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Additionally, inconsistent definitions and operationalizations (e. steroid rash Steroid rash. g. , discriminating dominance from aggression), the bi-directional effects of T and dominance/aggression, and the lack of longitudinal studies of the T/aggression link in large representative samples, are a few of the factors that complicate the examination of this relationship. AAS and aggression in humansEven a cursory search of the psychological and psychiatric literature finds it replete with empirical reports and case studies suggesting that AAS users score more highly than the norm on personality scales measuring hostility. steroid rash Can woman take steroids. Regardless of this seeming consensus, it has recently been acknowledged that, although AAS use and aggression are correlated, the full extent and nature of the relationship remains unexplained and a clear inference of causality cannot be drawn (Beel, Maycock, & McLean, 1998). For instance, Riem and Hursey (1995) presaged Dabbs' (1996) sentiments regarding T and aggression, but in relation to AAS use, commenting that "In sum, not all AAS users exhibit aggressive behavior, even though all experience increases in sex steroids (p. 250). steroid rash Steroid prices. " Although AAS use is reportedly widespread (see Brower, 1992), relatively few AAS users exhibit overtly aggressive behavior (rage). Factors that might underlie this variability will be discussed later in this series. The literature on endogenous T and aggression/hostility provides little assistance in clarifying the potential AAS/aggression relationship in humans for a number of reasons. First, in contrast to endogenous T, AAS use is a behavioral choice. Hence, it is not randomly distributed within the population and AAS users are likely to differ from nonusers. Secondly, AAS ingestion and injection are not simply physical or chemical events, but also behavioral events, part of a sub-culture and a ritual. The literature on AAS use and aggression encompasses a range of research methods. As with most drug use literature, it is heavily laden with descriptive statistics. For example, lifetime prevalence of AAS use has been reported as 9. 1% for males in Great Britain (Korkia & Stimson, 1997). Between 4% and 11% of males in the U. S. have tried AAS (Brower, 1992). And 6. 3% of high school football players in Indiana are current or former AAS users (Stilger & Yesalis, (1999). [For a full review of the epidemiology of AAS use see Yesalis, Kennedy, Kopstein, & Bahrke (1993). ] An abundance of anecdotal "personal stories" appear in the popular bodybuilding press (e. g. , Lefavi, 1998) and case studies are also frequent in the scientific literature (e. g. , Corrigan, 1996; Pope & Katz, 1990; Schulte, Hall, & Boyer, 1993; Wilson-Fearon & Parrott, 1999). These data represent naturalistic evidence of this relationship. Evidence from such reports, while rich in individual detail, contributes little to an understanding of the relationship between AAS use and aggression in the larger population.
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