Concept : Land Units

Basic

Land units are organized collections of mil (militia). They are considerably more effective and cost-efficient than militia, and have many extra abilities. With the addition of land units, mil are now more or less considered to be militia instead of military, and are less important.
The way that military are incorporated into units are that the mil are loadable commodities of the unit. The offensive or defensive
Commands for land units are generally similar to those of planes/ships, and will usually start with 'l'.

Land unit characteristics

Land units have some characteristics of both ships and planes, plus some unique ones. Like both ships & planes, they have efficiency & mobility. Like ships, they can carry cargo, may have/use fuel, and may be able to fire guns at distant targets. Like planes, they have attack and defense values, and may be able to act automatically to defend your country. Let's look at a typical land unit:

[##:##] land *

   # unit type             x,y   a  eff mil fort  mu  fd tech retr rd xl ship
   0 inf   infantry        8,0      96% 100    0  93  24    0  42%  1  0
1 unit

This land unit is an infantry unit, located at 8,0. In many games, you will start with 1-2 basic land units of this type. Some of the things about it are familiar. It is 96% efficient, has 93 mobility units, carries 1 food, no fuel, and is tech 0 and currently contains 100 mi. It carries 0 extra-light planes, and is not on a ship. The 'a' stands for army, and is just like fleets or wings, i.e. a way of grouping your units. (See info army for more information) Fort is the level of fortification of the land unit. The higher the fortification, the harder the unit is to hurt.
The 'retr' stands for retreat percentage. This land unit must begin rolling morale checks in combat whenever its efficiency goes below 75%. This is user settable in a range determined by the happiness of the owning country. The happier your people are, the more determinedly they fight. If, on the other hand, you want the unit to retreat easily, you can set this to 100% or some other high number. (For information on setting this, see info morale. For information on morale checks, see info attack)
The 'rd' field is referred to as the unit's 'reaction radius', and is the distance to which the unit can react to defend your country. Basically, if an enemy attacks a sector close enough to the unit, it will go to the threatened sector and fight, like a plane intercepting. If it survives the attack without failing a morale check, it will return to the sector it started from, just like a plane would. (For more information on reacting and morale checks, see info attack) Just as you can use rangeedit to change the range of your planes and control how far away they'll intercept, so you can change the reaction radius with lrangedit. Units with a base reaction radius of 0, or those whose radius you have set to 0, will not react.

Cargo

Each land unit can carry cargo. The cargo display for land units is very similar to that of ships, and is gotten with the lcargo command.

[##:##] lcargo *

lnd# unit type     x,y    a   eff  sh gun pet irn dst bar oil lcm hcm rad
   0 infantry      8,0        96%   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
1 unit

The land unit is not carrying anything. Potentially, land units can carry any of the commodities listed above. Unlike ships, they cannot carry mil, civs, or uw's. Land units are loaded and unloaded using the lload command, which works pretty much like the load command for ships. (See info lload) Units on ships can transfer supplies to/from the ships with the ltend command.

HQ's & Building land units

Like planes and ships, land units are built in special sectors. For land units, the sector is the headquarters sectors, designation !. Like other units, they may require hcms and lcms, and will generally require money.
Some land units may require guns to build. All this info can be gotten with the show command.

[##:##] show land build

                          lcm hcm guns avail tech  $
inf   infantry             10   5    0    40    0  $500

The infantry unit takes a total of 10 lcms, 5 hcms, and 0 guns to build. Like ships and planes, units are built at a lower percentage, and 'grow' up to 100%, and any unit with an efficiency of less than the build percentage is dead. For land units, this minimum efficiency is 10%. The build requirements for land units, like those listed above, are for a 100% unit. Thus, the infantr1 would require 1 lcm and .5 hcms (Fractional amounts are randomly rounded... i.e. .5 has a 50% chance of being 1 or 0. It'll all even out over time)
When 'growing', land units require materials which must be present in the sector. The amount of growth is calculated in the same fashion as planes/ships. Generally a land unit can grow by up to 2x the ETUs per update. (See the version command for exact maximums, as these are deity-settable) So, for example, in a 32 ETU game, a land unit could possibly grow by 64% per update. For the infantry unit shown above, this would require 6.4 lcms and 3.2 hcms. If any of these things aren't present in the sector, the unit won't gain efficiency.

