GENESIS

Author:Moses (date of writing: c.1440-1400 B.C.).

Period: Creation to c.1800 B.C.

Title: The Hebrew title of this book is taken from its opening phrase, Bereshith ("In the beginning . . ."). The English name is taken from the title given to this book in the Greek Septuagint translation. The Greek word genesis can mean "birth," "genealogy," "history of origin," or "source." The word genesis is also found in the opening phrase of the first book of the New Testament, Matthew, where it means "genealogy" or "history of origin."

Summary: Genesis is the single most important book of the Bible. It is the beginning and foundation of the Bible, on which everything else is built. Everything revealed in the other books of the Bible has its beginning in the book of Genesis. It is the first book of the Pentateuch, the first five books of the Hebrew Bible. As both the Hebrew and Greek titles suggest, the book of Genesis is a book of beginnings. Genesis and Revelation stand as two end posts bridging the revelation of God to man; the first telling how it all began, the second revealing in symbol how it all will finish. In Genesis we see the beginnings of all that Revelation predicts as the consummation of the Divine purpose in the earth.

For example:

A BOOK OF "GENERATIONS:" THE SUBJECT

DIVISIONS OF GENESIS

In addition to the natural separation into two periods of time, the book of Genesis is also divided naturally into twelve sections. With the exception of the first, these natural subject divisions are marked in the Hebrew text by the word toledoth (lit., "generations," or "births"). In the Septuagint, this word is translated with the Greek term genesis. The King James Version translates the phrase in which toledoth appears as "the generations of . . ." and the New International Version uses the expression "the account of . . ." These divisions act something like the subject headings used in some Bibles--except in this case, they are inspired! The divisions of Genesis are listed below, using the wording of the NKJV:

1.Creation--the beginning 1:1 - 2:3

2.The history of the heavens and the earth 2:4 - 4:26

3. The book of the genealogy of Adam 5:1 - 6:8

4. The genealogy of Noah 6:9 - 9:29

5. The genealogy of the sons of Noah 10:1 -11:9

6. The genealogy of Shem 11:10-26

7. The genealogy of Terah (Abraham) 11:27 - 25:11

8. The genealogy of Ishmael 25:12-18

9. The genealogy of Isaac 25:19 - 35:29

10. The genealogy of Esau 36:1-8

11. The genealogy of the sons of Esau 36:9-43

12. The genealogy of Jacob 37:1 - 50:26

SOME POINTS TO CONSIDER FROM GENESIS

Exodus To King David

JOB

Author: Unknown; probably an Israelite (written shortly after dates given below)

Period: Sometime between 1600 and 1100 B.C.

Title: The English, Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions all name this book after Job, the chief character of the book. The name Job (Hebrew Iyov) means "hated" or "one persecuted."

Summary: Job is the first poetic book of the Old Testament. This book relates the anguish of a righteous man as he and his friends struggle to explain the affliction that has befallen Job and has stripped him of his wealth, his family and his health. The dialogue continues between Job and his friends as each presents his opinion on the reasons behind such troubles. The purpose of the book of Job is to counter the belief in "exact retribution."

Breakdown:

Affliction of Job: Chapter 1:1 - 2:13

Debates between Job and his three friends: Chapter 3:1 - 31:40

The Speeches of Elihu: Chapter 32:1 - 37:24

Restoration of Job: Chapter 38:1 - 42:17

Exodus

Author: Moses (date of writing: c.1440-1400 B.C.).

Period: c.1520-1440 B.C.

Title: "Exodus" is the Latin form of the Greek word Exodos, the title given to this book in the Greek Septuagint. The word means "exit," "departure" or "a going out." The Hebrew title is taken from the first two words of the book: we'elleh shemoth ("These are the names of . . .").

Summary: Exodus records the great numerical growth of the Israelites during their enslavement in Egypt. It introduces Moses and records the plagues God brought upon Egypt to secure His peoples' release from the bondage of slavery. From this point, the people are given the proclamations of the covenant of the Law at Mount Sinai. The book concludes with a description of the order of worship centred around the Tabernacle and the Law of Moses. This is the second book of the Pentateuch, the first five books of the Hebrew Scriptures.

Breakdown:

The liberation of Israel:Chapter 1:1 - 18:27

Israel at Sinai: Chapters 19:1 - 40:38

Leviticus

Author: Moses (date of writing: c.1440-1400 B.C.).

Period: c.1440-1400 B.C.

Title: "Leviticus" is the Latin form of the Greek word Leuitikon, the title given to this book in the Septuagint. The word means "pertaining to the Levites." The Hebrew title is taken from the first word of the book: wayyiqra' ("And he [the LORD] called . . .").

Summary: The third book of the Pentateuch takes its name from one of the twelve sons of Jacob, Levi, whose family was ordained by God to minister to Him as priests. The book covers the laws of the Israelites regarding worship and religious activities, both personal and national, including the Day of Atonement and sacrificial offerings. It contains laws regarding cleanliness, morality, ethics and hygiene that pertained to the people of Israel on a day-to-day basis. Animal sacrifice was introduced as an atonement for the individual and national sins of the people.

