Grammar

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Index

Nouns and Pronouns

Nouns
A noun is a word that names a person, place, or thing (including a quality or idea). Nouns fill the headword slot in the noun phrase. Most nouns can be inflected for plural and possessive (boy, boys, boy's, boys'). Nouns have characteristic derivational endings, such as -tion (compensation), -ment (contentment), and -ness (happiness). Nouns can also function as adjectivals and adverbials (The neighbor children went home.)
Person: woman, Sandra, pet, Sylvia Plath
Place: kitchen, city, park, Colorado
Thing: tree, ship, cereal, U.S.S. Iowa
Quality or idea: love, height, democracy, motion

Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla (.au 1.9M)
courtesy of Schoolhouse Rock

Pronouns
A pronoun takes the place of (stands for) a noun (pro- means "for" or "instead of"). The noun that a pronoun stands for is called the antecedent of that pronoun.

Indefinite Pronouns
These are quantifiers, universals, and partitives.
Personal Pronouns
These refer to a specific person or thing.
Possessive Pronouns
These refer to a specific person or thing in a possessive sense.
Reflexive Pronouns
A pronoun formed by adding -self or -selves to a form of the personal pronoun, used as an object in the sentence to refer to a previously named noun or pronoun.
Relative Pronouns
These are pronouns that introduce a relative clause.

Personal Pronouns
		Subject Case	Object Case
First-Person
singular		I	me
plural		we	us
Second-Person
singular		you
plural
Third-Person
singular	masculine	he	him
	feminine	she	her
	neuter	it
plural		they	them

What is it?	A personal pronoun is used to refer to a nearby noun or noun phrase antecedent or to stand for a person, place, or thing that has been identified in the nonverbal context.
Rules:	The first- and second-person personal pronouns (I, we, and you) are used to refer to the speaker and other participants in a conversation. The third-person personal pronouns (he, she, it, and they) refer to other persons and things. Subject case is used in formal usage and when the pronoun follows be or certain other verbs that take subject compliments. It is also used after a linking verb. Object case is used when the pronoun serves in any object function (i.e., object of a preposition). (Also known as the accusative case.)
Tests:	Try the pronouns one at a time, alone. For example, when deciding between For Carla and I and For Carla and me, omit Carla and. Usually you will be able to tell at once that For me is correct and For I is not. Substitute other pronouns for the entire phase. For example, when deciding between Just between you and I and Just between you and me, substitute we and us for you and I or you and me. You may have a clearer intuition that Just between us (the equivalent of you and me) is correct, but Just between we (the equivalent of you and I) is not.

Reflexive Pronouns
First-Person
singular		myself
plural		ourselves
Second-Person
singular		yourself
plural		yourselves
Third-Person
singular	masculine	himself
	feminine	herself
	neuter	itself
plural		themselves

What is it?	When a sentence contains two references to the same noun or noun phrase, one in the subject and one in the predicate, the second becomes a reflexive pronoun (one ending in –self or –selves).
Rules:	Do not use a reflexive pronoun unless its antecedent appears within the same sentence.

Indefinite Pronouns
one oneself	some someone somebody something	any anyone anybody anything	none no one nobody nothing	everyone everybody everything	another any other no other others
many, more, most, enough, few, less, much, either, neither, several, all, both, each

What is it?

Indefinite pronouns include pronouns made with one, some, any, no, every, and other, as well as a miscellaneous group of others. They usually have no specific referent and therefore no antecedent.

Rules:

They can be used either as pronouns or as nouns.

When they occur alone, without modifiers, they lack specific reference and are interpreted as being indefinite pronouns.

When they follow articles, they name definite things and are thought to be nouns.

Possessive Pronouns
		Determiner Function	Nominal Function
First-Person
singular		my	mine
plural		our	ours
Second-Person
singular		your	yours
plural
Third-Person
singular	masculine	his
	feminine	her	hers
	neuter	its
plural		their	theirs

Relative Pronouns

who (whom, whose), which, that

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