CHAPTER I
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF
THESIS
Introduction
Submission
of Thesis
Technical
Specifications
Typeface and Font Size
Margins
Spacing
Pagination
Paper
Binding
CHAPTER II
FORMAT
OF THESIS
Title
Page
Table
of Contents
Approval
Sheet
Preface/Acknowledgements
List
of Tables
List
of Figures
List
of Plates
List
of Abbreviations
Abstract
Text of Thesis
Body of Thesis
Note on Last Paragraphs
Tables
Illustrations
Footnotes
Citations in the Text
References or Bibliography
Appendices
Biographical Sketch/Vita
CHAPTER III
WRITING CONVENTIONS
Units
of Measure
Numbers
Elliptical
Mark
Use
of Brackets [ ]
Use
of Symbol for Percentage
Policy
on Direct Quotation
CHAPTER IV
USE
OF EDITORIAL SERVICE
APPENDICES
Appendix
A: Spine and Cover of the Thesis
Appendix
B: Title Page
Appendix
C: Suggested Table of Contents
Appendix
D: Layout of a Chapter
Appendix
E-1: Format of Abstract (English Version)
Appendix
E-2: Format of Abstract (Bahasa Malaysia Version)
Appendix
F: Sample of Table
Appendix
G: Sample of Plate/Figure
Appendix
H: Samples of Commonly Used Bibliographies Styles
The preparation of a thesis or dissertation is a complex and tedious process. It involves numerous steps beginning with the submission of a research proposal and ending with the binding of the thesis. With proper planning and the aid of modern typing and printing technologies, the preparation of a thesis can be a very satisfying and rewarding exercise.
This guide is meant to help graduate students of Universiti Putra Malaysia in the preparation of their theses. Since the preparation of the last guide, typing and printing technologies have acquired new dimensions, all to the benefit of the graduate student. The guide covers, inter alia, the technical specifications, type of paper, format, and method of bibliographic citation.
The format of this guide has also acquired a new look in order to resemble as closely as possible the format of a thesis, in terms of content layout, except for line spacing. To conserve space, the guide uses single spacing, whereas a thesis is typed in double spacing.
As indicated by the title, this document is meant to be a guide and it is up to the students to adapt it to the demands of their respective disciplines. It is hoped that with the availability of this guide, a certain measure of uniformity, which publishers refer to as "house styles", can be achieved in all UPM theses.
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GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
OF THESIS
Introduction
This guide is to help graduate students of Universiti Putra Malaysia in the preparation of their theses. It deals only with the format of the thesis and some writing conventions. The Graduate School Office (GSO) welcomes queries from graduate students on matters of specifications of thesis format. The earlier this is done, the better it is for all concerned.
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As prescribed in the Acts and Regulations of the Higher Degree Program of the University, candidates intending to submit their theses should comply with the following procedure:
- A candidate shall give at least three months notice in prescribed Form GS-11 obtainable from the GSO of his intention to submit his thesis for examination.
- On completing the approved program of study and research, a master's candidate shall submit to the Dean of Graduate School six copies of his thesis for examination, while a doctoral candidate shall submit seven copies (bound with soft cover).
(It is advisable to submit to the GSO a draft copy of the thesis before submitting the six/seven examination copies. This is to ensure that the proper format is followed before the thesis is sent for examination)- A candidate shall, within 60 days after successful defense of his/her thesis, submit to the Dean of Graduate School two bound copies of the approved thesis together with the unbound typescript.
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Typing should be done on a word processor, with printing done on a letter quality printer. Candidates for higher degrees are urged to consult the GSO on matters of thesis format before starting to type their draft. This will avoid costly errors and delays.
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The entire text of the thesis, including headings and page numbers, must be produced with the same font or typeface. The font size should be 10 to 12 points and should not be scripted or italicized except for scientific names and terms in a different language. Bold print may be used for headings. Footnotes and text in tables should not be less than 8 points.
