ABOUT THE KINDS OF WOMEN RESORTED TO BY
THE CITIZENS, AND OF FRIENDS AND MESSENGERS
WHEN Kama is practised by men of the four castes according to the rules
of the Holy Writ (i.e. by lawful marriage) with virgins of their own
caste, it then becomes a means of acquiring lawful progeny and good fame,
and it is not also opposed to the customs of the world. On the contrary
the practice of Kama with women of the higher castes, and with those
previously enjoyed by others, even though they be of the same caste, is
prohibited. But the practice of Kama with women of the lower castes, with
women excommunicated from their own caste, with public women, and with
women twice married,1
is neither enjoined nor prohibited. The object of practising Kama with
such women is pleasure only.
Nayikas,2
therefore, are of three kinds, viz. maids, women twice married, and public
women. Gonikaputra has expressed an opinion that there is a fourth kind of
Nayika, viz. a woman who is resorted to on some special occasion even
though she be previously married to another. These special occasions are
when a man thinks thus:
This woman is self-willed, and has been previously enjoyed by many
others besides myself. I may, therefore, safely resort to her as to a
public woman though she belongs to a higher caste than mine, and, in so
doing, I shall not be violating the ordinances of Dharma.
Or thus:
This is a twice-married woman and has been enjoyed by others before
me; there is, therefore, no objection to my resorting to her.
Or thus:
This woman has gained the heart of her great and powerful husband,
and exercises a mastery over him, who is a friend of my enemy; if,
therefore, she becomes united with me she will cause her husband to
abandon my enemy.
Or thus:
This woman will turn the mind of her husband, who is very powerful,
in my favour, he being at present disaffected towards me, and intent on
doing me some harm.
Or thus:
By making this woman my friend I shall gain the object of some friend
of mine, or shall be able to effect the ruin of some enemy, or shall
accomplish some other difficult purpose.
Or thus:
By being united with this woman, I shall kill her husband, and so
obtain his vast riches which I covet.
Or thus:
The union of this woman with me is not attended with any danger, and
will bring me wealth, of which, on account of my poverty and inability
to support myself, I am very much in need. I shall therefore obtain her
vast riches in this way without any difficulty.
Or thus:
This woman loves me ardently, and knows all my weak points; if
therefore, I am unwilling to be united with her, she will make my faults
public, and thus tarnish my character and reputation. Or she will bring
some gross accusation against me, of which it may be hard to clear
myself, and I shall be ruined. Or perhaps she will detach from me her
husband who is powerful, and yet under her control, and will unite him
to my enemy, or will herself join the latter.
Or thus:
The husband of this woman has violated the chastity of my wives, I
shall therefore return that injury by seducing his wives.
Or thus:
By the help of this woman I shall kill an enemy of the king, who has
taken shelter with her, and whom I am ordered by the king to destroy.
Or thus:
The woman whom I love is under the control of this woman. I shall,
through the influence of the latter, be able to get at the former.
Or thus:
This woman will bring to me a maid, who possesses wealth and beauty,
but who is hard to get at, and under the control of another.
Or lastly thus:
My enemy is a friend of this woman's husband, I shall therefore cause
her to join him, and will thus create an enmity between her husband and
him.
For these and similar other reasons the wives of other men may be
resorted to, but it must be distinctly understood that is only allowed for
special reasons, and not for mere carnal desire.
Charayana thinks that under these circumstances there is also a fifth
kind of Nayika, viz. a woman who is kept by a minister, or who repairs to
him occasionally; or a widow who accomplishes the purpose of a man with
the person to whom she resorts.
Suvarnanabha adds that a woman who passes the life of an ascetic and in
the condition of a widow may be considered as a sixth kind of Nayika.
Ghotakamukha says that the daughter of a public woman, and a female
servant, who are still virgins, form a seventh kind of Nayika.
Gonardiya puts forth his doctrine that any woman born of good family,
after she has come of age, is an eighth kind of Nayika.
But these four latter kinds of Nayikas do not differ much from the
first four kinds of them, as there is no separate object in resorting to
them. Therefore, Vatsyayana is of opinion that there are only four kinds
of Nayikas, i.e. the maid, the twice-married woman, the public woman, and
the woman resorted to for a special purpose.
The following women are not to be enjoyed:
- A leper
- A lunatic
- A woman turned out of caste
- A woman who reveals secrets
- A woman who publicly expresses desire for sexual intercourse
- A woman who is extremely white
- A woman who is extremely black
- A bad-smelling woman
- A woman who is a near relation
- A woman who is a female friend
- A woman who leads the life of an ascetic
- And, lastly the wife of a relation, of a friend, of a learned
Brahman, and of the king
The followers of Babhravya say that any woman who has been enjoyed by
five men is a fit and proper person to be enjoyed. But Gonikaputra is of
opinion that even when this is the case, the wives of a relation, of a
learned Brahman and of a king should be excepted.
The following are of the kind of friends:
- One who has played with you in the dust, i.e. in childhood
- One who is bound by an obligation
- One who is of the same disposition and fond of the same things
- One who is a fellow student
- One who is acquainted with your secrets and faults, and whose faults
and secrets are also known to you
- One who is a child of your nurse
- One who is brought up with you one who is an hereditary friend
These friends should possess the following qualities:
- They should tell the truth
- They should not be changed by time
- They should be favourable to your designs
- They should be firm
- They should be free from covetousness
- They should not be capable of being gained over by others
- They should not reveal your secrets
Charayana says that citizens form friendship with washermen, barbers,
cowherds, florists, druggists, betel-leaf sellers, tavern keepers,
beggars, Pithamardas, Vitas and Vidushekas, as also with the wives of all
these people.
A messenger should possess the following qualities:
- Skilfulness
- Boldness
- Knowledge of the intention of men by their outward signs
- Absence of confusion, i.e. no shyness
- Knowledge of the exact meaning of what others do or say
- Good manners
- Knowledge of appropriate times and places for doing different things
- Ingenuity in business
- Quick comprehension
- Quick application of remedies, i.e. quick and ready resources
And this part ends with a verse:
`The man who is ingenious and wise, who is accompanied by a friend,
and who knows the intentions of others, as also the proper time and
place for doing everything, can gain over, very easily, even a woman who
is very hard to be obtained.'
Footnotes
- 1
- This term does not apply to a widow, but to a woman who has probably
left her husband, and is living with some other person as a married
woman, maritalement, as they say in France.
- 2
- Any woman fit to be enjoyed without sin. The object of the enjoyment
of women is twofold, viz. pleasure and progeny. Any woman who can be
enjoyed without sin for the purpose of accomplishing either the one or
the other of these two objects is a Nayika. The fourth kind of Nayika
which Vatsya admits further on is neither enjoyed for pleasure or for
progeny, but merely for accomplishing some special purpose in hand.
The word Nayika is retained as a technical term throughout.
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