Repair of Land units

Ships can repair themselves in any sector, and can use work from their crew, or from a harbor they are in. Planes can only be repaired in airports, and only use work from the airport. Land units can be repaired in HQ's, or in fortresses, and use the work of the HQ or fort. This means that front-line units in forts will repair themselves each update, assuming that the necessary materials and work are available. They can also gain efficiency in other sector types, but at a much reduced efficiency (1/3rd normal gain)

Land unit statistics

Each land unit has certain vital statistics which show how it will operate. These are obtainable from the show command:

[##:##] show land statistics

                                       s  v  s  r  f  a  d  a  a        x
                                       p  i  p  a  r  c  a  m  a  f  f  p
                          att def vul  d  s  y  d  g  c  m  m  f  c  u  l
infantry                  1.0 1.5  60 23 15  2  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0

The infantry unit has an attack multiplier of 1.0, and defensive multiplier of 1.5. It has a vulnerability rating of 60, a speed of 23, a visibility of 15, spy value of 2, reaction radius maximum of 1, no firing range, no accuracy, no firing damage, uses no ammo, has no aa fire, doesn't carry of use fuel, and can't carry extra-light planes.
When attacking, a unit's value is expressed in 'mil-equivalents', i.e. 1 mil-eq is as strong as 1 mil. To find a unit's attack value, find the number of mil currently in it, and multiply by the attack multiplier and efficiency. In the case of our infantry unit the unit has an attack value of 96 (100*1.0*.96), and a defense value of 144 (100*1.5.96). Some units, like tanks, will have high attack multipliers, and medium defense multipliers. Some, like most infantry, will be better at defending than attacking. Some, like artillery units, will be bad at both.
As time goes on, and your tech increases, the stats of your land units will get better. This reflects the technological breakthroughs you have made in that you can now build better units of the same type.
The vulnerability of a unit determines how easy it is to hurt the unit by shelling it, bombing it, or when it encounters land mines. The lower the vulnerability, the better. Values range from 1-100.
Spd is the relative speed of the land unit. Land units move by marching (see info march), and use mob depending on their speed and the terrain they are moving through. For more info and formulas, see info march.
Vis is the visibility of the unit. This is a measure of how easy it is to see/detect the unit. Lower is harder to see, and the numbers can range from 1-100 or so. When a land unit tries to use the llook command to look for enemy land units/planes, its chances of success are affected by the target units' visibility (see info llook for more details).
Spy is the other side of the equation, i.e. how well can the unit find things? A unit with a low spy won't be very good at locating other units, and won't be able to report much when it encounters them in battle. A high-spy unit will be able to use the llook command with more chance of success, and will be able to more accurately report information about the units it runs into in battle. (See info attack for information about intelligence reports) Units with radar capacity also use their spy value to determine how far they can see. Spy values range from 0-127, with low numbers being most common.
Don't confuse this spy value with the "spy" capability of a unit. See "info Spies" for more information.
Rad is the maximum reaction radius for the unit. When built, the unit will have this as its reaction radius. If you change the reaction radius by using the lrangedit command, you will be able to select any value that is between 0 and the maximum.
Frg is the unit's firing range. The unit can fire as far as the frg, modified by the unit's tech. Accuracy is the unit's firing accuracy, and helps to determine how much damage it will do, along with the dam of the unit. When firing at sectors, damage is based solely on the damage. When firing in defense of a sector, or firing at ships, damage is based on both acc and dam. (See info fire for more information)
Ammo is the number of shells a land unit uses every time it fires or participates in combat. If the unit does not have enough shells when firing, damage will be reduced proportionately. If a unit does not have enough shells in combat, it will be out of supply, and have its combat strength cut in half. (See info supply and info attack for information on supply and how it affects combat.
Aaf is the unit's anti-aircraft fire value. The higher the value, the more damage the unit will do to planes flying overhead.
Fc/fu are the unit's fuel capacity and use. If the fc/fu are 0, the unit does not need fuel to gain mobility. If the fc/fu are non-zero, the unit will need fuel to gain mobility, and will use fu fuel whenever it fights. (See info fuel for information on fuel)
Xpl is the number of extra-light planes the unit can carry. Planes can operate from a land unit in the same fashion as if it were a carrier. Normally, extra-light planes are SAMs, so units can carry SAMs for air-defense. This particular unit can't carry any.

