TYPE I & II ACTIVITIES

How Does Nicotine Act in the Brain? Your brain is made up of billions of nerve cells. They communicate by releasing chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. Each neurotransmitter is like a key that fits into a special "lock," called a receptor, located on the surface of nerve cells. When a neurotransmitter finds its receptor, it activates the receptor's nerve cell. The nicotine molecule is shaped like a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. Acetylcholine and its receptors are involved in many functions, including muscle movement, breathing, heart rate, learning, and memory. They also cause the release of other neurotransmitters and hormones that affect your mood, appetite, memory, and more. When nicotine gets into the brain, it attaches to acetylcholine receptors and mimics the actions of acetylcholine. Nicotine also activates areas of the brain that are involved in producing feelings of pleasure and reward. Recently, scientists discovered that nicotine raises the levels of a neurotransmitter called dopamine in the parts of the brain that produce feelings of pleasure and reward. Dopamine, which is sometimes called the pleasure molecule, is the same neurotransmitter that is involved in addictions to other drugs such as cocaine and heroin. Researchers now believe that this change in dopamine may play a key role in all addictions. This may help explain why it is so hard for people to stop smoking. Did you know that nicotine is as addictive as heroin or cocaine? If someone uses nicotine again and again, such as by smoking cigarettes or cigars or chewing tobacco, his or her body develops a tolerance for it. Eventually, a person can become addicted. Once a person becomes addicted, it is extremely difficult to quit. People who start smoking before the age of 21 have the hardest time quitting, and fewer than 1 in 10 people who try to quit smoking succeed. When nicotine addicts stop smoking they may suffer from restlessness, hunger, depression, headaches, and other uncomfortable feelings. These are called "withdrawal symptoms" because they happen when nicotine is withdrawn from the body.

How Does Nicotine Act in the Brain? a) Predictive Skills Before reading the text read these questions and answer. 1 Is nicotine addictive? 2 Can someone addicted to nicotine quit smoking? 3 What kind of substances have addictive effects in human brain except nicotine? 4 Do you know what kind of effects does a nicotine addict experience when s/he tries to quit smoking? 5 Do you now what substances contain nicotine? b) Extracting specific information Read the questions and then read the text to find only the answers of these questions. 1 How do nerve cells communicate? 2 What is a neurotransmitter? 3 What is acetylcholine? 4 What functions do acetylcholine and its receptors have in the brain? 5 What is the name of the transmitter whose levels are raised by nicotine? 6 What feelings does dopamine give? 7 What are withdrawal symptoms? Esra Altunkol

1- HOW DOES NICOTINE ACT IN THE BRAIN The following two activities are prepared according to Predictive skills and Extracting specific information. Activity I Before the reading. Answer these questions. 1- Do you know how people become addicted to nicotine? 2- What kinds of substances cause addicion in human body? 3- When addicted people quit the smoking, what kind of feelings do they have? 4- Do you think that it is so hard for people to stop smoking? Activity II Read these questions, then read the passage to find out whether your answer is correct or not. 1- Is the brain made up of billions of nerve cells? 2- What kind of functions may involve Acetylcholine and its receptors? 3- If nicotine addicts stop smoking do you think what kind of disorders may they suffer from? 4- Does dopamine in the parts of the brain produce feelings of pressure  and reward? 5- What do you think the most important substance create addiction? Did you know that nicotine is as addictive as heroin or cocaine? Neslihan Avan

PREDICTIVE SKILLS Answer these questions before reading the text Do you know what is nicotine? How does smoking affect our body? What are the danders of smoking? Is it possible to quit smoking? Do you know a person who gave up smoking? EXTRACTING SPECIFIC INFORMATION What is acetylcholine?scan the text and find it What is neurotransmitter? What is dopamine and its function? What is the hardest age quitting the smoking? How many people succeeded to give up smoking? What are the withdrawl symptoms? Selma Aşiroglu

