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See a handout for a seminar
prepared from this web page on Concordancing with
Students
See also Sources of Texts and Corpora here:
http://www.vancestevens.com/textfind.htm
Text Analysis:
Concordance and Collocation
(Seen May 2, 2000 and updated 16 Feb 2004) A
comprehensive ICT4LT Module 2.4, Using concordance programs in the modern
foreign languages classroom; retrieved February 21, 2004
from: http://www.ict4lt.org/en/en_mod2-4.htm
Concordancers
Free Concordancer Programs
- Laurence Anthony's AntConc
3.2.0, A Freeware Concordance Program for Windows, Mac, and Linux,
available at http://www.antlab.sci.waseda.ac.jp/software.html.
Tools featured include: Concordance, Concordance Plot, File View, Clusters,
N-Grams (part of Clusters), Collocates, Word List, and Keyword List.
- "Conc Concordance
Generator" for Macintosh only,
http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/conc.html
(seen online Oct 4, 2006) - Freeware
- Burkhard Leuschner has a page
sporting KONTEXT Concodancer Suite, a DOS-program whose interface is
German but documentation is in English. The program is free (but not public
domain). Address:
http://www.burkhard-leuschner.de/software/sw.htm
(per author, 12/8/99) (seen online Oct 4,
2006)
- Oxford University Press let
MicroConcord go out of print in 1997. It's a DOS program and is
available for free from Mike Scott's web site at:
http://www.liv.ac.uk/~ms2928/software/index.htm
(seen online Oct 4, 2006)
- Simple Concordance Program
4.0.4, by Alan Reed. Available from:
http://www.textworld.com/scp/,
freeware (seen online Oct 4, 2006)
- TextSTAT - Simple Text
Analysis Tool Concordance software for Windows, GNU/Linux and MacOS X (free)
http://www.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de/textstat/software-en.html
- free and Open Source (coded in Python) (seen online
Oct 4, 2006)
- WConcord: downloadable
from Darmstadt University Available from:
http://www.ifs.tu-darmstadt.de/sprachlit/wconcord.htm,
freeware (opens a page in German, not obvious where to go
for software)
- Mike Scott's Wordsmith
Tools can be fetched from http://nora.hd.uib.no/wordsmith/
(seen online Oct 4, 2006)- Wordsmith Tools by OUP
- fully working copies from http://www.lexically.net/wordsmith/
(seen online Oct 4, 2006)
Commercial Concordance Programs
- Concordance can make
concordances, wordlists, and Web Concordances, and can display the most
frequent collocations of words. According to its developer, Rob Watt, Its
unique ability, however, is to turn a concordance into HTML ready for the web
with a single click An unregistered fully functional version with a time
limit is available from http://www.concordancesoftware.co.uk
(seen online Oct 4, 2006). Vance Stevens's review
of version 2.0 of this program (March 2001) is no longer available here
(Calico.org under construction in Oct 2004):
http://calico.org/CALICO_Review/review/concord.htm
(seen online March 1, 2005).
- Monoconc (Athelstan)
can be purchased at http://www.athel.com
(seen online Oct 4, 2006) My review can be found
at http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/others/calico/review/monoconc.htm
(404 not found February 21, 2004).
- A review of
MultiConcord, a parallel concordancer, can be found at
http://www.hull.ac.uk/cti/resources/reviews/multiconc.htm
(404 not found February 21, 2004)
- NVivo 7 by QSR
International. http://www.qsrinternational.com/index.htm
According to its web page, "QSR software is designed to help you make sense of
your information. Our qualitative data analysis products are different to
statistical or quantitative software, which analyze numerical data. QSR
software helps you to access, manage, shape and analyze detailed textual and/or
multimedia data by removing manual tasks like classifying, sorting and
arranging information. Youll have access to a range of tools to help you
clarify your understanding of data, discover meanings and patterns and arrive
at answers to questions. Its software that frees you to devote more time
to analysis and insight."
- TextQuest - Software for
text analysis from Social Science Consulting (Germany)
http://www.textquest.de/eindex.html
Web-based Concordancers
- Hong Kong Virtual Language
Centre have a web based concordancer at:
http://www.edict.com.hk/concordance/.
