Modern Indic Languages
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Modern Iranian Languages
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. UKIndia: Bengali Writing Lessons
. Bengali-scripts
. Introduction to Spoken Bengali -- The Digital South Asia Library New Address.
. Bengali 2nd Year Reader -- The Digital South Asia Library New Address.
. UKIndia: Gujarati Writing Lessons
. Gujarati Language and Literature at UPenn. New.
. Hindi-Urdu FAQ
. Hindi, Urdu, Hindustani, khaRi boli
Hindi
Alphabet or Syllabary = DEVANAGARI
. UKIndia: Hindi Writing Lessons
. Open Learning Hindi
. UPenn Page for Hindi Alphabet
. Devanagari (Hindi) Fonts: Complete Guide
. L'hindi et l'ourdou (l'hindoustani) (French)
Lessons and Grammar
. Hindi Program at Penn U. Pennsylvania
. Hindi Grammar in Transliteration
Dictionaries
. Hindi Electronic Dictionary
Other Sub-dialects
. Sarnami Hindoestani New.
Nederlands - Sarnami Woordenboek
UKIndia: Urdu Writing Lessons
The Indo-European Database: Persian and Urdu Scripts
The Indo-European Database: urdu1
Dictionaries
. English-Urdu Dictionary/index
. English-Urdu Dictionary/index Alternative Address.
. http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~navin/india/urdu.dictionary in transliteration
. (urdu.dic) in transliteration. New Address.
. http://eserver.org/langs/urdu-dictionary.txt in transliteration
. Urdu Dictionary by Usman Qazi New.
. UrduWord.com > Home Page New.
Grammar, Lessons, asf.
. THDL: Nepali Language New.
Dictionaries, Vocabularies, Gloassaries, Lexicons, and Terminologies
. A Practical dictionary of modern Nepali. DSAL , U. Chicago New.
. Oriya Characters -- The Digital South Asia Library
. Oriya Characters -- Alternative page -- The Digital South Asia Library
Alphabet / Abjad
The Indo-European Database: Persian and Urdu Scripts
Grammar
Dictionaries
. Online English - Persian Dictionary
. Persian Thesaurus - کتاب فرهنگ طیفی تزاروس New.
Internet Guidance
. Roma Links New.
General Information
. Romani language - Wikipedia New.
. Romany writing systems - Wikipedia New.
. Romany alphabet - Wikipedia New.
Grammars, Dictionaries, asf.
. tsigane
. The Patrin Web Journal - The Language of the Roma (Gypsies)
Firstly, although the languages of India include languages from at least four major language families, the Indic languages found here, on this page, form part of the Indic (or Indo-Aryan) sub-family of the Indo-European language family. That's because this is a linguistically oriented web site, not a political one.
The other major language families represented in India are the Dravidian, the Austro-Asiatic, and the Sino-Tibetan.
Secondly, there are dozens (yes, dozens) of Indic languages (again, Indo-European languages of the Indo-Aryan branch) spoken natively in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and even in Europe. The Gleaner's Language Links Project, however, lists only those languages for which instructional information is available on the internet, and this leads to the fact that the Indic languages included here are only some of the most well known Indic languages.
It is important to note explicitly, that, as defined here, the designation "Iranian" has almost nothing to do with the country of "Iran".
This webpage does not present a list of the languages of Iran
(though some of the "Iranian" languages are obviously from Iran), but rather
a list of the
Roughly speaking, this includes those Indo-European languages that are most closely related to the Persian language, which is one of the most important languages in world history, and which is also the official language of Iran -- hence the designation "Iranian" for all of these languages, even though most such "Iranian" languages are not native to Iran.
In this context, then, the term, "Iranian", has only a linguistic meaning, and makes no statement about the political or cultural status of any language, or any people, in any country.
There are other language families, besides the Indo-European, represented in Iran:
most notably the
For more details, see the following general overview of "Iranian" languages, from a specialist in Iranian languages:
Iranian Language Family