CAMPAIGNS THIS MONTH: 

MAJOR BATTLES THIS MONTH:

Back to Top

JULY 1: 

• [PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN] Lee reconnoiters McClellan's position all day until 4pm. Jackson comes up in line at Malvern Hill. Toward evening, the federal artillery and gunboats fire into the bivouacked Patriots. At 4pm Lee attacks Malvern Hill and is repulsed. After sundown, the Confederate troops charge again and are repulsed at heavy loss. This attack is called by many Lee's greatest mistake. The enemy shells the whole Southern front until 10:00pm. McClellan's gunboats and land batteries destroy Confederate artillery positions so badly that untrained infantrymen have to work the guns. While the gunboats whiz shells all night, the federals withdraw from Malvern Hill /1862 
• Sheridan defeats Chalmers at the Battle of Booneville, Mississippi /1862 
• [SECOND INVASION] J.E.B. Stuart skirmishes at Dover, Carlisle and Hunterstown, Pennsylvania; (BG)Pettigrew's brigade of Hill's corps, while approaching Gettysburg in search of shoes for his men, encounters Bluford's federal cavalry. Hill's corps, Rodes' and Early's divisions capture 5000 prisoners and drive the federals past the town to the heights beyond. Lee concentrates on Seminary Ridge; Meade on Cemetery Ridge; A.P. Hill and R.S. Ewell repulse Meade. Mosby's Rangers cross the Potomac river intending to unite with General Lee, but when he arrives in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, in a few days and finds Lee's Army moved from its position at Mercersburg, he will return to Virginia /1863 
• [MORGAN'S RAID] John Hunt Morgan departs Burkesville, Kentucky, on a Cavalry Raid only he and his entrusted know will be into Indiana and Ohio. Even his commanding officer, Braxton Bragg thinks the raid will be only into Kentucky. At the Cumberland River Morgan dismantles all the supply wagons and artillery to ferry across the River. Wagons are taken across and reassembled but the guns and men wait; Federal Judah joins Hobson at Thompkinsville, Ky. to aid in the chase of Morgan /1863 
• Off the coast of South America, the ALABAMA at 11am chases a ship. A blank cartridge brings the US colors to the ship's peak, but she keeps on. Then the ALABAMA sends a shot whizzing over her bow, and the ANNA F. SCHMIDT of Maine heaves to with a cargo of much needed clothes and bread! She is consigned to the flames after provisions and prisoners are recovered. At 9pm the ALABAMA chases and fires a blank cartridge at a ship to heave her to. She fires back! The C.S.S. ALABAMA goes to top speed and catches her, finding out the ship is the H.M.S. DIONREDE. She is let go. /1863

JULY 2: 

• Raphael Semmes in the CSS SUMTER burns the USS GOLDEN ROCKET at Sea /1861 
• Major Thomas J. Jackson fights his first engagement at Hainesville near Martinsburg, Virginia. At this battle the first hostile cannon shot is fired in the Defence of the Valley of Virginia /1861 
• [SECOND INVASION] Stuart finishes skirmishing at Hunterstown, Pennsylvania, and rejoins Lee; Lee's attacks on both ends of Meade are repulsed; Major General William D. Pender is mortally wounded /1863 
• [MORGAN'S RAID] Morgan crosses the Cumberland River and skirmishes at Turkey Neck Bend routing the yankees /1863
  

JULY 3: 

• [PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN] McClellan entrenches at Harrison's Landing on the James River /1862 
• [SECOND INVASION](BG) Pickett's Charge is broken /1863 
• Bragg, outmaneuvered by Rosecrans (called Rosencrantz by Southerners), retreats to Chattanooga /1863 
• [MORGAN'S RAID] Morgan's Men take Columbia, Ky. Wolford's yankees move toward Columbia /1863 
• At Fort Johnson in Charleston, Confederate defenders repulse a union force from Morris Island of two regiments of infantry and some sixty artillerymen /1864 
• [ATLANTA CAMPAIGN] Johnston withdraws from Kennesaw Mountain to his Chattahoochee River defenses to escape sherman's flanking movement /1864
  

