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The Books

Book I
Book II
Book III
Book IV
Book V
Book VI
Book VII
Book VIII
Book IX
Book X
Book XI
Book XII
Book XIII
Book XIV
Book XV
Book XVI
Book XVII
Book XVIII
Book XIX
Book XX
Book XXI
Book XXII
Book XXIII
Book XXIV

Book XX--Signs and a Vision
|Summary|Characters & Their Lessons|Literary Devices|Symbolism|Connections|Links & References|


Summary

Odysseus is in disguise as a beggar and only Telemachus and Eurykleia know his true identity. He makes his bed in the entry way and can’t sleep. A group of maidservants pass by to visit the suitors in their beds. Odysseus experiences such anger that he wishes he could kill them all. He contents himself with just imagining horrific images of his revenge. Athena takes the shape of a woman to reprimand Odysseus and reminds him that he’s here with his wife and son and that he should sleep and she’ll make sure everything will turn out alright. With this comforting thought Odysseus falls asleep.

Penelope cries for her lost husband and prays to Artemis to kill her and put her out of her misery. She also dreams that she and Odysseus would meet in the underworld. She finally falls asleep and has a dream of the day when Odysseus first left, and believes that he is really there. Odysseus wakes and prays to Zeus asking for a sign that he is on his side. Zeus answers with a loud bang of thunder that a young maiden saw while grinding flower.

Telemachus wakes and calls for Eurykleia and asks how Odysseus was treated by his mother. The Nurse says yes and Telemachus goes out to face the Akhaians in the square while Eurykleia orders the maids to prepare the house. The Eumaeus comes and asks Odysseus if he's being treated with more respect. Odysseus answers that Telemachus's friends were respectful but he hopes the suitors should be punished by the gods. Melanthios arrives and talks with Odysseus saying that he hopes he won't stay at the hall asking for free meals for much longer because no one likes seeing beggars and he will get hurt by the suitors soon. Philoitios comes and asks who the beggar (Odysseus) is, as he is dressed like a beggar but carries himself like a captain.

The suitors gather to discuss how they would kill Telemachus. They see an eagle with a rockdove in his claws. Amphinomos says that there is no luck in killing Telemachus so they all go into the hall and eat. Odysseus is placed by Telemachus next to the door to sit with Telemachus’ friends and reminded to not start a fight. Even after this the suitors don’t pick a fight and Athena intervenes as she wants the suitors to anger Odysseus.

Ktesippos says that the beggar has had enough hospitality and now he will contribute to the house hold and picks up a cows foot and throws it at Odysseus who moves so he won’t get hit. Telemachus says that he would have killed him if the beggar had been hit. Telemachus also says that he has had enough, he’s no longer a child and won’t have his guests abused. Agelaos says that they should leave the beggar alone, but it’s time he and his mother pick a husband.

Telemachus refuses as he can’t just marry his mother off without her consent. Athena makes the suitors laugh uncontrollably, so hard that they have a hard time breathing, while Theoklymenos sees the suitors and the walls all covered in blood (as a prophecy). Laughing off his warning the suitors send him back home. During this whole conversation Penelope watched and listening to the suitors “whose treachery had filled that house with pain.”


Characters & Their Lessons

Character: Odysseus
Description: Okay, the guy is about to kill a small army of men, so he’s sweating like a pig, but Athena always helps him to feel like true-gushy-cheesy hero inside.

Character:Athena
Description: The mommy, she is wise, and a sign hope for warriors, etc. she comforts Odysseus’ entire family

Character: Penelope
Description: She is losing hope, already thinks Odysseus will never return, and wants to kill herself, and realizes that if Odysseus isn’t back then she will need to marry a suitor

Character: Other Characters
Description:

Literary Devices

Foreshadowing--Lines 394-401
Theoclymenus, a seer, foreshadowed the doom of the suitors.

Point of View/ Irony--Lines 8-22
Odysseus’s point of view is that not only should the suitors be punished but the maids who were disloyal to Penelope should be penalized. This was also ironic that the maids were sleeping with the suitors as they were all there to marry another woman and that the maids by day pretended to dislike then while with their mistress.