"The following two activities are prepared according to Predictive skills and Extracting specific information." Activity I Before the reading. Answer these questions. 1- Do you know how people become addicted to nicotine? 2- What kinds of substances cause addicion in human body? 3- When addicted people quit the smoking, what kind of feelings do they have? 4- Do you think why it is so hard for people to stop smoking? Activity II Read these questions, then read the passage to find out whether your answer is correct or not. 1- Is the brain made up of billions of nerve cells? 2- What kind of functions may involve Acetylcholine and its receptors? 3- If nicotine addicts stop smoking do you think what kind of disorders may they suffer from? 4- Does dopamine in the parts of the brain produce feelings of pressure  and reward? 5- What do you think the most important substance create addiction? 6- Did you know that nicotine is as addictive as heroin or cocaine? Neslihan Avan

C- Getting the General Picture    1.How does nicotine act in the brain according to the first paragraph?    2.Why do you think people become addicted to smoking according to the second paragraph?    3.Why do you think it is hard for people to stop smoking according to the third paragraph? D- Inferring Opinion and Attitude _ What is the attitude of the writer toward smoking ? (If there is ) _ Is there any clue about the thought that smoking is a bad habit that people suffer from and that people should immediately quit it up ? _ Is there any clue that the writer is exteremely opposed to smoking or not ? Rabia Degnekçi

e) Deducing Meaning From Context * Choose the alternatives that best explains the following vocabulary from the text : - "located on" means ______ . - " attaches to " means ______ . - " become addicted " means ______ . - " suffer from " means _______ . f) Recognising Function And Discourse Patterns And Markers - What does "they" refer to line 5? - What does "they" refer to line 17? - What does "it" refer to line 7? - Underline the subordinators that are used in the text. HALUK MENEMENCIO?LU

C-GETTING THE GENERAL PICTURE Now, read the text and answer these questions.   1.What are the effects of the acetylcholine on the brain   2.Which parts of the brain are activated by the nicotine ?   3.What do you think about the people who cannot stop smoking easily ?   4.What do you think about the effects of smoking to the human body  and brain ?   5.Which neurotransmitter produce feelings of pleasure ? D-INFERRING OPINION AND ATTITUDE -Read the text and answer the questions   1.According to the writer, can a addictive person quit smoking ?   2.As the writer says, after stop smoking , one has withdrawal symptoms.      Do you believe in the writer ? Have you faced with this kind of person  ?   3.Do you agree that the nicotine addicts people like cocaine and heroin ?   4.Can you infer the author's attitude towards the smoking ? Is it in      negative way or positive way ? Aslihan Küpeli

C-Circle the correct answer!           1- PARAGRAPH 1 : a-)Human brain consists of billions of nerve cells.                                              b-)There are a few nerve cells in human brain.              PARAGRAPH 2 :  a-)Dopamine causes restlessness and headache.                                              b-)Dopamine produces feelings of pleasure and reward.              PARAGRAPH 3 :  a-)The hardest time for quitting smoking is the age of 21.                                              b-)The hardest time for quitting smoking is the age of 20.                D-Answer these questions!           1- Do you think that the writer has knowledge about health?           2- Does the writer use much more jargon?           3- What are the roles of statistics that are used in the article?           4- Is the writer persuasive?           5- Who might be the implied reader? Buket Kapan

C- Find the right answer!            - Which one is not the function of Acetylcholine and its receptors?            a- muscle movement            b- breathing            c- heart rate            d- headache            e- memory           - Which is one of the result of Dopamine?            a- produces feelings of pleasure and reward            b- prevents addictions            c- helps people to stop smoking            d- decrease the rate of nicotine            e- increases the cells in the brain           - What may not be the result of giving up nicotine?            a- restlessness            b- hunger            c- depression            d- living till the age of 70s            e- headache         D- Answer these questions!            a- Do you think that the writer has knowledge about health?            b- Does the writer use much more jargon or simple language? Buket Kapan