JULY 4: 

• Although no longer an official holiday in the South, this day still has an aura of gratefulness to God and celebration of Freedom; and President Jefferson Davis in honor of the day presents a Confederate flag to the Maryland Regiment in the Confederate Army /1861 
• CSS TEASER is captured on the James River /1862 
• [SIEGE OF VICKSBURG] 30,000 Patriots surrender Vicksburg /1863 
• [MORGAN'S RAID] Morgan encounters 400 men of the 25th Michigan Infantry entrenched in an unassailable position at Tebb's Bend on the Green River. Unable to dislodge them, a mistake to attack the federals, Morgan calls off the attack, goes around them and crosses the Green River a few miles upstream leaving the 25th Michigan in their entrenchments /1863 
• federal Prentiss defeats Confederate T.H. Holmes at the Battle of Helena, Arkansas /1863 

JULY 5: 

• [SECOND INVASION] Lee retreats from Gettysburg /1863 
• Copperhead Clement Laird Vallindigham, returning to the United States after banishment to the Confederacy reaches Niagara Falls, Canada /1863
•  [MORGAN'S RAID] Morgan captures Lebanon, Kentucky, in the morning, and by afternoon takes Springfield, Kentucky. Hours after the Patriots leave, Michigan cavalry arrives in Springfield /1863 
• [ATLANTA CAMPAIGN] A nervous Governor Albert Gallatin Brown of Georgia telegrams the President urging him to use Nathan Bedford Forrest's or John Hunt Morgan's cavalry to cut sherman's communications /1864
  

JULY 6: 

• President Jefferson Davis writes Lincoln that if the captured crewmen of the CSS SAVANNAH are executed as pirates as has been determined, that Davis will order a like number of Northern prisoners executed /1861 
• [MORGAN'S RAID] Morgan heads for the Ohio River well west of Louisville. This fools the yankees who think he will try to capture Louisville, Kentucky. His scouts under Sheldon capture Bardstown, Kentucky. Morgan's Men get their first hour of sleep since Lebanon, Kentucky /1863 
• [SHENANDOAH OFFENSIVE] Early crosses the Potomac River into Maryland /1864
  

JULY 7: 

• Patriot Lieutenant Kennon tries out mines on Hampton Roads union ships and the USS PAWNEE on the Potomac with limited success /1861 
• Finding the Potomac flooded, Lee entrenches at Williamsport, Maryland /1863 
• [MORGAN'S RAID] Morgan rides into Garnettsville, Kentucky, on the Ohio River. Captains Taylor and Merriweather, ahead of the main column, capture the USS McCOMBS and the USS ALICE DEAN on the Ohio River for ferryboats. Not a cent is taken from the passengers on board the two ships /1863 
• The "lincoln conspirators" are hanged: Mrs. Surat, Lewis Paine, George Atzerodt, and Davy Herold /1865 

JULY 8: 

• [MORGAN'S RAID] Two regiments of Confederates ferry from Brandenburg Heights across the Ohio River to Morvin's Landing east of Maukport, Indiana. USS SPRINGFIELD, a tin-clad, appears on the River. Morgan is in a vulnerable position with a minority of his force on one side of the River and a majority on the other. The ship fires at both sides of the River for an hour then retreats upstream, believing to need help. At 5pm, half of Morgan's command in Indiana, and half in Kentucky, the SPRINGFIELD reappears with a friend. Patriot gunnery on the Kentucky bank wins the duel and the two ships churn away into the night. One hour after Morgan finishes crossing, the Seventh Ohio Cavalry arrives on the Kentucky side of the River-fast on Morgan's tail /1863
  

JULY 9: 