Breakdown:

ACCESS: Sacrifice as the basis of fellowship: Chapter 1:1 -17:16

WALK: Obligations of fellowship (separation): Chapter 18:1 - 27:34

Numbers

Author: Moses (date of writing: c.1440-1400 B.C.).

Period: c.1440-1400 B.C.

Title: The English title is taken from the Latin translation (Numeri) of the Greek word Arithmoi, the title given to this book in the Septuagint. The traditional Hebrew title, bemidbar ("In the wilderness . . ."), is taken from the opening phrase of the book.

Summary: Numbers is the fourth book of the Pentateuch. It is a historical book, and it Greek and Latin names reflect the fact that two censuses of the Israelites are recorded in Numbers. The Hebrew title more closely reflects the contents of the book, which primarily tells of the rebellion of the Israelites in the wilderness after the exodus from their bondage in Egypt. Because of this rebellion, only two of the adults leaving Egypt were to enter into the promised land of Canaan. The book covers a thirty-eight-year period.

Breakdown:

Preparation in the wilderness:Chapter 1:1 - 10:10

Provocation in the wilderness: Chapter 10:11 - 19:22

Vindication in the wilderness: Chapter 20:1 - 36:13

Deuteronomy

Author: Moses (date of writing: c.1400 B.C.).

Period: c.1440-1400 B.C.

Title: "Deuteronomy" is taken from the Latin form of the Greek word Deuteronomion, the title given to this book in the Septuagint. The word means "repetition of the law." The Hebrew title, 'elleh haddebarim ("These are the words . . ."), or simply debarim ("Words"), is taken from the first two words of the Hebrew text of this book.

Summary: Deuteronomy is the fifth and last book of the Pentateuch. It records the repetition of the law recorded in Leviticus. It was given on the plains of Moab just prior to the entrance into the Promised Land by the nation of Israel under the command of Joshua. This was Moses' last address to Israel as a whole prior to his death. At this time only two surviving members were left out of the generation that escaped from Egypt. Therefore, this repetition of the law was extremely important to the welfare of the new generation.

Breakdown:

FIRST DISCOURSE: Retrospect--

Israel's faithlessness and God's care: Chapter 1:1 - 4:43

SECOND DISCOURSE: Review--

what the present generation should heed: Chapter 4:44 - 26:19

THIRD DISCOURSE: Warning--

the nation's solemn responsibility:Chapter 27:1 - 28:68

FOURTH DISCOURSE: Covenant--

terms that would ensure Israel's continued occupancy of the land: Chapter 29:1 - 30:20

FIFTH DISCOURSE: Counsel--

SIXTH DISCOURSE: Instruction--

SEVENTH DISCOURSE: Song--

a psalm of witness against Israel: Chapter 31:30 - 32:52

EIGHTH DISCOURSE: Blessing--

future glory of the tribes: Chapter 33:1-29

NINTH SECTION: An epitaph--

death of Moses: God buries His workman: Chapter 34:1-12

Joshua

Author: Joshua; perhaps with later editing by Samuel.

Period:c.1400-1380 B.C.

Title: The English title of this book is taken from the name of the main character and, like the Greek and Latin titles, is simply a transliteration of its Hebrew title (Yehoshua).

Summary: Joshua was selected by God to succeed Moses and lead the nation into the Promised Land. The book outlines the conquest and occupation by Israel under his military leadership. God explicitly states that all the inhabitants of the land were to be utterly driven out or destroyed in order to assure spiritual purity and complete devotion to God. Joshua is the first book of the Former Prophets.

Breakdown:

Entrance into the Promised Land: Chapter 1:1 - 5:12

Conquest of the Promised Land: Chapter 5:13 - 12:24

Division of the Promised Land: Chapter 13:1 - 22:34

Joshua's final speeches: Chapter 23:1 - 24:33

Judges

Author: Samuel or another prophet (date of writing: c.1050 B.C. or shortly thereafter)

Period: c.1380-1050 B.C.

Title: "Judges," like the Latin (Iudices) and Greek (Kritai) names of the book, is a translation of the Hebrew title Shopetim, a plural term that means rulers, champions, saviours or deliverers.

Summary: The Book of Judges covers the period from the death of Joshua to the establishment of the monarchy under Saul. This was a time of great immorality as the result of the failure of the Israelites to drive out the inhabitants of the land. "Rulers" were set up by God to direct and judge the affairs and people of Israel. The book of Judges closes by setting the stage for the people's desire for a human king.

Breakdown:

Introduction: Chapter 1:1 - 2:5

History of the Judges:Chapter 2:6 - 16:31

Lawless conditions during period of the Judges:Chapter 17:1 -21:25

Ruth

Author: Unknown (date of writing: probably during the monarchy of King David)

Time: c.1100 B.C.