(seen online February 21, 2004)
- The Collins Cobuild
page is here: http://www.cobuild.collins.co.uk/
(seen online February 21, 2004) There is a link
in there for Concordance and Collocation Demonstrations, but these links were
not working on the date indicated. There is also a WordbanksOnline
subscription service whose link is not working either. There is a note on the
main page saying the site is undergoing changes, be patient.
- At
http://132.208.224.131/, also known as
http://www.lextutor.ca (seen online February 21, 2004), The Compleat
Lexical Tutor by Tom Cobb, Dép de linguistique et de didactique des
langues at l'Université du Québec à Montréal has an
interesting frequency-list based concordancer with attached dictionary
especially appropriate to language learners. Click on an alphabetical listing
to get a root word and its derivations, and click on a derivation to get a
concordance of that word. The work was done in conjunction with Chris Greaves
at Polytechnic University of HK, home of Chris Greave's Virtual Language Centre
(http://vlc.polyu.edu.hk/). Tom adds:
might also mention the Call of the Wild part of the site where an entire
novel is concordanceable on a click-only basis (CG's recent discovery and I
think a breakthrough in web technology not to mention human history!)
http://132.208.224.131/CallWild/
(seen online February 21, 2004) - Marti Sevier
(now at Simon Frazier University) has written some Webpages on using it, and
her informative review is in TESL-EJ:
http://www-writing.berkeley.edu/TESL-EJ/ej31/m2.html
(seen online July 22, 2005)
- Webcorp
http://www.webcorp.org.uk/ according
to a July 2007 posting on TESLCA-L "trawls the web like a search engine. It can
be slowish in returning results but what you can do with it really does
leverage the language learning potential of a concordancer." A response
indicated that "The principle is brilliant, but "slowish" doesn't come close to
describing Webcorp's performance. After five minutes of staring at a blank
screen and an hour-glass icon, I gave up." - I'm checking downloaded email
on a bus in Spain now but when I get a chance I'll try it over a fast
connection - Vance)
Corpora
- From a posting on TESLCA-L
April 21, 2005: There is a new, free resource that may be of interest to ESL
teachers, students, and materials developers: http://view.byu.edu "Variation in English Words
and Phrases" This is an interface to the 100 million word British National
Corpus, probably the most well-known corpus of English. With this interface,
you or your students can carry out the following types of searches, many of
which are not available via any other interface:
- Search for words and phrases
by exact word or phrase, wildcard or part of speech, or combinations of these
(e.g. *ly good/bad [n*]: really good time, extremely bad idea)
- Use anchors and targets for
fuzzy matches (e.g. all nouns somewhere near [paper], all adjectives near
[woman], or all nouns near [spin]).
- Unlike other interfaces, you
can find the frequency of words and phrases in any combination of registers
that you define (spoken, academic, poetry, medical, etc), e.g. the most common
nouns in natural sciences texts, adjectives in tabloid newspapers, or verbs in
medical texts.
- Unlike other interfaces, you
can easily compare between synonyms and other semantically-related words. One
simple search, for example, shows the most frequent nouns that appear with
[sheer], [complete], or [utter] (sheer nonsense, complete account, utter
dismay), but not with the others. Another simple search, for example, would
look for adjectives that occur with [woman] but not [man] or [child].
- Finally, you can input
information from WordNet (a semantically-organized lexicon of English) directly
into the search form. This allows you to find the frequency and distribution of
words with similar, more general, or more specific meanings (e.g. the frequency
of synonyms of [world], or the frequency of more specific words for [jump])
- Find more Sources of Texts
and Corpora here in this web project: http://www.vancestevens.com/textfind.htm
Examples of activities that can be done with concordancers
- Vance Stevens, "Concordancing
with Language Learners: Why? When? What?" CAELL Journal, vol 6 #2, Summer 1995
pp. 2-10 (http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~barlow/stevens.html)
(seen online February 21, 2004 but not found in April 2005,
checking)
- Tech Tip on concordancing
(Concordancing Activity: Connecting Clauses) put together by Maria
Dantas-Whitney, who uses a Mac-based concordancer with intermediate-level
students for grammar practice, at
http://osu.orst.edu/dept/eli/march1997.html (seen online February 21, 2004)
Websites
- Ball, Catherine N.,
1996, Tutorial Notes: Concordances and Corpora (Georgetown University).