Some fonts appropriate for thesis is:
Arial
Book Antiqua
Bookman
Helvetica
Helvetica-Narrow
Palatino
Times
Times New Roman
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For the first page of any new chapter, the left, top and bottom margins should be at least 40 mm. For the rest of the pages, the left margin should be at least 40 mm and the top and bottom margins should be at least 25 mm. The right margin should be at least 25 mm for all pages. Margin specifications are meant to facilitate binding and trimming. All information (text headings, footnotes, and illustrations), including page numbers, must be within the text area.
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The thesis should be typed double-spaced. The following, however, should be single-spaced:
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Pages should be numbered consecutively throughout the thesis, including pages for tables, figures and appendices. Each appendix should be identified separately using a big letter (A, B, C). The pages of the appendices should also be numbered accordingly. Page numbers should appear by themselves and should not be bracketed, hyphenated or accompanied by other decorative devices.
Preliminary pages preceding Chapter I must carry page numbers in small Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, etc.). The title page should not be numbered though it is counted as page i. All other pages should be numbered centrally about 25 mm from the bottom.
Page 1 begins with the first page of the Introduction (or Chapter I). The numbering of this page is made centrally at the bottom (about 40 mm from the bottom). Other than the first page of a new chapter, the page number must be typed approximately two spaces above the edge of the top right corner.
Print text or illustrations on only one side of each sheet. Only the original word-processed copy of a thesis or its good and clean photocopies will be accepted.
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White simili paper (80 g.s.m.) or paper of equivalent quality should be used. Paper should be of A4 size (210 mm x 297 mm).
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When the thesis has been completed and all necessary signatures obtained, the candidate should seek the service of a reliable binder. All copies should be checked carefully to ensure that all pages are in their correct order. The GSO has a checklist to help you determine whether you have met the University requirements.
The thesis should be bound with hard covers. The binding should be of a fixed kind in which pages are permanently secured. The covers should have sufficient rigidity to support the weight of the work when standing on a shelf. All theses are to be fully bound in DARK GREEN BUCKRAM.
The following should be lettered in gold from the head to the foot of the thesis spine, using a 24-point font:
name of candidate;
degree for which the work is submitted; and
year of submission.
The following particulars should be provided on the thesis cover, using
18-point gold block font:
title of thesis;
name of candidate;
degree;
name of university; and
year of submission.(See Appendix A).
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FORMAT OF THESIS
Theses are generally composed in three main divisions: the preliminary pages or front matter; the text or main body, usually divided into parts, chapters and sections; and the ending pages or back matter.
The preliminary pages, or front matter includes the title page, dedication, preface, acknowlegdements, table of contents, list of tables, figures, graphs, maps, diagrams, plates, abbreviations and abstracts.
The ending pages or back matter consists of bibliography or refernces, appendices, and vita.
The following is an example of how various pages in a thesis, from preliminary or front matter to ending pages or back matter, are arranged. We recommend that this sequencing be used as a guide, although not every thesis includes all the items listed below:
This page (see Appendix B), includes the following information:
- full title of thesis;
- full name of author;
- degree for which the thesis is submitted;
- name of the institution to which the thesis is submitted;
- faculty/centre in which research was conducted; and
- month and year of submission.
The title should describe the content of the thesis accurately and concisely,
normally omitting words such as "An Investigation…", "An Analysis…", or
"A Study…" which are redundant as all theses are investigations, analyses,
studies of a kind or another. It should be typed single-spaced.
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The Table of Contents immediately follows the Acknowledgements. It lists in sequence, with corresponding page numbers, all relevant subdivisions of the thesis, including the titles of chapters, sections and subsections; the bibliography or reference list; the list of abbreviations and other functional parts of the whole thesis; the appendices (if any); and the index (if provided). A Table of Contents should not be listed in the Table of Contents itself! (see Appendix C).
If a thesis comprises more than one volumes, the contents of the whole thesis are shown in the first volume and the contents of the subsequent volumes in a separate contents list in the appropriate volume. The words VOLUME ONE (1 or I) must be placed centered beneath TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Major headings within chapters (primary headings) are centered. Subheadings (secondary) are typed flushed with the left margin. Tertiary headings are indented five spaces and are not listed in the Table of Contents (see Appendix D).