Title: In Hebrew, Greek, Latin and English this book is named after its main character, a Moabitess whose name means "friendship."

Summary: The book of Ruth is dated during the latter part of the period of the Judges, and shows that in a time of national decline and immorality, God preserved a remnant that could serve as the core for a future revival. This would be accomplished through Ruth's descendant, David, from whom the Messiah would come. Ruth is one of four women listed in the genealogy of Christ, and one of two women to have biblical books named after them.

Breakdown:

1&2 Samuel

Author: Possibly Samuel, Nathan and Gad (see 1 Chronicles 29:29)

Period: c.1100 B.C. (the birth of Samuel) to c.970 (the close of David's reign)

Title: In the original Hebrew text 1 and 2 Samuel are accounted as one book called "Samuel." In the Septuagint, the book was divided into two due to the length of the scrolls then in use. In the Greek Old Testament, the Books of Samuel are referred to as the First and Second Books of Kingdoms. The Latin Vulgate entitles the same books the First and Second Books of Kings.

Summary: 1 Samuel is the first of two historical books that illustrate Israel's tradition from a loose confederation of tribes to a b and united nation. It portrays the anointing of the first king of Israel, Saul, by the prophet Samuel. It then recounts the degenerating reign of Saul and his loss of the throne to David, a man after God's own heart. The second book begins with the death of Saul and the ascension of David to the throne. The rest of the book records military conquests and political intrigues during David's reign. It concludes with the blessing of Solomon by David.

Breakdown:

The life of Samuel: Chapter 1:1 - 7:17

The life of Saul: Chapter 8:1 - 14:52

The early life of David: Chapter 15:1 - 2 Samuel 20:26

The last days of David: Chapter 21:1 - 24:25

Psalms

Author: David and others (date of writing: c.1000-700 B.C.)

Title: The English title of this book is derived from the Greek word Psalmoi ("songs"), the name given to the book in the Septuagint. The Hebrew title is Tehillim ("praises").

Summary: The Psalms are divided into five books, each according to a specific classification. The Psalms are a form of Hebrew poetry, and many were originally meant to be accompanied by music. The content of the Psalms includes Messianic prophecy, praise to God and visions of the future Kingdom and its Glory. David is named as author of approximately half of the Psalms. A handful of others are responsible for approximately fifteen, while the authorship of the remaining Psalms is unknown.

Breakdown:

BOOK I: Psalms 1-41

BOOK II: Psalms 42-72

BOOK III: Psalms 73-89

BOOK IV: Psalms 90-106

BOOK V: Psalms 107-150

Solomon To Northern Exile

1 & 2 KINGS

Author: Unknown; as 1 and 2 Kings continue the account started in 1 and 2 Samuel, it is possible that these books were produced by contemporary prophets.

Period: c.970-586 B.C.

Title: In the original Hebrew text 1 and 2 Kings are accounted as one book called "Kings." The book was divided into two in the Greek version of the Old Testament. In the Greek Septuagint version, the books of Samuel and Kings are called the First, Second, Third and Fourth Books of Kingdoms. In the Latin Vulgate, these same books are referred to as First, Second, Third and Fourth Kings.

Summary: 1 and 2 Kings contain the history of the Jewish monarchy from the death of David (around 970 B.C.) to the Babylonian exile (587/6 B.C.). They trace the division of the Israelite nation into the Kingdom of Judah in the south and the Kingdom of Israel in the north. 1 and 2 Kings record Israel's history from a religious, rather than a civil, viewpoint. As such, it records the religious progress of the nation and sets forth the various steps in the moral growth and decay of the Kingdom. 1 Kings opens with Israel in its glory and 2 Kings closes with Israel in ruins. The purpose of the Books of Kings is to record the lives and characters of the nation's leaders as a warning and exhortation to all subsequent generations of covenant bearers.

Breakdown:

The united kingdom from Solomon to Rehoboam: 1 Kings 1:1 - 11:43

THE DIVIDED KINGDOM: From Rehoboam to the fall of the northern kingdom of Israel: 1 Kings 12:1 - 2 Kings 17:41

The kingdom in Judah to the final destruction of the southern kingdom of Judah: 2 Kings 18:1 - 25:30

1&2 Chronicles

Author: Possibly compiled by Ezra the priest

Period: c.1010-536 B.C.

Title: The English names of these books are derived from the titles used in the Latin Vulgate. The Septuagint used the title Paraleipomenon ("things omitted"), which reflects their belief that the books provided additional material to what was in the books of Samuel and Kings. The Greek version was the first edition to divide the book into two units. The Hebrew title of this book, dibre hayyamim , means "the annals of the days (or years)."