Symbolism

Thunderclap--Line 115
The thunderclap from Zeus to Odysseus represents that Zeus believes Odysseus should take revenge on the suitors and that he is on his side.

Wisdom--Line 141
"Telemakhos, clear-eyed as a god" represents wisdom (grey/clear-eyed Athena).

Eagle--Line 266
“from the left an eagle/rockdove” made the suitors see that Telemachus was being protected by the gods and they had no chance in killing him.

Disloyalty
When the girls go to bed with the suitors it shows just how much chaos is in the house and disloyalty.

Athena
Athena symbolizes the mother figure; she is there to kiss the boo-boo and put Odysseus back on his bicycle.

Penelope's Dream
The omen is of Odysseus killing the suitors in her household, but still believes that Odysseus is dead (and wants to kill herself).

The Cow's Hoof
When Ktesippos (suitor) throws a cow’s hoof at Odysseus it symbolizes that Odysseus is a useless waste and shouldn’t be there. The hoof is the most useless part of the cow's body when the cow is being served.

Bloody Meat
When the suitors are laughing, making strange noises and their meat (on their plates) is bleeding the prophet sees that this is a terrible omen that the suitors are going down! The suitors just laugh more (mostly because of Athena) and because they laughed, don’t you think they were just kind of asking for it?


Connections

Disloyalty

Focusing on the sense of disloyalty in this book of The Odyssey, there is one key point. When the “sluts” go by giggling to sleep with the suitors, Odysseus finally sees how some of the loyalty of serving has failed. This is a recurring problem in society today too. You hear of many cases these days of adultery (cheating) and lying. I mean, come on… Have you been to a high school within this century? In all cultures, all over the world, there are cases of disloyalty. (Here's some links for the sister in Hawaiian mythology, Pele Myth and an article with top betrayals in mythology.) The reason Odysseus was able to restrain himself from killing the maids, was be cause he remembered the grander plan. (Book 22) Odysseus remembered that when disloyalty took place in his house, he needed to cleanse his house of all those bad memories of disseat, betrayal, etc. In most cases of betrayal and disloyalty, something has to be done to make the bad thing right. Men and women who commit crimes go to prison. When people cheat on their spouse or boyfriend/girlfriend, they are usually divorced or broken up with soon afterwards the opposite person finds out (and in that cases, you should probably show yourself to the door). Characters in all kinds of myths are punished by the god(s) for doing something. Or sometimes, they are punished by their peers, and that usually leads to chaos or more trouble.

I know that this is throwing the ball out there, but that’s what I’m aiming for. When you’ve focused a part of the book on disloyalty, you start to think about morals. Now, many people argue that Odysseus’ “travels” have been, shall we say,… Embellished. Now, Odysseus has proven himself a good liar in previous books, spinning tall tales about his beggar character, and so on. But, when he sees disloyalty being done onto himself, he gets a little cranky and kills people… Does this make him hypocritical? You tell me. So, if you’re sitting there reading this because you have to do some project, and this site popped up, ask your self; (However much deceit you believe Odysseus to have done) Has Odysseus broken the Golden Rule? Has he treated others in a way that that he would not like to be treated?



Eagles
The eagle in Greek mythology symbolizes the gods and them trying to get a message across to the suitors. In the Native American culture an eagle represents wisdom and being protected by their god.

The Pope
the Pope quoted an old Christian king who said that the Muslim religion forced people to join the Muslim faith or they turned violent. After hearing this, the Muslim people thought he was being cruel and disrespectful, while others agreed with the Pope and believed what he said was true. In the Odyssey Ktessipos threw the cow's foot at Odysseus and insults him. The suitors thought what he did was reasonable while Telemachus thought he was rude and acting unreasonable. (Pope=Ktessipos, Muslims=Telemachus, other believers=suitors)


Links & References

Maps--
Character Map--Journey Map


This Section By:Christine T., Martha G.