR do exist,10 they have the same binding site and no distinct difference in action has been found.
Steroid faq guru
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