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Tissue culturing helps Propogating Rare U.S. Species

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As habitats around the world are being destroyed, many plant species havedisappeared from the earth forever, and many more face extinction. Fighting thisappalling trend is the mission of the Endangered Species Propagation Program(ESPP) at CREW.From the beginning, CREW’s Plant Conservation Division has been using tissueculture techniques to propagate endangered species. Although many rare plantscan be propagated easily by seed or by cuttings, these procedures are notadequate for all endangered taxa. Tissue culture (in which pieces of plant tissuesare grown into plants on a nutrient medium in a sterile container) can provide analternative method to overcome natural reproductive limitations. Some of the firstspecies propagated at CREW were rare species of Trillium, followed byHexastylis shuttleworthii (heart-leaf ) and Ulmus thomasii (Rock elm).The ESPP made a giant leap forward in 1995 when CREW and the Center forPlant Conservation (CPC) in St. Louis received a grant from the Institute ofMuseum Services to propagate seven species from the CPC’s NationalCollection of Endangered Plants. In collaboration with the CPC and its membergardens, tissues from these plants were obtained for culture in the CREW labs.In some cases cuttings were sent to CREW, and in other cases a few seedswere obtained. Whatever tissue was available was used to try to start shootcultures – shoots which, in culture, continued to reproduce more shoots, each ofwhich could then be rooted to form a new plant. In some cases, the tissuesproduced shoots and plants readily in culture, while in other cases each step wasa challenge. The wide variety of techniques for culturing plant tissues was drawnupon to find methods that were adaptable to the situation of each species.Once rooted plants were produced, they were moved from the culture tube tosoil, a process called acclimation. Acclimated plants were then sent back tocollaborators at botanical gardens around the country, for display, research, andpotential reintroduction. In addition, as a back-up, CREW’s Plant Division froze

tissues from each culture line and stored them in the Frozen Garden, in casethey should be needed again in the future.Endangered plants suchas the Aster Vialis arenurtured in test tubesin the CREW laboratory.Since those first seven species, the ESPP has grown with the help of twoadditional grants from the Institute of Museum and Library Services in 1997 and1999. There are now approximately 30 species under study at CREW, incollaboration with eight of the CPC's member gardens: Missouri BotanicalGarden, Holden Arboretum (OH), North Carolina Botanical Garden, Bok TowerGarden (FL), Mercer Arboretum and Botanic Gardens (TX),The Arboretum atFlagstaff (AZ); Desert Botanical Garden (AZ); Red Butte Gardens and Arboretum(UT).These include species such as the Roan mountain bluet (Hedyotis purpurea var.montana), from the mountains of North Carolina; Todsens’ pennyroyal (Hedeomatodsenii), from the mountains of New Mexico, and Four-petaled pawpaw(Asimina tetramera), Rugel’s pawpaw (Deeringothamnus rugelii), Avon Parkharebells (Crotalaria avonensis), Lakela’s mint (Dicerandr immaculata) and theFlorida lotebush (Ziziphus celata), all from the central Florida scrublands. Theseare all extremely rare. For example, there are only about 500 plants of Rugel’spawpaw known to remain, while there is only one known population of Lakela’smint.All of the species brought into the ESPP need special attention. Tissue culture isbeing used to overcome particular reproductive problems in these plants and toprovide plants for conservation efforts by collaborators across the country. Everyspecies studied provides a unique challenge to researchers, but the reward ofthese efforts is the preservation of the special value of each species for futuregenerations.Plants of Cumberlandsandwort, producedthrough tissue culture.Once the plantdeveloped rootsin culture, theAster Vialis wastransferred fromthe test tubeto soil.

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