• [SIEGE OF PORT HUDSON] The surrender of Port Hudson gives federals control of the Mississippi /1863 
• [MORGAN'S RAID] Morgan's Raiders reach Corydon, Indiana, and a group Indianan civilians bushwhack a party of Patriots and kill one of them. Believing the shot to have come from the house of Rev. Peter Glenn, they fire a volley killing the minister and wounding his son. Then they set fire to the house and burn it to the ground--the only private dwelling destroyed on the whole raid. Morgan moves out of Corydon in the afternoon and camps 16 miles south of Salem, Indiana /1863 
• (BJ) sherman and J.E. Johnston begin the Battle of Jackson, Mississippi, at Rienzi /1863 
• [SHENANDOAH OFFENSIVE] Early reaches Frederick, Maryland, and wins the battle of Monocacy, threatening Washington /1864
•  [SIEGE OF PETERSBURG] Grant orders the development of siege tactics at Petersburg /1864 
• [ATLANTA CAMPAIGN] President Jefferson Davis sends his military advisor Braxton Bragg to Georgia to find out when J.E. Johnston decides to defend Atlanta /1864 

JULY 10: 

• (BJ) Johnston and sherman continue to fight at Rienzi during the Battle of Jackson, Mississippi /1863 
• [SIEGE OF MORRIS ISLAND]In Charleston Harbour, yankee troops launch a long and bitter campaign for Morris Island--the 3 1/2 mile long island which puts the owner of the real estate at the entrance to the Harbour /1863 
• [MORGAN'S RAID] Hobson crosses the Ohio River at 2am. Morgan takes Salem, Indiana, without a shot at the homeguards; scouts tear up railroad north of Salem. The column moves at 2pm north and thence east into Vienna, Indiana; Hobson reaches Corydon. On the road to Madison, Indiana, Morgan finds the Hoosier home guards and introduces himself as Wolford, Morgan's pursuer. The Hoosier Captain asks "Wolford" to do a military drill for his men. Morgan says his horses are too tired. The captain said they'd switch horses so he could drill, so they did. Morgan rode off with fresh Indiana steeds leaving behind his worn-out nags. Morgan pivots away from the Ohio River through Paris, Indiana, in the afternoon and camps outside Vernon, Indiana; Patriot Davis, having detached from Morgan back in Kentucky in order to make a feint on Louisville, heads for Westport, Ky., to try to catch up with Morgan and rejoin him /1863
  

JULY 11: 

• McClellan forces Garnett from Laurel Hill and wins the Battle of Rich Mountain in western Virginia capturing 560 men under Pegram /1861
•  Halleck is appointed to the command of all the union armies /1862 
• (BJ) sherman attacks Johnston at Bolton Depot, Mississippi /1863 
• [MORGAN'S RAID] Unable to go through Vernon, Indiana, because of barricades and 2,000 Indiana militiamen, Morgan demands the surrender of the town three times for diversionary tactics as his command rides around Vernon. He tells General Love in Vernon he will give him 30 minutes to remove all non-combatants from the town before he shells it. While Love shoos the women and children, Morgan and his staff gallop around the town to his waiting command. Federal Wallace arrives at night from Indianapolis in Vernon with 1200 infantrymen. Morgan sleeps west of Dupont, Indiana; Captain Davis on a feint toward Louisville, reaches the wide Ohio River at Twelve Mile Island in the morning. Two flatboats are found and after 40 men with Davis have reached the Indiana bank and 50 men have gained Twelve Mile Island with Major Gathwright and eight men on the Kentucky bank, three tin-clads of Fitch's flotilla churn up and open on the Patriots on the Indiana bank. Gathwright, realizing the danger, ferries to Twelve Mile Island alone, loads as many troopers on the flatboat as possible and takes them back to the Kentucky shore. He escapes detection. Gathwright ferries back and is on his way to the Kentucky shore with a second load when the federal gunboats open on him but he makes it to safety. Gathwright rescues 34 men; the rest are captured. Davis rides inland into Indiana; Gathwright, trapped, heads for the Southern Lines /1863 
• [SHENANDOAH OFFENSIVE] Reinforcements from the Army of the Potomac arrive in Washington to protect the capital in the Fear of "Old Jube," General Early /1864 

JULY 12: 