Summary: 1 and 2 Chronicles are not simply a repetition of history already recorded in the books of Samuel and Kings. The Book of Chronicles was written to remind the nation of their entire history, and of their position among other nations, emphasizing the history of priestly worship from the death of Saul to the end of the Babylonian captivity. The Books of Chronicles contain more detail on the organization of public worship, of religious ceremonies, of Levites and singers and of the relationship of kings to the worship of God, than does the Book of Kings. The history of the Northern Kingdom is omitted from the Chronicles because the Northern Kingdom had no bearing on the development of true worship of God in Jerusalem.

Breakdown:

Genealogies: 1 Chronicles 1:1 - 9:44

The reign of David: 1 Chronicles 10:1 - 29:30

The reign of Solomon: 2 Chronicles 1:1 - 9:31

The kingdom of Judah: 2 Chronicles 10:1 - 36:23

THE RULERS OF JUDAH

(2 Chronicles)

			Rehoboam: 12:1-16 
			Abijah: 13:1-22
			Asa: 14:1-16:4
			Jehoshaphat: 17:1-20:37
			Jehoram: 21:1-20
			Ahaziah: 22:1-9
			Athaliah: 22:10-23:21
			Joash: 24:1-27 
			Amaziah: 25:1-28 
			Uzziah: 26:1-23
			Jotham: 27:1-9
			Ahaz: 28:1-27
			Hezekiah: 29:1-32:33 
			Manasseh: 33:1-20
			Amon: 33:21-25 
			Josiah: 34:1-35:27
			Jehoahaz: 36:1-4
			Jehoiakim: 36:5-8
			Jehoiachin: 36:9-10
			Zedekiah: 36:11-14

Proverbs

Author: Solomon and others (written c.970-700 B.C.)

Title: The English title, like the titles in the Latin (Proverbia Salomonis) and Greek (Paroimiai Salomonos), reflects the sense of the original Hebrew title, Mishle, which means "The proverbs of . . ." (from the opening line).

Summary: In the book of Proverbs, wisdom is the attitude that puts God first as man's rightful guide and master. The book does not hesitate to link good and bad with reward and penalty. Much can be learned by testing personal conduct against the positive and negative standards and warnings as recorded in the Proverbs. Throughout the book, the view is set forth that all men fall into two basic classes. Both are known by their habits, their deeds, their "fruits," their chosen "ways" in life, and their fitting ends. They are either with God or without Him, good or evil, or wise or foolish. There is even a mutual tension between the two classes--the two ways of life--that shows up in every aspect of life.

Breakdown:

Superiority of the way of wisdom: Chapter 1:1 - 9:18

Main collection of Solomon's proverbs: Chapter 10:1-22:16

The words of the wise--thirty sayings: Chapter 22:17-24:22

The words of the wise--appendix: Chapter 24:23-34

Proverbs of Solomon--compiled by Hezekiah: Chapter 25:1 - 29:27

Final Appendices: Chapter 30:1-31:31

Ecclesiastes

Author: Probably Solomon (date of writing: c. 970-930 B.C.).

Title: The English title is taken from the name used in the Latin Vulgate, which is itself a transliteration of the title used in the Greek version of the Old Testament, Ekklesiastes. The title used in the Septuagint is a translation of the Hebrew title, Qoheleth ("Teacher").

Summary: Ecclesiastes is the final book in the "wisdom literature" and forms a collection of many wise sayings and proverbs of Solomon. The book is mainly comprised of observations of life. Solomon, having lived a full life with all its pleasures, concludes that life is vanity (it is also possible, but less likely, that the book was written near the beginning of his life). What better man to speak about life than a man who was given all it had to offer? Without God, life would be meaningless. All his worldly possessions would amount to nothing. Therefore, the conclusion of his studies states that man should love and fear God and obey his commandments.

Breakdown:

The futility of all human endeavours: Chapter 1:1-11

The test of practical experience: Chapter 1:12 - 2:26

Man's opportunity limited by time: Chapter 3:1-22

Human vanity greatly increased by oppression: Chapter 4:1-16

Vanity in insincere worship: Chapter 5:1-9

Vanity of riches: Chapter 5:10 - 6:2

Vanity of human desires: Chapter 6:3 - 11:6

Advice and warning to youth: Chapter 11:7 - 12:8

Conclusion: Chapter 12:9-14

Song of Solomon

Author: Probably Solomon (date of writing: c.970-930 B.C.).

Title: In English, this book has several names, including "Song of Solomon," "Song of Songs," and "Canticles." All these titles reflect the original Hebrew name: "Solomon's Song of Songs." "Canticles" is derived more immediately from the Latin title, Canticum Canticorum ("Song of Songs"). The title in the Septuagint is Odai ("Songs").

Summary: This book is composed of speeches, or dialogues, in Hebrew poetry. It portrays the beauty and pure love between a man and a woman that develops into a mature undying relationship. More in-depth symbolism shows the relationship between Christ and his bride, the body of believers, which will be consummated at his return. The basic message is the purity and sacredness of love.

Breakdown:

PART 1: The bride selected from Israel: Chapter 1:1 - 5:1

PART 2: The bride selected from the Gentiles: Chapter 5:2 - 8:14

Amos

Author: Amos

Period: c.760-750 B.C.