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This sheet bears the signature of the Dean of Graduate School certifying approval of the thesis by the Board of Examiners. To avoid unnecessary delay in getting signatures from the committee members or examiners who may be out of campus for extended periods, only the signature of the Dean of Graduate School appears in the thesis. Examiners' signatures, however, are kept in the GSO files.
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Preface or Acknowledgements may contain all or some of the following information:
- Explanatory notes or reasons for doing the study (usually in Preface);
- Acknowledgements of guidance and assistance from individuals and institutions (usually in Acknowledgements).
For theses, PREFACE is optional while ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS is generally preferred.
The acknowledgements can be written in the first person (e.g. I should
like to thank…), or the third person (e.g. The author wishes to acknowledge…).
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This list shows the exact titles or captions of all tables in the text and appendices, together with the beginning page number of each table.
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This includes graphs, maps, or illustrations of other kinds. The exact title or caption and its corresponding page number is listed. Figures should be numbered consecutively throughout the thesis, including those in the appendices.
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Full-page illustrations, especially photographs, are usually called plates. The list, if any, follows the List of Figures, and is numbered consecutively throughout the thesis.
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If an assortment of abbreviations and acronyms (e.g. FAO, DOA, MARDI, PORIM) is used in the thesis, it is best to list them in a List of Abbreviations with their meanings, even though the full names are given at the first mention in the text. This list serves as ready reference to readers not familiar with the abbreviations. Universally recognized symbols (ºC, cm, mm, kg, ha) need not be listed.
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The abstract is a digest of the entire thesis and should be given the same careful attention as the main text. Reference to literature is not normally made in the abstract. Abbreviations or acronyms must be preceded by the full term at the first use.
An abstract should not normally exceed 350 words. It includes a brief statement of problem, a concise description of the research method and design, summary of major findings including the significance or the lack of it, and conclusions.
The abstracts should be given in English and Malay (Bahasa Malaysia). The version to appear first is of the same language used in writing the thesis. The format of abstract heading is shown in Appendix E.
Even though a thesis may have been written in English, the abstract in Malay must also reach an acceptable scholarly standard. Common pitfalls such as spelling errors, incorrect usage of prepositions and prefixes (e.g. di, ke) should be avoided. Scientific terms must be used consistently.
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Body of Thesis
The body of a thesis normally consists of the following headings or chapters:
Introduction: The introductory chapter generally introduces the problem and indicates its importance and validity. It sets forth the context, the hypotheses to be tested and the research objectives to be attained.
Literature Review: It is a critical review of literature related to the topic. It is meant to act as a base for the experimental/analytical section of the thesis. Literature selected must be up to date, analyzed and synthesized logically. It is not a mere summary of works of different authors.
Materials and Methods: It describes the methods and techniques used. It may also contain validation of methods used. In social science, a theoretical framework is generally included.
Results: It presents a complete account of results and analyses of the study in the form of figures, tables or text so that the key information is highlighted.
Discussion: It discusses the results of the study in relation to the hypotheses. It highlights the main findings, their significance and implications. A separate chapter for this is common in technological disciplines. In social science, such a discussion often appears under Results and Discussion. Conclusions and recommendations may be presented here or under a separate chapter.
Summary: To distinguish from the abstract, this section generally sums up the findings, discussion, conclusions and recommendations of the study.
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The last paragraph of any page should comprise at least two lines of text. In other words, any heading appearing near the bottom of a page should be followed by at least two lines of text. If this cannot be done, push the heading and the line to the next page.
If the last paragraph of a page has to be continued on the next page, make sure that at least two lines of text appear on the next page.
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Tables are numbered consecutively (with Arabic numerals) throughout the thesis (including text and appendices). There are two possible numbering schemes: either (a) number them consecutively throughout the thesis, or (b) number them by chapter, e.g. Table 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, and so on. No thesis may have two different tables called "Table 1.). All tables are to be listed under LIST OF TABLES in the preliminary pages (including tables appearing in the appendices). Tables should be placed after their mention in the text. Short tables should not stand alone on a page.
Tables are captioned single-spaced above the tables (see Appendix F). Capitalize only the first letter of the principal words in the caption (excluding words like "of", "the", "to"). If preferred, use "down style" in which all letters are of lowercase except for proper nouns and first letter in the caption.