• Confederates sign a treaty with the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians /1861 
• G.B. McClellan overtakes Brigadier Robert Sheldon Garnett on the Cheat River at Carick's Ford; Garnett is killed and his command is routed (The South in the Building of the Nation says the date is July 13, '61) /1861 
• (BJ) Confederates and federals continue to fight at Bolton Depot /1863 
• [MORGAN'S RAID] The Confederates tear up Dupont's railroads, watertank, 12 freight cars and freight station. All 2000 hams taken from F.F. Mayfield Packing House; on the road to Versailles Morgan encounters militia at every road junction which slows him none. One patrol discovers a Methodist preacher named Reuben Rice, an ardent abolitionist. They make him get down on his knees and pray for the success of the Southern Cause and President Davis' health. Morgan captures Versailles and 300 militiamen, disrupts communications, marches through Milan, and rests on the other side. Five miles away are 15,000 union troops. No one knows his enemy is so close; Gathwright and his 42 men, only 8 armed and mounted, hide in a forest all day and resume their trek all night. Eventually Gathwright reports for duty--all men present and accounted for-- at Knoxville. They will have crossed the state of Kentucky, only 8 of the 42 armed and suffer no casualties. Captain Davis heads for Salem, the intended rendezvous with Morgan. Indiana militia assaults Davis' Brigade at a small creek near Pekin. Davis' horse wheels and catches a leg in the underbrush throwing Davis against a log, knocking him unconscious. His troops believing him to be dead, surrender and when Davis awakes, his men are being led away. Davis is captured by a militia patrol on the outskirts of Borden and is sent to prison /1863 
• [SHENANDOAH OFFENSIVE] Early is forced to withdraw to the Shenandoah Valley after reaching the outskirts of Washington /1864
  

JULY 13: 

• Lee dispatches Jackson and Ewell to Greenville to confront Pope /1862 
• Roebuck withdraws his motion from Parliament for recognition of Confederate independence and mediation in the War of the Northern Aggression mainly because of Prime Minister Palmerston's opposition /1863 
• [MORGAN'S RAID] At 5am Morgan begins the longest continuous march in recorded History. Morgan wrecks the track near Sunman. Morgan passes through New Alsace. Colonel Cluke sees the dust cloud of Hobson's 4000. The column passes through Logan and as the burning bridge falls into the Whitewater River at Harrison, Ohio, Hobson's men ride up--a narrow escape. Morgan then makes a strong feint on Cincinnati from all directions and Burnside's nerves tear up the whole city. Judah cannot ford the swollen Green River. Morgan crosses the Big Miami River and burns the bridge behind himself. Patriots move during the night through New Baltimore, Bevis, New Burlington, Glendale (Burnside's last chance to stop Morgan at Cincinnati), Sharonville, and Montgomery, Ohio /1863 
• (BJ) sherman and Johnston begin the Battle of Jackson, Mississippi, with a fight at Canton, Mississippi /1863 
• Forrest defeats T.L. Crittenden at the Battle of Murfreesboro, Tennessee /1863 Battle of Tupelo, Mississippi, begins between Smith and Stephen D. Lee /1864 

JULY 14: 

• Pope leads the union advance on Greenville, Virginia /1862 
• Lee completes his withdrawal over the Potomac; Harry Heth fights a rear guard action at Falling Waters, Maryland /1863 
• [MORGAN'S RAID] Early morning Morgan stops outside Montgomery to water his horses. Patriots derail a federal train, and Morgan skirmishes at Camp Dennison with militia. At 4pm the column passes through Williamsburg, 28 miles east of Cincinnati and stops in a meadow beside a tiny stream. The longest continuous cavalry ride in history of warfare by such a large body of men had ended. 95 1/4 miles in 35 hours, non-stop and skirmishing and fighting as they go; Kautz moves out in front of Hobson to overtake Morgan /1863 
• (BJ) sherman and Johnston continue to fight the Battle of Jackson at Canton /1863 
• The Battle of Tupelo, Mississippi continues /1864
  

JULY 15: 