Title: The English, Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions all name this book after Amos, the prophet whose ministry is recorded in the book. The name Amos (Hebrew Amotz) means "burden."

Summary: The book of Amos was written during a period of national optimism in Israel. King Jeroboam II was ruler, and politically and materially the northern kingdom rivalled the age of Solomon and David. Amos, a shepherd by trade, was called by God to pronounce judgment on the northern Kingdom of Israel by denouncing Israel's luxurious living, idolatry and moral depravity. Amos urges the people to repent before the judgments of God came upon them. "Seek God and live" was Amos' plea to the nation. He also foretells of the dispersion of the Israelites, but points to a day when God would regather them in the land of their forefathers.

Breakdown:

Judgments against the nations: Chapter 1:1 - 2:16

Three discourses against Israel: Chapter 3:1 - 6:14

Five visions of Israel's condition: Chapter 7:1 - 9:10

The promise of Israel's restoration: Chapter 9:11-15

Hosea

Author: Hosea

Period: c.750-715 B.C.

Title: The English, Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions all name this book after Hosea, the prophet whose ministry is recorded in the book. The name Hosea (Hebrew Hoshea) means "Salvation."

Summary: The book of Hosea describes the patient longsuffering of God towards the rebellious and unfaithful northern Kingdom of Israel. However, it is made clear to the Israelites that punishment will engulf anyone who remains wilfully rebellious. A key theme is Hosea's marriage to the unfaithful Gomer, who is a symbolic representation of Israel.

Breakdown:

The prophet's married life: Chapter 1:1 - 3:5

Israel's unfaithfulness and consequent judgment: Chapter 4:1 - 13:16

Israel's conversion and renewal: Chapter 14:1-9

Isaiah

Author: Isaiah

Period: c.740-681 B.C.

Title: The English, Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions all name this book after Isaiah, the prophet whose ministry is recorded in the book. The name Isaiah (Hebrew Yesha'yahu) means "The LORD saves."

Summary: Isaiah ministered during the rule of Kings Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah. His primary focus dealt with the coming judgment on the Southern Kingdom of Judah due to its great wickedness. Isaiah identified the root of Judah's trouble in its idolatry and apostasy. Although he spoke of judgments on other nations as well, the prophet Isaiah urged the kings and the people to put their trust in God rather than in alliances with earthly powers. He comforted his people with the realization that God loves those who are faithful to Him and keep His commandments. He spoke of the future Messiah who would come to redeem the nation and restore the Kingdom.

Breakdown:

Rebuke and promise: Chapter 1:1 - 6:13

Immanuel: Chapter 7:1 - 12:6

Burdens of judgment upon the nations: Chapter 13:1 - 23:18

General rebuke and promise: Chapter 24:1 - 27:13

Woes upon the unbelievers of Israel: Chapter 28:1 - 33:24

General rebuke and promise: Chapter 34:1 - 35:10

The volume of Hezekiah: Chapter 36:1 - 39:8

The volume of comfort: Chapter 40:1 - 66:24

Micah

Author: Micah

Time: c.735-700 B.C.

Title: The English, Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions all name this book after Micah, the prophet whose ministry is recorded in the book. The name Micah (Hebrew Michah) means "Who is like the LORD?"

Summary: Micah, who was contemporary with Isaiah, was to the southern Kingdom of Judah what Amos was previously to the northern Kingdom of Israel. Both were fierce critics of the rich and powerful who exploited the poor. Though Micah's prophecies refer especially to Judah, they concerned all of Israel. Micah's leading ideas are the regeneration of Israel's remnant through judgment, the establishment of the Kingdom of God in the line of David and the conversion of the nations through that Kingdom. The conclusion of his prophecy is a triumphant expression of faith, which is seen in its true quality against the background of the materialism and the corruption of the reign of Ahaz.

Breakdown:

Superscription: Chapter 1:1

Coming judgment on Israel, Judah for persistent sin: Chapter 1:2-16

Doom of corrupt oppressors and false prophets: Chapter 2:1 - 3:12

Vision of hope from the coming one: Chapter 4:1 - 5:15

The Lord's case against Israel: Chapter 6:1 - 7:20

Jonah

Author: Probably Jonah

Period: c.785-775 B.C.

Title: The English, Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions all name this book after Jonah, the prophet whose ministry is recorded in the book. The name Jonah (Hebrew Yonah) means "Dove."

Summary: The book is concerned with the commission of Jonah to warn the city of Nineveh (the capital of Assyria) to repent and obey God's commandments in order to avoid assured destruction. Jonah is reluctant to preach this message and is therefore swallowed by a great fish and remains in the belly of the fish for three days. Upon his release, he preaches the message to the people of Nineveh who believe his message and repent of their sins.

Breakdown:

Fleeing: Chapter 1:1-17

Praying: Chapter 2:1-10

Preaching: Chapter 3:1-10

Learning: Chapter 4:1-11

Nahum

Author: Nahum

Period: c.620 B.C.