Table sources and notes should be placed directly below the table (not at the bottom of the page). Use superscript symbols (e.g. *, **, *** ) or lowercase (e.g. a, b, c ) but never numerals for table footnotes.
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Illustrations include maps, charts, diagrams, and photographs. Photographs are normally called PLATES, while the rest are called FIGURES. Each of these categories are numbered consecutively throughout the thesis, including those in the appendices. Illustrations should be of good quality. The trend now is to use computers.
The figure/plate number and caption should be typed below the illustration using Arabic numerals and lowercase, except for proper nouns and the first letters of principal words (see Appendix G). If preferred, "down style" can also be used in which all letters are of lowercase except proper nouns and first letter in caption. Illustrations should be inserted near their mention in the text.
If an illustration occupies an entire page, the caption may be typed on the left-hand facing page (reverse side blank), which is counted but not paginated. A right-hand page in landscape format should have the top of the illustration at the binding edge. The illustration number should be typed parallel to the way the figure/plate reads. The page number is typed in standard text position. Illustrations should conform to standard margin requirements.
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Footnotes should be used sparingly in a thesis regardless of the field of study. They should be used only to clarify a certain term, to state conversion factors or exchange rates and not to cite authority for specific statements or research findings. Citations of authority is done in the text as described in the following section. Extensive footnoting tends to distract the reader from the main argument of the text. If footnotes are necessary, the indicators (the reference numbers in the text) are usually superscript (e.g. 1, 2, 3). The numbering of footnotes should begin with 1 and must be continuous within each chapter or appendix, and not throughout the whole text.
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The author is responsible for choosing a style of citation that is appropriate to the field and using that style correctly and consistently. Students may consult their supervisors for guidelines.
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Bibliography is a term commonly taken to mean a list of works cited as well as works consulted but not cited, whereas the reference list refers to a list of works cited. You may use either one but make sure it is correct.
The University does not specify which bibliographic style to use. It is, however, to your advantage to follow a style used by an authoritative journal in your field. Samples of commonly used bibliographic styles are given in Appendix H.
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An appendix or appendices, if any, are placed after the reference list or bibliography. Details of the appendices are listed by type in the Table of Contents. Appendices include original data, summary, side-line or preliminary tests, tabulations, tables that contain data of lesser importance, very lengthy quotations, supporting decisions, forms and documents, computer printouts and other pertinent documents. Appendix materials should be grouped by type, e.g. Appendix A: Questionnaire, Appendix B: Original Data, Appendix C: Results Tables.
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This section is compulsory and gives the biographical information of the candidate. It should include your name, your educational background, the degree you are seeking, your professional work experience (if any), and such other matters that may interest your readers. It is preferable that the vita be in essay form, rather than a mere resumé.
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WRITING CONVENTIONS
Units of Measure
Use internationally recognized abbreviations for units of measure, such as:
20 milliliters (20 ml)
5 kilogram (5 kg)
20 kilometer (20 km)
2.5 hectare (2.5 ha)
3.7 metric tonne (3.7 mt)
45 parts per million (45 ppm)
12 gram (12 g)
500 U.S. Dollars (USD500)
3.4 metric tonne/hectare (3.4 mt/ha)
The numbers before the measurement units should not be spelled out, e.g.
5 kg, not five kg even if they are below 100 (see below), unless they are
the first words of sentences.
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Write out all numbers less than ten unless they are attached to units of measure (e.g. 5 kg, 10 ml). Use figures for 10 or more than 10. If a sentence begins with a number, write the number in words, e.g. "Three hundred and eighty-five farmers were sampled from the study area."
If you are using a series of figures, use numerals:
- In the room there were 4 chairs, 12 boxes, 13 books, 10 files, 9 umbrellas and 8 pairs of shoes.
- The number of taxi permits issued during the past five years was 8, 53, 27, 38, 52, and 90.
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Writers use ellipsis to show an omission from quoted material. The ellipsis consists of three-spaced fullstops (…). When an ellipsis follows a sentence, it appears as four fullstops (….) - one fullstop marks the end of the sentence and the other three signal the omission. For example:
Coombs (1985: 4) wrote about the conference:
The conference at Williamsburg … agreed that the world educational crisis sketched in the document was real….