• CSS ARKANSAS, completed, enters the Mississippi River dispersing two federal iron-clads, passing through Adm. Farragut's Fleet, receiving shot and shell from every direction broadside, point-blank, escaping unharmed and letting go her anchor under the Vicksburg batteries /1862 
• (BJ) sherman and Johnston move to Clinton, Mississippi, fighting all the way /1863 
• [MORGAN'S RAID] Kautz reaches Batavia; Morgan divides his column in the morning; the main one toward Sardinia, Winchester, and Locust Grove. The smaller under Dick Morgan for Ripley on the Ohio River to create the illusion of crossing the River. Dick Morgan reaches Ripley, finds the Ohio at flood stage, and heads north into Georgetown and joins the main column late at night at Locust Grove. Morgan goes through Winchester. While there, Patriots tie union flags to mules' tails and chase them through the streets. Scrammon reaches the banks of the Kanawha River with his Western Virginia Command to repel Morgan /1863 Smith defeats Stephen D. Lee at Tupelo /1864 

JULY 16: 

• J.E.B. Stuart promoted to full colonel /1861 
• McDowell advances on Manassas /1861 
• (BBJ) sherman wins the Battle of Jackson, Mississippi /1863 
• [MORGAN'S RAID] Morgan's Men have to cut their way through fallen tree barricades erected by the ever-present home guards, slowing them down. Skirmishes with the Ohio Militia are of daily .occurrence Morgan skirmishes at Berlin and Jasper and scatters the home guards. The Patriots cross the Scioto River and take Piketon, burn the bridge there and at Waverly. Judah disembarks from the boats on the Ohio River at Portsmouth and strikes out for Oak Hill, Ohio. Confederates sweep into Jackson with no opposition and camp there at 11pm /1863
  

JULY 17: 

• Brigadier General Samuel Gibbs French is placed in command of the Department of Southern Virginia and North Carolina, headquartered at Petersburg /1862 
• [MORGAN'S RAID] Confederate Lt. Hathaway skirmishes in the morning near Jackson and defeats the Buckeye militia as usual. Chillicothe, Ohio, mobilizes for Morgan's approach, but Morgan is going the opposite direction. Morgan again divides his column and Duke passes through Roads and Wilkesville, Ohio, halting at 3am. Johnson's half of the column passes through Vinton. Morgan encamps at Wilkesville. Hobson rides into Jackson at noon and learns that John Hunt Morgan is 12 hours ahead of him /1863 
• Gideon Pillow begins to ride north from Paducah toward Paris, Tennessee, but no union cavalry tries to stop him because they are chasing Morgan /1863 
• Battle of Honey Springs, Oklahoma Territory /1863 
• [ATLANTA CAMPAIGN] John Bell Hood replaces Johnston in Georgia as sherman nears Atlanta /1864 
• [SIEGE OF PETERSBURG] Pleasants is 511 feet from the entrance of the mine and directly under Pegram's Salient /1864 

JULY 18: 

• McDowell enters Centreville near Manassas and reconnoiters P.G.T. Beauregard's position /1861 
• [MORGAN'S RAID] Morgan marches toward Rutland. Ohio militia burn the bridge across Leading Creek at Langsville and go back to Rutland. Morgan enters Rutland and passes through Salem Center. Militia bushwack Morgan's Men. Confederates encounter a strong militia position at Bradbury Hill. Morgan shifts to the east and heads for Chester. The Patriots come under malicious fire at Pomeroy from militia and Scrammon's force from the Kanawah River. Morgan enters Chester and Morgan is less than 25 miles from the river. Captain Wood of the 18th Ohio Infantry arrives at Long Bottom, Ohio. Hobson enters Rutland five hours behind Morgan; Scrammon deploys his troops on the West Virginia bank opposite Buffington Island to prevent a Patriot crossing. The Ohio River is flooded. Judah is marching on Pomeroy. Morgan calls a council of war and wastes 90 minutes that later prove fatal. Morgan decides to cross the Ohio--his greatest single military mistake of the entire raid. Morgan marches toward Bashan and Buffington Island. Morgan reaches Bashan and skirmishes there without stopping. Hobson camps in Chester. Judah rides into Pomeroy before nightfall and rides off toward Buffington Island. During the night, Captain Wood on the Ohio bank quietly sneaks away /1863 
• William D. Pender dies of Gettysburg wounds /1863 
• Confederates under Taliaferro win the Battle of Fort Wagoner, South Carolina, on Morris Island /1863 
• [SIEGE OF PETERSBURG] Pleasants begins to dig two branches parallel to Pegram's Salient above /1864 
• [ATLANTA CAMPAIGN] President Jefferson Davis appoints John Bell Hood to the command of the Army of Tennessee, replacing Johnston /1864
  