Land unit capabilities

There are many different capabilities that land units may have. They may be seen with the show command:

[##:##] show land capability

                          capabilities
infantry                  5f light assault

The command shows the cargos the unit can carry (5 food in this case), and its abilities. See info Unit-types for a complete description of the various capabilities.

Moving

Land units move with the march command, which is pretty identical to the navigate command. Marching units can run into land-mines, be interdicted, etc. See info march for more info. See info mission for information on interdiction.

Units & ships

Each type of ship is rated on the number of land units it can carry. Land units that are 'light' can be loaded onto ships using the normal load command (see info load). Units that also have the 'assault' ability (see info show and info Unit-types for explanations of abilities) can be used in assaulting sectors. (See info assault).

Supply

Units need supplies in order to attack. Each update, and each time they attack, units will attempt to draw supplies. See info supply. Really, I'm serious. If you don't read info supply, you'll die a horrible death. I'm not kidding.

Fortification

Land units are able to fortify themselves to better resist damage. Each point of mobility spent increases the fortification level by 1, up to a maximum equal to the maximum mobility of a land unit. A fully fortified unit takes one half the normal amount of damage. Fortification is lost when the unit moves or retreats. (Note that a reacting defending unit can have a fortification value. This is an abstraction) Read info fortify for more details.

Looking

Land units can use llook to look around. This command is analogous to the look command used by ships. When llooking, land units have a chance to spot other land units and also planes. Recon units tend to have better spy values, and so are better at this. (See info show and info Unit-types to find out more about recon units).

Radar

Some units can use the lradar command. This command works like the radar command. Radar range is determined by the unit's spy value. (See info show and info Unit-types to find out more about radar units).

Engineers

Some land units have the 'engineering' ability. These units can do several things. Engineers are the only units that can lay land-mines, and the only units that can sweep them when moving (like a minesweeper). Attacking engineers also halve the defender's mine bonus. Engineers can also use the work command, which allows them to raise sector efficiency. (See info work) They also tend to be quite expensive.

Attacking & defending

Info attack has a complete treatment of this, but I will summarize here. When you decide to attack a sector, you can use mil and units from adjacent sectors. The attack value of your forces is the combined attack values of all attacking land units, plus the number of mil coming in from adjacent sectors.
The defense value is equal to the mil in the defending sector, plus the defense values of any defending units in the sector, as well as any that react and move there.
Friendly ships/forts/artillery units/planes can contribute support. Support starts at 1.0. Each friendly ship/fort/artillery unit/ plane that can help adds its damage/100 to the support. For example, if you were attacking a sector, and a friendly battleship was close enough to fire there, it could support you. If it would normally do 23% damage when firing, it would add +.23 support, making your support number 1.23. The enemy also gets support from all his stuff.
When all support is totaled, the attacker strength is multiplied by the attacker's support to get the total attacker strength. The defender's total strength is determined similarly. Both sides have their strength modified by the terrain. (show sector stats will show the defensive value of a sector) He can also get support by having mine-fields in the sector (see info lmine and info attack for more information). Planes support only if assigned to a support mission. See info mission for information on support missions.
Combat is done fairly normally, with a series of rolls for attacker/ defender casualties, until one side is dead or retreats. Land units take damage after all mil on their side are dead, and each 'hit' on a land unit does 1 mil damage. (Therefore, a unit that takes 100 mil to build would take 1% damage when it suffers a casualty. A unit that takes 50 mil would take 2%, etc) When a land unit's level of damage taken in a battle reaches it's 'retreat level', it must begin taking morale checks. When it fails one, it will retreat. Retreating attacking units go back to the sector they came from. Defending units will attempt to retreat to an adjacent owned sector. If there are none, the unit will take extra damage and continue fighting.
If the attacker wins, he captures the sector, and his mil/units will move into the sector if he ordered that. If the defender wins a combat, his units in the sector stay there. His reacting defending units that did not fail a morale check return to their starting point. Defending units who started in the sector stay in the sector.
In both cases, retreated units end up in the sector they retreated to.

Units and retreating

Ships can use the retreat command to specify when and how they will run away from trouble. Land units use a similar command lretreat to do the same thing. See info lretreat for more details.
See also : Unit-types , show , supply , LandUnits