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Within direct quotations, brackets are used to enclose any explanatory note inserted by the thesis writer, for example:
This year [1996] alone, we had two hundred applicants wanting to join our holiday camp (Mustafa, 1996).
Candidates should use "sic" within bracket [sic] to indicate a certain
doubt as to the meaning of factual error. It is used in quotations to show
that the original is being faithfully reproduced even though it is incorrect
or seems to be so. Errors, which are obviously typographical, should be
corrected as a matter of professional courtesy.
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The symbol % may be used in place of percent, e.g. 27.3% and typed without a space. If the candidate prefers to write 27.3 percent in full, then consistency should be maintained throughout. In tables, the abbreviation Pct may be used at the head of a table column to mean percent.
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Direct quotations must be minimized at all costs, except in some fields such as literature (e.g. quotations from Shakespeare). Extensive use of direct quotations can be quite irritating, especially if the quotations appear in a language other that that used in the thesis. For example, a thesis written in Malay should not quote materials directly in another language (e.g. English, Tagalog). The candidate must learn to synthesize materials in other languages and paraphrase them in his own words and style, an ability that is required in graduate education.
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USE OF EDITORIAL SERVICE
Some candidates employ professional editors to "polish" their thesis presentation. This should be done before the thesis is sent for examination. The GSO does not insist that all theses be sent to professional editors (who charge a fee for their services). However, candidates should know that the GSO accepts only theses that are reasonably free of errors. Your supervisors cannot be held responsible for errors in your thesis and you cannot expect them to be your editors.
The Graduate School maintains a list of approved thesis editors who are familiar with the UPM house-style. Their names and contact numbers can be obtained from the GSO. The GSO does not set the fees charged by these editors, nor does it have any commercial dealings with them.
Upon submission of the final draft prior to binding, the GSO browses the thesis to ensure that the general format, abstract, bibliographical citations, etc. follow a standard style acceptable to scholars in the candidate's chosen discipline.
The GSO stresses on consistency and accuracy. A consistently misspelt word is also unacceptable for instance.
A candidate who follows this Guide faithfully is not likely to face many problems in having his/her thesis accepted. In addition, candidates should also refer to recently approved theses in their fields at UPM for guidance. However, errors made by others and overlooked by the GSO should not be repeated or used to justify their perpetuation.
From the Graduate School Office, UPM.
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Appendix A
Spine and Cover of the Thesis
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Title Page
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Suggested Table of Contents
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Layout of a Chapter
CHAPTER NUMBER
TITLE OF THE CHAPTER
There may be a preamble in the beginning of a chapter. The purpose may be to introduce the themes of the main headings.
Main Heading No. 1
(Primary Level) -- Bold and Centered
Sub-heading No. 1 (Secondary Level)
There should be a minimum of two sub-headings to justify having sub-headings.
Sub-heading No. 2 (Secondary Level)
All first letters of principal words are capitalized and the sub-heading is typed flush with the left margin.
Tertiary
Heading No. 1
(under Sub-heading No. 2)
Tertiary headings are indented five spaces. There should be at least two tertiary headings to justify having tertiary level headings. Tertiary headings are usually not listed in Table of Contents.
Tertiary
Heading No. 2
(under Sub-heading No. 2)
Start a new text here ......................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
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Format of Abstract
(English Version)
Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate
of Universiti Pertanian Malaysia in
fulfilment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Science
SYNTHESIS OF BROMINATED C-18 FATTY ACIDS
AND
SURFACTANT PROPERTIES OF THEIR SODIUM
SALT
By
STEVEN BAPTIST
June 1996
Chairman: Associate Professor
Karen Badri, Ph.D.
Faculty:
Science and Environmental Studies
The physicochemical properties of sodium salts of fatty acids have not been thoroughly investigated and are, therefore, not well understood. ..., brominated and non-brominated sodium salts of C-18 chain fatty acids were prepared....