http://www.georgetown.edu/cball/corpora/tutorial.html;
an excellent resource (seen online February 21,
2004)
- Michael Barlow's Corpus
Linguistics Page (seen online February 21,
2004)
- Horst Bogatz has "a
great number of links to research on collocations and a review of my bilingual
collocational dictionary ARCS (The Advanced Reader´s Collocation
Searcher). "The design of ARCS connects all pages that have at least one word
in common. Thus The Advanced Reader's Collocation Searcher imitates the mental
lexicon. It is really unique. Depending on whether the search starts from a
noun, verb, adjective, or adverb, the user looks up a headword (node) in either
the Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Synonym, or German section. A global search
can start from English and/ or German words. Also, sample pages have been
prepared. They may serve as examples of the 3,000 pages of ARCS." ARCS is
distributed by ELDA (the European Language Distribution Agency, which is funded
by the European Commission); more information at
http://www.oocities.org/Athens/Acropolis/7033/mainFrame2.htm
(seen online February 21, 2004). Recently have
been added "an almost comprehensive list of books and articles on collocations,
collocational dictionaries and data-driven learning."
- CTI Textual Studies
site in Oxford http://info.ox.ac.uk/ctitext/enquiry/tat01a.html
(seen online February 21, 2004)
- Knut Hofland's site
on "Texts, text centres, resources, and programs on the web" is at
http://nora.hd.uib.no/text.htm
(seen online February 21, 2004)
- Tim Johns Data Driven
Learning Page, http://web.bham.ac.uk/johnstf/timconc.htm
(seen online February 21, 2004); EAP page for
examples of topics investigated in 1-2-1 sessions
http://web.bham.ac.uk/johnstf/timeap3.htm
(seen online February 21, 2004). However, as of
late April 2004 U. of Birmingham's web service is telling us "You are not
allowed access to this web object." Concerned colleagues searched The Internet
Wayback Machine at http://www.archive.org
and found
http://web.archive.org/web/20030601072358re_/web.bham.ac.uk/johnstf/
.
- David Lee's Bookmarks
for Corpus-based Linguists is at http://devoted.to/corpora/ (Retrieved March 31, 2004)
- Ruth Vilmi has posted
work on concordancing and searching for language structures etc. to her
Language Search page at:
http://www.hut.fi/~rvilmi/LangHelp/concordance.html
- For examples of how words or
phrases are used in context, try searching the British National Corpus:
http://sara.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/lookup.html.
Alternatively (same thing) A 'Simple Search of BNC - World:
http://thetis.bl.uk/lookup.html (both seen online
February 21, 2004)
- http://www.manythings.org/voa/sentences.htm
gives complete sentences containing the word you search for. All sentences are
from the Voice of America's (VOA) special English broadcasts.
(seen online February 21, 2004)
- UGRU of UAE
University (Al Ain) Concordance Learning materials for students has concordance
based Materials: http://www.ugru.uaeu.ac.ae/concordance/.
Works with limited vocabulary (seen online June 5,
2006)
Bibliography
Coxhead, A. (2000). A new academic word list, TESOL Quarterly,
34(2): 213-238. Coxhead's Webpage gives sublists of the AWL for frequent words
in academic texts and tips on how to best learn words in the list:
http://www.vuw.ac.nz/lals/research/awl/
Tim Johns, "Contexts: the Background, Development and Trialling
of a Concordance-based CALL Program." In A. Wichmann, S. Fligelstone, T.
McEnery, and G. Knowles (eds.) _Teaching and Language Corpora_. London:
Longman, 1997. 100-115.
According to a posting on calico-l@calico.org on Nov 2, 1998,
corpus-based teaching practices are covered in:
- Granger, S. (Ed.) (1998)
LEARNER ENGLISH ON COMPUTER, Studies in Language and Linguistics. Longman. UK.
- Wichmann, A., S.
Fligelstone, T. McEnery & G. Knowles (Eds.) (1997) TEACHING AND LANGUAGE
CORPORA, Applied Linguistics and Language Study Series, General Editor: C. N.
Candlin, Longman. UK.
Many of the items below were found in December 1999 in Tim
Johns's bibliography relating particularly to concordancing, text analysis,
and data driven learning at: http://web.bham.ac.uk/johnstf/biblio.htm
(check the original source, others have been added!). At that time I put the
hyperlinked items here for my own reference, and have added others.