JULY 19: 

• McDowell reconnoiters Manassas /1861 
• J.E. Johnston sneaks away from Patterson in the Shenandoah Valley to join Beauregard at Manassas /1861 
• [MORGAN'S RAID] Confederate Colonel Smith runs headlong into Judah's advance guard and the Confederates cause a recoil, then a federal retreat, then a federal panic when a gun overturns and Judah and his staff in the middle of the proceedings nearly become a prisoner of war of the very troops he is trying to capture. The Confederates lose none; the federals lose 20 killed or wounded, 50 captured, and one gun in the first skirmish in the Battle of Buffington Island. Hobson attacks Smith and the Confederates retreat in disorder. Disaster strikes as Hobson and Wolford on one side and Judah on another attack and the little Patriot Band begin to run out of ammunition. Gunboats on the Ohio River are lobbing shells into the 5th and 6th Kentucky Regiments. Morgan with 1100 men under Grisby and Byrnes escape. 700 Patriots captured, 120 killed or wounded. Morgan tries to cross the Ohio at Reedvsille, Ohio, but Fitch's gunboats arrive on the scene of the swollen river (ordinarily, Fitch would not have been able to go this far upstream with his gunboats but the river as has been said is swollen.) 360 raiders on one side and Morgan and the rest on the other. Colonel Johnson on the western Virginia side heads for the Alleghenies and eventually makes it back to Confederate lines in east Tennessee. Morgan's 700 are left. That night, Morgan piles up straw and sticks, in several places in a meadow to act as campfires and leaves. Shackleford's scouts come back to the federal camp to say that Morgan has camped and can easily be captured. union regiments gather to capture Morgan and are fooled. The ruse works. Morgan encamps at Tuppers Plains at 12am /1863 

JULY 20: 

• Third session of Confederate Congress convenes in Richmond /1861 
• Joseph Johnston's troops, fresh from Shenandoah Valley join Beauregard at Manassas, yet problems have arisen in the transport of the troops. The troop train broke down, nearly defeating the Confederate army /1861 
• Pope reports to Washington that Ewell is at Greenville and Jackson at Louisa Court House /1862 
• [MORGAN'S RAID] Shackleford's scouts find Morgan at 2am and Morgan remounts and heads for Cheshire and Eight Mile Island. A militia made "gunboat" with a cannon fired only on the 4th of July, CONDOR, scared Morgan inland thinking it was another tin-clad. At 3pm Shackleford surrounds the bluff Morgan is on. Shackleford demands surrender and the Confederates ask for one Hour. Shackleford gives them 40 minutes. Morgan and 600 ride off leaving 100 men to surrender /1863 
• John S. Mosby and ten men are joined by an equal number this morning, and he starts for Five Points, Virginia, near Rectortown, to get more men. Mosby and two men ride out to Rector's Crossroads and into the midst of a federal cavalry camp. The federals chase Mosby to Salem where the neck-in- neck pursuit. Mosby then moves back under cover of night to the Bull Run Mountains to the rear of the advancing Corps, which has bivouacked at Mountville /1863 
• [ATLANTA CAMPAIGN] First disastrous attack; Hood attacks sherman at Peachtree Creek and is repulsed; sherman moves to cut Atlanta's rail connections /1864 

JULY 21: 