Title: The English, Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions all name this book after Nahum, the prophet whose ministry is recorded in the book. The name Nahum (Hebrew Nachum) means "The LORD comforts."

Summary: The book of Nahum was written approximately a century and a half after the events recorded in the book of Jonah. During that period of time, Nineveh had turned from its repentant attitude and had taken the northern Kingdom of Israel into captivity. Whereas Jonah proclaimed a message of mercy and repentance, Nahum proclaimed an indictment of doom upon Nineveh, the capital of Assyria. They who were once used as God's tool against the people of Israel and Jerusalem, would now be destroyed because of their great wickedness.

Breakdown:

Nineveh's doom declared: Chapter 1:1-15

Nineveh's doom described: Chapter 2:1-13

Nineveh's doom deserved: Chapter 3:1-19

Southern exile to Christ

Jeremiah

Author: Jeremiah and Baruch

Period: c.626-580 B.C.

Title: The English, Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions all name this book after Jeremiah, the prophet whose ministry is recorded in the book. The name Jeremiah (Hebrew Yirmeyahu) means either "The Lord exalts/establishes" or "The Lord throws" (in the sense of throwing Jeremiah into his ministry or throwing down Judah and the nations in judgment).

Summary: Jeremiah, a priest from the household of Hilkiah, warns of the impending military force of Babylon that would destroy Jerusalem and enslave the Jews. He urges Jerusalem to turn from her wicked ways, but there is no response. Jeremiah further warns of the false prophets who are leading the people astray with deceptive doctrines and falsehoods. He urges the Israelites to submit to the Babylonian authority as the instrument of God's judgment. They do not heed his warnings and the people are carried away to Babylon. He predicts that the captives will return after seventy years to rebuild Jerusalem and the Temple.

Breakdown:

Introduction: the prophet's call: Chapter 1:1-19

Prophetic oracles against Jerusalem and Judah: Chapter 2:1-45:5

Prophecies against the nations: Chapter 46:1 - 51:64

Historical Appendix: Chapter 52:1-34

ZEPHANIAH

Author: Zephaniah

Period: c.640- 627 B.C.

Title: The English, Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions all name this book after Zephaniah, the prophet whose ministry is recorded in the book. The name Zephaniah means "The Lord hides" or "The Lord protects."

Summary: Zephaniah prophesied during the reign of King Josiah, who was responsible for a great religious reform. This reform followed the wicked reigns of Kings Manasseh and Amon, who led the nation into various forms of idolatry. Zephaniah pronounces inescapable judgments against Jerusalem for their sins and exhorts national repentance. He further speaks of "the day of the Lord," when God will intervene to judge sin.

Breakdown:

Introduction: Chapter 1:1

A warning of impending judgment: Chapter 1:2-18

An exhortation to immediate repentance: Chapter 2:1 - 3:8

A promise of future blessing: Chapter 3:9-20

Habakkuk

Author: Habakkuk

Period: c.620-605 B.C.

Title: The English, Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions all name this book after Habakkuk, the prophet whose ministry is recorded in the book. The meaning of the name Habakkuk is uncertain, and is possibly of Babylonian origin.

Summary: The book begins with Habakkuk complaining of injustice in Judah and his inability to understand God's failure to judge the wicked and morally deprived nation of Babylon (the Chaldeans). Habakkuk is shown that God's people must continue to trust in His mercy regardless of the circumstances about them. The wicked appear to prosper while the righteous are chastened. However this prosperity of the wicked is only temporary. God will not abandon those who obey and follow His commandments: "the just shall live by faith" (cf. Psalm 73).

Breakdown:

Introduction: Chapter 1:1

The prophet complains of unchecked violence in Judah: Chapter 1:2-4

The Lord's answer: the Chaldeans are His instrument of punishment: Chapter 1:5-1

A second problem: the Chaldeans are more wicked than the Judeans: Chapter 1:12 - 2:1

The Lord's second answer: The purpose is certain and faith will be rewarded: Chapter 2:2-4

Five woes upon iniquity whether Jewish or Chaldean: Chapter 2:5-20

A vision of divine judgment: Chapter 3:1-16

The triumph of faith: Chapter 3:17-19

Lamentations

Author: Jeremiah

Period: c.580 B.C.

Title: The Hebrew title of this book ('ekah) takes its name from the first word of 1:1, 2:1 and 4:1 ("How . . . !"). Alternatively, Jews have also traditionally referred to the book as qinot ("Lamentations"). It is from this name that the Greek (Threnoi), Latin (Lamentationes) and English titles are derived.

Summary: A lamentation is an expression of suffering. In this book, Jeremiah expresses his sorrow regarding the fall of Jerusalem and the captivity of the nation at the hands of Nebuchadnezzar's army. The book describes and explains the afflictions brought against the city of Jerusalem as well as surrounding nations that scoff at Jerusalem's affliction. Jeremiah emphasizes that this is the result of divine judgment for the sins of the people. The book further underlines lessons that Jerusalem should learn from its afflictions, namely the vanity of glory, leadership and pride in an attempt to overcome them in the future. An interesting feature of the book is that the first four chapters are written in alphabetic acrostics in the original Hebrew.