Ball, Catherine N., 1995, Hwæt! A Corpus-based Hypermedia
Resource for Old English Lexical Acquisition is at
http://www.georgetown.edu/cball/preprints/hwaet_paper.html
(seen online February 21, 2004)
Hadley, Gregory, forthcoming, 'Sensing the Winds of Change: An
Introduction to Data-driven Learning'. To appear in Insights 2.
http://web.bham.ac.uk/johnstf/winds.htm
(seen online February 21, 2004)
Johns, Tim, 1996, 'If our descriptions of language are to be
accurate ... A footnote to Kettemann' TELL&CALL 1996/4 pp. 44-6.
http://web.bham.ac.uk/johnstf/ifbeto.htm
(seen online February 21, 2004)
Johns, Tim, 1997, 'Kibbitzing One-to-Ones'. (Web version of
notes for presentation at BALEAP meeting on Academic Writing, University of
Reading, 29th November 1997).
http://web.bham.ac.uk/johnstf/pimnotes.htm
(seen online February 21, 2004)
Kettemann, Bernhard, 1994, 'Concordancing in Stylistics
Teaching', Festschrift zum 30-jährigen Bestehen des Instituts für
Anglistik der Universität Salzburg, Salzburg, in print.
http://gewi.kfunigraz.ac.at/~ketteman/concosty.html
(NOT FOUND February 21, 2004)
Kettemann, Bernhard, 1995, 'On the Use of Concordancing in ELT'
TELL&CALL 1995/4, pp. 4-15.
http://gewi.kfunigraz.ac.at/~ketteman/conco.html (NOT FOUND February 21, 2004)
Stevens, Vance. "Concordancing with Language Learners: Why?
When? What?" CAELL Journal, vol 6 #2, Summer 1995 pp. 2-10 (http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~barlow/stevens.html)
(seen online February 21, 2004 but not found in April 2005,
checking)
Tribble, Chris, 1997, 'Improvising Corpora for ELT: Quick and
Dirty Ways of Developing Corpora for Language Teaching' in B.
Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk and J. Melia (eds) Proceedings of the First
International conference on Practical Applications in Language Corpora
(forthcoming). http://web.bham.ac.uk/johnstf/palc.htm
(seen online February 21, 2004)
Bibliography on Parallel Concordancing
John Nerbonne, 08 May 1999, compiled a bibliography
addressing the value of parallel texts in foreign language learning and sent it
to calico-l with the following comments (permission to quote granted August 10,
2000):
"Most of the papers are very interesting experiments on PROVIDING
parallel texts to users without evaluation of success. If you're going to read
one paper on this, it should be Barlow's.
Maybe the most intelligent basic discussion was Palmer (1917), though
it concerned the use of translation in second language learning, not parallel
texts per se. He touched on many important issues (mixed in with comments that
sound strange to the modern ear, e.g., speculations on which peoples learn
languages best!)."
With specific mention of parallel texts:
Barlow, M. (1996). Parallel Texts in Language Teaching. In Botley et
al. (eds.) Proceedings of Teaching and Language Corpora 1996. 45-56.
Botley, S., Glass, J., McEnery, T., Wilson, A. (eds.) (1996)
Proceedings of Teaching and Language Corpora 1996. Technical Paper 9,
University Centre for Computer Corpus Research on Language, Lancaster
Paskaleva, E., Mihov, S. (1998). Second Language Acquisition from
Aligned Corpora. In Jager, J., Nerbonne, J., van Essen, A. (eds), Language
Teaching and Language Technology, Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, 43-52.
Peters, C., Picchi, E., Biagini, L. (1996) Parallel and Comparable
Bilingual Corpora in Language Teaching and Learning. In In Botley et al. (eds.)
Proceedings of Teaching and Language orpora 1996. 68-82.
"COMMENT: only Barlow and Peters et al. attempt arguments in favor
of the use of parallel texts. Paskaleva and Mihov provide a tool for alignment,
citing second language learning as a primary motivation."
Others mentioned
Bailin, A. (1995). Intelligent Computer-Assisted Language Learning: A
Bibliography. Computers and the Humanities 29 (5), 375-387.
Bauer, D., Segond, F., Zaenen, A. (1995). LOCOLEX: Translation Rolls
off your Tongue. In Proc. of the Conference of the ACH-ALLC '95, Santa Barbara,
USA.