The experimental results indicate.... However, the presence of bromine
did not affect the formation of stable w/o emulsions.
xiii
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Format of Abstract
(Bahasa Malaysia Version)
Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia
sebagai memenuhi keperluan ijazah Master
Sains
SINTESIS PEMBROMINAN ASID LEMAK DAN
CIRI-CIRI
SURFAKTAN BAGI GARAM ASID LEMAK TERSEBUT
Oleh
STEVEN BAPTIST
Jun 1996
Pengerusi: Professor Madya Karen
Badri, Ph.D.
Fakulti:
Sains dan Pengajian Alam Sekitar
Ciri-ciri fizikal mengenai garam asid lemak tidak dikaji dengan begitu mendalam maka pemahaman mengenainya adalah amat kurang. ..., garam asid lemak yang mengandungi dan tidak mengandungi atom bromin....
Hasil kajian menunjukkan
bahawa.... Walau bagaimanapun, kehadiran atom bromin tidak mengganggu pembentukan
emulsi air dalam minyak (w/o) yang stabil.
xiv
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Sample of Table
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Sample of Plate/Figure
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Samples of Commonly
Used Bibliographic Styles
| APA
| | Turabian | | CBE | | MLA
| | ACS |
Web manager's note:
The following ten reliable web sites contain
partial information on Bibliographic styles:
Brown, M. W. (1982). This is the title of the book (2nd. ed.). City: Publisher.
Chin, Y. (1988). This is the title of a part of a book. In A. R. Finley, S. R. Taft, & M. N. Piper (Eds.), This is the book title. (pp. 25-37). City: Publisher.
Clark, B. W. (1988). This is the title of a paper appearing in a published proceedings. In A. B. Cook (Ed.), Proceedings of the 100th. Annual Meeting of the Society of Experimental Results (pp. 49-78). City: Publisher.
Fourney, T. T., & Heller, R. N. (January, 1991). This is the title of an unpublished paper presented at a meeting. Paper presented at the 103rd. annual meeting of the Society of Experimental Results, City of Meeting, ST.
Goff, A. M. (1987). This is the title of a journal article. Journal of Experimental Results, 1(3), 1-22.
Green, M. (1988, January). This is the title of a magazine article. Magazine of Today, pp. 6-12.
Johnson, R. S. (1989, October 1). This is the title of a newspaper article. The Daily News, pp. 1, 6-8.
Jones, M. J., & Smith, A. R. (1990). This is the title of a report (Report No. 90-1428). City: Publisher.
Miller, G. M. (1988). This is the title of a master's thesis. Unpublished master's thesis, Name of the University, City, ST.
Simmons, M. T. (1987). This is the title of a doctoral dissertation (Doctoral dissertation, Name of the University, 1986). Dissertation Abstracts International, 47, 1202.
| APA | | Turabian
| | CBE | | MLA | | ACS
|
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Turabian
(from the 5th. edition of Kate Turabian's
A Manual for Writers, 1987; used primarily in the arts and humanities and
selected disciplines in the social sciences. Turabian is adapted from the
Chicago Manual of Style, which is also used in some disciplines)
Brown, Milton. (1982). This is the title of the book. 2nd. ed.. City: Publisher, 1982.
Chin, Yee. "This is the title of a part of a book." In This is the book title, ed. Alice Finley, Sarah Taft, and Michael Piper, 25-37. City: Publisher, 1989.
Clark, Brandon. "This is the title of a paper appearing in a published proceedings." In Proceedings of the 100th. annual meeting of the society of experimental results held in San Francisco 2-4 October 1987, edited by A. B. Cook, 49-78. City: Publisher, 1988.
Fourney, Theodore T., & Renee N. Heller. "This is the title of an unpublished paper presented at a meeting." Paper presented at the 103rd. annual meeting of the Society of Experimental Results, City of Meeting, ST, January, 1991.
Goff, Ann M. "This is the title of a journal article." Journal of Experimental Results, 1, no. 3 (1987): 1-22.
Green, Marilyn. This is the title of a magazine article. Magazine of Today, January 1988, 6-12.
Johnson, Robert. "This is the title of a newspaper article". The Daily News, 1 October 1989, 1, 6-8.
Jones, Mary, and Arthur Smith. This is the title of a report. City: Publisher, 1990. Report No. 90-1428.