• Confederates rout McDowell at the Battle of Manassas. McDowell's feint on the Confederate front is believed to be the real attack until McDowell hits Beauregard's flank in force. An order from Old Bory to Ewell directing an attack on McDowell's left does not reach him /1861 Major General Fremont assumes command of the West at St. Louis /1861 
• [MORGAN'S RAID] Morgan's 600 halts near Vinton to feed their horses, and 250 militiamen under Major Sonntag ride up. Morgan, abhorrent of battle now, sends 5 men with a flag of truce saying Morgan has 2000 men. The Major surrenders his command and the elated raiders now have 12 more rounds of ammunition. Then Major Slain rides up. Morgan tries the ruse again and it works without a shot being fired. The Confederates ride around MacArthur, Ohio, and camp four miles north of that town /1863 
• Mosby's Rangers move into Mount Gilead, Virginia, and capture 3 sutlers' wagons, 14 horses, 1 mule, and 47 prisoners. Mosby burns the wagons and takes the horses and prisoners and, although completely surrounded by the enemy, reaches the Bull Run Mountains still in the midst of Meade /1863
  

JULY 22: 

• McClellan becomes commander of the Department of Washington and Northeastern Virginia /1861 
• Rosencrantz (Southern name for US General Rosecrans) becomes commander of Western Virginia /1861 
• [MORGAN'S RAID] Morgan passes through Nelsonville. The Patriots burn bridges and boats and ask for food. Morgan passes through Buchtel and camps near Millertown /1863 
• [ATLANTA CAMPAIGN] Hood fails to turn sherman's flank in the Battle of Atlanta, Hood's second disastrous attack /1864
  

JULY 23: 

• [MORGAN'S RAID] Morgan crosses the Muskingum River at Eagleport. Ohio militia are driven off. Morgan doubles back; federals hem the Patriots in. Morgan's one frail chance is to take his men out over several impossible hills. J.H. Morgan and Morgan's horse, Glencoe, lead the way and by midnight the Patriots are riding hard northward. Morgan seizes Cumberland, Ohio, without a shot. The yankees sleep until dawn /1863 
• [SIEGE OF PETERSBURG] Pleasants completes his tunnel under Pegram's Salient /1864 

JULY 24: 

• R.M.T. Hunter replaces Robert Toombs as Secretary of State /1861 
• [MORGAN'S RAID] Major Way of the 9th Michigan Cavalry reaches Steubenville, Ohio, by train to intercept Morgan. The Richmond Government finally orders Colonel Scott to operate from east Tennessee to Kentucky to draw the federals off Morgan, but after several fights, Buckner, the man Scott sent on the raid, retreats back to the Confederate lines. Morgan arrives at Senecaville and is nearly murdered by a civilian. Morgan reaches Old Washington, and by afternoon the Patriots are traveling down the National Road toward the Ohio River. Cambridge, Ohio, militia run from the field in the bloodless engagement know as the Battle of Hyde's Hill four miles north of Old Washington. Morgan passes through Antrim, Londonderry, Smyrna, and Moorefield, Ohio /1863 
• The Army of Northern Virginia begins to concentrate at Culpeper, Virginia /1863 
• Still surrounded by the Blue Uniform, Mosby captures a few prisoners and 33 mules within 100 yards of General O.O. Howard's headquarters /1863 
• [SHENANDOAH OFFENSIVE] Early wins at the Battle of Kernstown, Virginia /1864
  

JULY 25: 

• [MORGAN'S RAID] Morgan passes through Cadiz without stopping and on through Hopedale, Bloomingdale, Ohio, stopping for breakfast a few miles from Wintersville. An irate Ohio woman, complaining of the Raid, gets this retort from one of Morgan's raiders: "We never harm anyone who treats us right. But this is nothing to what we have to submit to in the South. Your northern soldiers not only rob us, but they burn our houses and turn our wives and children out, homeless." Then Morgan scatters militia at Wintersville and rides on, leaving Wolford and the Ohio militia to fight each other, thinking each is the enemy. Morgan arrives in Bergholz. Before going to bed in a store in Bergholz, Ohio, where the raiders had BOUGHT clothes in, they notice the owner trying to hide some money from the cash drawer. "Just leave your money where it is, and I pledge my honor it will not be disturbed," says Major Webber. The owner does as told, and nothing is missing when the Patriots leave the next morning /1863