Van Els, T., Extra, G., van Os, Ch., Bongaerts, Th. (1977). Handboek
voor de Toegepaste Taalkunde, Wolters-Noordhof, Groningen. Translated as
Applied Linguistics and the Learning and Teaching of Foreign Languages (1984),
Edward Arnold, London.
Johns, T. (1991). Should you be Persuaded-Two Samples of Data-Driven
Learning Materials. In Johns, T., King, P. (eds.) Classroom Concordancing.
1-16. Johns, T. (1993) Data-Driven Learning: An Update. TELL & CALL, 3.
Krashen, S. (1982). The Fundamental Pedagogical Principle in
Second-Language Teaching. Studia Linguistica 35 (1-2).
Levy, M. (1997). Computer-Assisted Language Learning: Context and
Conceptualization. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Nerbonne, J. and Dokter, D. (1999). An Intelligent, Word-Based
Language Learning Assistant. Traitement Automatique des Languages 40(1),
1-18.
Nerbonne, J., Dokter, D., Smit, P. (1998). Morphological Processing
and Computer-Assisted Language Learning. Computer-Assisted Language Learning,
11(5), 421-437.
Palmer, H. (1968, 1ed. 1917). The Scientific Study and Teaching of
Languages. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Walker, S., Edwards, V., Blacksell, R. (1996). Designing Bilingual
Books for Children. Visible Language 30(3), 268-283.
Wichmann, A., Fligelstone, S., McEnery, T., Knowles, G. (1997).
Teaching and Language Corpora. Addison-Wesley, New York.
Widdowson, H. (1990). Aspects of Language Teaching. Oxford University
Press, Oxford.
Also:
King, Philip and David Woolls, 1996, 'Creating and Using a
multilingual parallel concordancer', Translation and Meaning Part 4, 1996, pp.
459-466. http://web.bham.ac.uk/johnstf/paracon.htm
(seen online February 21, 2004)
June Thompson provides this description of Multiconcord, taken
from the CTICML online database. For full details, go to
http://www.hull.ac.uk/cti/searchdb.htm
(NOT FOUND February 21, 2004)
Multiconcord is a Multilingual Parallel Concordancer. Working with source
texts and their translations, it
allows the searching for words or phrases in any one of the languages and will
display the sentence(s) in which the search pattern occurs, together with the
sentence(s) which translate it. All languages can be either Source or Target
and switching between them is extremely simple. To minimise data preparation
the alignment is done during searching and results are usually at least 90%
accurate. A companion program is supplied to assist with the mark up. The
results can be sorted, filtered and categorised by the user. The results can
also be used to generate one of six types of language tests in either the
source or target language, which can be attempted on screen or saved as a
file. (quoted with permission April 11, 2000)
There is a textbook with a concordance-based approach: Focus on
vocabulary: Mastering the academic word list by Diane Schmitt and
Norbert Schmitt. 2005. Longman Pearson.
ReCALL 19 (3) is a special issue on the use of Corpora in Language
Learning, now in press, scheduled to be distributed in September 2007.
Contents:
- Editorial by Angela Chambers
- Integrating learner corpora and natural language processing: a
crucial step towards reconciling technological sophistication and pedagogical
effectiveness by Sylviane Granger, Olivier Kraif, Claude Ponton, Georges
Antoniadis and Virgine Zampa
- Enhancing a process-oriented approach to literacy and language
learning: The role of corpus consultation literacy by Íde O'Sullivan
- Concgramming: A computer-driven approach to learning the
phraseology of English by Chris Greaves and Martin Warren
- Integrating corpus work into secondary education: from data-driven
learning to needs-driven corpora by Sabine Braun
- Using a multimodal concordancing tool for materials development by
Katherine Ackerley and Francesca Coccetta
- Learning English grammar with a corpus: experimenting with
concordancing in a university grammar course by Maria Estling Vannestål
and Hans Lindquist
- Book Reviews
- From Corpus to Classroom. Language use and language teaching
Anne O'Keeffe, Michael McCarthy and Ronald Carter Review by Fanny Meunier
- Corpora in the Foreign Language Classroom Encarnación
Hidalgo, Luis Quereda and Juan Santana (eds.) Review by John Osborne
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