Miller, George M. "This is the title of a master's thesis." M.S. thesis, Name of the University, 1988.
Simmons, Marshall. "This is the title of a doctoral dissertation." Ph.D. diss., Name of the University, 1986.
| APA |
| Turabian | | CBE | | MLA | | ACS
|
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Council
of Biology Editors (CBE)
(from the 3rd. edition of the CBE Style
Manual, 1972; used primarily in the biological sciences. This edition is
not the latest but it is the one that many journals in this branch of the
sciences adapt their style)
Brown, M. W. 1982. This is the title of the book (2nd. ed.). Publisher, City, ST. 100 pp.
Chin, Y. 1988. This is the title of a part of a book. Pages 25-37 in A. R. Finley, S. R. Taft, and M. N. Piper, eds., This is the book title. (pp. 25-37). Publisher, City, ST.
Clark, B. W. 1988. This is the title of a paper appearing in a published proceedings. Pages 49-78 in A. B. Cook, ed. Proceedings of the 100th. Annual Meeting of the Society of Experimental Results. City: Publisher.
Fourney, T. T., and Heller, R. N. 1991. This is the title of an unpublished paper presented at a meeting. Paper presented at the 103rd. annual meeting of the Society of Experimental Results, January, City of Meeting, ST.
Goff, A. M. 1987. This is the title of a journal article. Journal of Experimental Results 1(3): 1-22.
Green, M. 1988. This is the title of a magazine article. Magazine of Today, January: 6-12.
Johnson, R. S. 1989. This is the title of a newspaper article. The Daily News, 1 October: 1, 6-8.
Jones, M. J., & Smith, A. R. 1990. This is the title of a report. Report No. 90-1428. (Company, City, ST).
Miller, G. M. 1988. This is the title of a master's thesis. M.S. thesis, Name of the University, City, ST.
Simmons, M. T. (1987). This is the title of a doctoral dissertation. Ph.D. Dissertation, Name of the University. (Lib. Congr. Card No. Mic. 87-1111). 103pp. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI (Diss. Abstr. 47: 1202.)
| APA |
| Turabian | | CBE | | MLA | | ACS
|
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Modern
Language Association (MLA)
(from the 3rd. edition of the MLA Handbook
for Writers of Research Papers, 1989; used primarily by students in the
language and literature fields)
Brown, Milton. This is the title of the book. 2nd. ed. City: Publisher, 1982.
Chin, Yee. "This is the title of a part of a book." This is the book title Ed. Alice Finley, Sarah Taft, and Michael Piper. City: Publisher, 1989. 25-37.
Clark, Brandon. "This is the title of a paper appearing in a published proceedings." In A. B. Cook (Ed.), Proceedings of the 100th. Annual meeting of the society of experimental results. San Francisco, 2-4 October 1987. Ed. A. B. Cook. City: Publisher, 1988. 49-78.
Fourney, Theodore T., and Heller, Renee N. "This is the title of an unpublished paper presented at a meeting." 103rd. annual meeting of the Society of Experimental Results. City of Meeting, ST, % January, 1991.
Goff, Ann M. "This is the title of a journal article." Journal of Experimental Results, 1.3 (1987): 1-22.
Green, Marilyn. "This is the title of a magazine article." Magazine of Today, January 1988: 6-12.
Johnson, Robert. "This is the title of a newspaper article." The Daily News, 1 October 1989: 1, 6-8.
Jones, Mary, and Arthur Smith. This is the title of a report. City: Publisher, 1990. Report No. 90-1428.
Miller, George M. "This is the title of a master's thesis." Thesis, Name of the University, 1988.
Simmons, Marshall. "This is the title of a doctoral dissertation." Diss., Name of the University, 1986. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1987. 8701111.
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American
Chemical Society
(from the ACS Style Guide, 1986; used
by students in the chemical sciences; note the numbered list and the non-indented
style)
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Hints
for Writing Operational Definitions - Brian Linzie (1999)
Theoretical
Framework in Research - L. Chambers (1999)
Fawcett, S. and A. Sandberg. 1995. Evergreen:
A guide to writing. Houghston
Mifflin Co., USA.
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