JULY 26:

•  [MORGAN'S RAID] Morgan passes through Monroeville, Ohio, at 7am and is hit by Major Way at Salineville which bisects Morgan's command and 75 Patriots are killed and more than 200 captured. At Beaver Creek Morgan tells union Burbick's militia that if they don't want to fight, then let his command pass through unmolested. Burbick agrees. In addition he helps guide them to Smith's Ford. federal Rue takes a shortcut to catch Morgan but before they meet, Morgan aware of Rue's fresh mounts, his tired ones, his men's lack of ammunition (only 2 or 3 rounds), asks Burbick riding with him toward Smith's Ford if he can surrender to him. "General Morgan," says the militiaman, "you write the terms and I will grant them." Morgan proposes that his men be paroled and they be allowed to keep their horses, and officers their side arms. Burbick agrees. Rue then catches up and demands surrender and Morgan says he already has. Hobson, Shackleford, Judah, and Rue made him surrender again on their terms-- Prison. /1863 

JULY 27: 

• McClellan replaces McDowell in command of the yankee army /1861 
• The Confederate States ship PETREL slips out of Charleston Harbor during the night to do damage to yankee trading vessels /1861
•  [SIEGE OF PETERSBURG] Pleasants charges the tunnel with 320 kegs of black powder weighing 25 lbs. each--8000 lbs. /1864
  

JULY 28: 

• Lee takes command of the western Virginia forces /1861 
• The PETREL which slipped out of Charleston Harbor the night of the 27th, bumps into the U.S.S. LAWRENCE at dawn. The PETREL runs but is chased down by 10am. As a matter of honor, the captain of the PETREL takes on the 52-gun frigate with her two guns. One shot from the LAWRENCE sinks her. The crew surrendered--four drowned /1861 
• [ATLANTA CAMPAIGN] Hood fails a third time to turn sherman's flank at the Battle of Ezra Church; Hood's third disastrous attack /1864
•  [SHENANDOAH OFFENSIVE] Jubal Early orders John McClausland to invade northward with cavalry /1864
  

JULY 29: 

• Confederate spy Marie Isabella "Belle" Boyd is arrested by Union troops and detained at the Old Capitol Prison in Washington, D.C. It was the first of three arrests for this skilled spy who provided crucial information to the Confederates during the war. /1862
• ALABAMA leaves Liverpool under the alias name ENRICA /1862
  
• [SHENANDOAH OFFENSIVE] McClausland rides to Chambersburg, Pennsylvania /1864 
• [SIEGE OF PETERSBURG] IX Corps assembles before Pleasant's tunnel; Grant sends a federal force toward Richmond to destroy as much of the Virginia Central Railroad as possible and draw Patriots from Petersburg before the explosion of the tunnel /1864 

JULY 30: 

• R.M.T. Hunter is appointed Secretary of State /1861 
• John Hunt Morgan is imprisoned in Ohio State Penitentiary in Columbus, Ohio /1863 
• This evening at Fairfax Courthouse and vicinity, Mosby with about 30 men captured sutlers' wagons and other property with many prisoners. With a total of 29 wagons with rich stores, Mosby attempts to bring them off but is overtaken at Mount Zion Church on the Little River Turnpike by Colonel Charles Russell Lowell with a detachment of the 2nd Massachusetts Cavalry. Mosby retreats, losing all his captures, one wounded, and one prisoner /1863 
• [SHENANDOAH OFFENSIVE] McClausland takes Chambersburg with 2600 men. After a demand for $100,000 in gold or $500,000 in greenbacks is not met, he burns the town /1864 
• [SIEGE OF PETERSBURG] At 4:45am, Pegram's Salient explodes and a near federal victory ensues until Mahone drives out the yankees in the Battle of the Crater in hand-to-hand combat /1864
  

JULY 31: 

• federal forces cross the Rapidan River and skirmish at Kelly's Ford /1863