Breakdown:

The suffering, ruined city of Zion: Chapter 1:1-22

The suffering, ruined holy place of Zion: Chapter 2:1-22

The suffering representative of smitten Zion: Chapter 3:1-66

The suffering people of Zion: 4:1-22

Supplications of penitent Zion: Chapter 5:1-22

Joel

Author: Joel

Period: Possibly c. 618-608 B.C.

Title: The English, Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions all name this book after Joel, the prophet whose ministry is recorded in the book. The name Joel (Hebrew Yo'el) means "The Lord is God."

Summary: The book of Joel begins by describing a devastating swarm of locusts that cause national disaster to the agriculture of Israel. Joel calls the nation of Judah to a day of repentance due to divine judgment. The last portion of the book is concerned with events associated with "the day of the Lord." The message illustrated is that if Judah repents, God will richly bless them and forgive them.

Breakdown:

The locusts as harbinger of the day of the Lord: Chapter 1:2 - 2:17

The averting of judgment and bestowal of blessing: Chapter 2:8-3: 21

Daniel

Author: Daniel

Period: c .605-535 B.C.

Title: The English, Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions all name this book after Daniel, the prophet whose ministry is recorded in the book. The name Daniel (Hebrew Dani'el) means "God is my judge."

Summary: The book of Daniel predicts the destiny of two opposing powers: The Kingdom of Men and the Kingdom of God, stressing that "the Most High God rules in the kingdom of men" (5:21). Daniel's prophecies generally do not deal with Israel as much as with the nations that control Israel. The book of Daniel contains prophecies that span the time from Daniel's day to the coming Kingdom Age.

Breakdown:

The universal sovereignty of God revealed through personal experience: Chapter 1:1 - 6:28

The universal sovereignty of God revealed by prophetic revelation: Chapter 7:1 - 12:13

Ezekiel

Author: Ezekiel

Period: 593-c.560 B.C.

Title: The English, Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions all name this book after Ezekiel, the prophet whose ministry is recorded in the book. The name Ezekiel (Hebrew Chizkiyahu) means "God is b" or "God strengthens."

Summary: This book records the activity of the prophet Ezekiel during the exile in Babylon. His message was directed to fellow captives and to Jews still present in the land of Judah. Both groups refuse to listen and remain unwilling to accept the rule of Babylon. Ezekiel proclaimed good news to the exiles that Israel, after being chastened, would be restored and God's Kingdom would rise. This future Kingdom will last forever and God's people will never again be cast out.

Breakdown:

Prophecies against Judah and Jerusalem: Chapter 1:1 - 24:27

Oracles against foreign nations: the universal sovereignty of God: Chapter 25:1 - 32:32

Prophecies about the restitution of Israel: Chapter 33:1 - 39:29

Vision of the restored community: the new temple and new law: Chapter 40:1 - 48:35

Obadiah

Author: Obadiah

Period: Possibly 605-586 B.C.

Title: The English, Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions all name this book after Obadiah, the prophet whose ministry is recorded in the book. The name Obadiah means "Servant of the Lord."

Summary: Obadiah was a prophet who pronounced judgment upon the nation of Edom for its antagonism against Israel. Edom is the nation that is descended from Esau, the twin brother of Jacob (Israel). Edom was to be punished for the violence against Israel they committed when invading the land.

Breakdown:

Title and introductions: Verse 1

Judgment and Edom: Verse 2-14

The day of the Lord: Verses 15-21

Ezra

Author: Ezra

Period: 538-437 B.C.

Title: The Jews originally considered the books of Ezra and Nehemiah to be one book, although Nehemiah 1:1 divides the book into two units. Ezra-Nehemiah are also taken as one book in early copies of the Greek version of the Old Testament. The Medieval Church referred to these units as 1 and 2 Esdras (not to be confused with the apocryphal books of these titles, which would then be called 3 and 4 Esdras). In English versions the two units are called Ezra and Nehemiah respectively. If the name Ezra is a shortened form of the Hebrew Azariah, it means "The Lord helps."

Summary: In general, Ezra covers the events of the Jews returning from the Babylonian captivity. The decline of Babylon and its eventual overthrow by the Persians expedited this return to Jerusalem. The Jews are numbered and are allowed to return to Judah to rebuild the Temple. Samaritan assistance is rejected and their opposition is a contributing factor to the slow progress of the Temple construction. Despite the delays, the Temple is completed and dedicated during this period.

Breakdown:

The exiles return from Babylon: Chapter 1:1 - 2:70

Temple building begins: Chapter 3:1 - 4:24

The building completed: Chapter 5:1- 6:22

Work resumed: 5:1-5

Ezra's journey to Jerusalem: Chapter 7:1 - 8:36

The great reformation: Chapter 9:1 -10:44

Nehemiah

Author: Possibly Ezra and Nehemiah

Period: c.445-432 B.C.

Title: See comments in summary of the book of Ezra. The name Nehemiah means "The Lord comforts."

Summary: The book of Nehemiah begins with Nehemiah returning from Babylon as Governor of Jerusalem. He plans and oversees the rebuilding of the city wall despite discouraging opposition and disunity within the Jewish population. The wall is completed and more exiles return and are registered as Jewish citizens. Nehemiah's dedication to God drives him to make several religious reforms. A public reading of the Law and arrangements for worship are among these reforms.

Breakdown:

Nehemiah's arrival in Jerusalem: Chapter 1:1 - 2:20

The building of the wall: Chapter 3:1 - 7:4

Civil and religious reforms in Jerusalem: Chapter 7:5 -10:39

Lists of inhabitants of Judah and Jerusalem: Chapter 11:1 - 12:26

Dedication of walls and organization of temple service: Chapter 12:27-47

Nehemiah's final reforms: Chapter 13:1-31

Esther

Author: Unknown

Period: c.460 B.C.

Title: The English, Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions all name this book after its chief character. Esther's Hebrew name was Hadassah ("Myrtle"). The name Esther is either taken from the Persian word for "star" or from the name of the Babylonian goddess Ishtar. Eshter is one of two women (along with Ruth) to have a Biblical book named after her.

Summary: Esther is regarded as a historical book, written during the period of the Jewish captivity. It records the plot of Haman, the Prime Minister to the Persian king, who intended to exterminate the Jews. This plot is foiled by Esther, the Queen of Persia, who was a Jewess. This book also provides an account of the origin of the Hebrew Feast of Purim.

Breakdown:

Queen Vashti divorced: Chapter 1:1-22

Esther made queen: Chapter 2:1-23

Haman's plot against the Jews: Chapter 3:1-15

Esther's decision: Chapter 4:1-17

Esther's first banquet: Chapter 5:1-14

Haman humiliated before Mordecai: Chapter 6:1-14

Esther's second banquet: Chapter 7:1-10

Mordecai's counter-decree: Chapter 8:1-17

The Jews victorious and Purim instituted: Chapter 9:1 -10:3

Haggai

Author: Haggai

Period: 520 B.C.

Title: The English, Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions all name this book after Haggai, the prophet whose ministry is recorded in the book. The name Haggai means "Festal" (i.e. relating to one of the Jewish feasts).

Summary: Haggai writes to the few Jews who have returned to Judah from the captivity in Babylon. He exhorts them to "consider their ways" and to complete the Temple whose foundation had been laid eighteen years before. The people responded and the Temple was completed in 516 B.C. Haggai further pronounces that the pagan empires will be overthrown by God and Judah will be elevated during the time of the Messiah.

Breakdown:

A message to arouse: Chapter 1:1-11

A message to commend: Chapter 1:12-15

A message to encourage: Chapter 2:1-9

A message to confirm: Chapter 2:10-19

A message to assure: Chapter 2:20-23

Zechariah

Author: Zechariah

Period: c.520-480 B.C.

Title: The English, Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions all name this book after Zechariah, the prophet whose ministry is recorded in the book. The name Zechariah (Hebrew Z'kharyah) means "Whom the Lord remembers."

Summary: Zechariah was a younger contemporary of Haggai. He also encouraged the people to rebuild the Temple. Like Daniel and Revelation, this book contains Apocalyptic visions. It also includes detailed references to the coming Messiah. The book concludes with descriptions of the enemies of Jerusalem being judged and of the future glory of God's kingdom.

Breakdown:

Introduction: The call to repent: Chapter 1:1-6

The night visions of Zechariah: Chapter 1:7 - 6:15

The crowning of Joshua: Chapter 6:9-15

Questions concerning fasting: Chapter 7:1 - 8:23

The future of the nations, Israel and Messiah's kingdom: Chapter 9:1 - 14:21

Malachi

Author: Malachi

Period: c.430 B.C.

Title: The English, Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions all name this book after Malachi, the prophet whose ministry is recorded in the book. The name Malachi means "My messenger."

Summary: Malachi's message comes to the people in a time of great spiritual decline. It is approximately eighty years after the rebuilding of the temple and the promises of the coming Messiah have not yet been realized. As a result, the people had become lax and had an increasingly casual attitude toward God and worship. Malachi states that their sacrifices were unacceptable to God, husbands were unfaithful and the priests had neglected God's covenants. Malachi was probably the last prophet of the Old Testament period.

Breakdown:

An unholy nation: Chapter 1:1-14

A faithless priesthood: Chapter 2:1-10

A treacherous people: Chapter 2:11-16

A nation of robbers: Chapter 2:17 - 3:15

A faithful remnant to be vindicated: Chapter 3:16 - 4:6


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