Quantum Theory of Gravity - "QTG"
Author: Rolf Arturo Blankschein Guthmann E-Mail: rolfguthmann@uol.com.br
Porto Alegre, May / 2002
No gravity is generated in a universe consisting of just one atom, because the Coulomb force is equal to the centripetal force, as shown in chapter 3. An atom with no external gravitational influence – without the imposition of a temporal condition or local time reference – cannot generate gravity. Why, then, will gravity be generated in the universe of two atoms shown in figure 3? In this case, as described in chapter 4, we will have the formation of a local time reference involving more than one element capable of generating gravity. In this case the centers of the two atoms establish a temporal link, and it is this identification that will influence the systems, disturbing the oscillation of the electrons and establishing a local gravitational potential.
The local gravitational potential affects the temporal functioning of the atom in two ways (see figure 4). Firstly, it forces the atom to experience time at a determined rate, given that two identical atoms with the same characteristics but in different locations will experience time at different rates. Secondly, it alters the velocity of the electron, generating a greater or lesser gravitational force such that there is an increase or reduction in the potential energy. This is accompanied by a corresponding loss or gain in kinetic energy, as shown in chapter 3, as the atom optimizes its size so as to minimize its total energy.
If we analyze the formulas, we can see more simply how the radius of the atom and the velocity of the electron depend on the intensity of the local gravitational potential.
Where: U = the potential energy of the atom, and K = the kinetic energy of the atom.
As shown in chapter 4, the electron oscillates between the past and the future, the oscillation being modulated by the intensity of the local gravitational potential, as shown in figure 5. When the potential is low, there is greater influence from an external time reference and the oscillation becomes more difficult, because the tendency is to pull the electron towards the external time reference, reducing the radius of its orbit. When the potential is high – generally in a more isolated location with a less defined local time reference – the opposite occurs, with the electron left freer to assume a larger orbital radius.
Gravity is a residual force without mass – an acceleration – resulting from the imbalance between the centripetal force and the Coulomb force, where the latter is neutralized electrically. This difference of forces results from a relative mass which is a consequence of the principles of relativity: a mass that exists for the electron but not for the nucleus of the atom.
Given that gravity originates in the Coulomb force, it is no surprise that the two forces vary inversely with the square of distance from the center. It is simpler to understand the difference of their relative intensities knowing that the gravitational field is a small residue, a minute fraction of the electromagnetic force.
Everything indicates that there would be no generation of gravity without the electron cloud and that widely distributed particles do not possess gravity simply on the basis of possessing mass. It can be concluded that only particles in atoms can generate gravity, and that the gravity generated possesses a given location. As shown in figure 6, it has a defined direction, accompanying the electron in its orbit with a small delay proportional to the distance from the nucleus.
According to Quantum Mechanics, all of the orbits in the electron cloud are quantized. The gravity generated indirectly by each electron is therefore also quantized, with each gravity wave possessing an oscillation bearing the properties of the relevant orbit and moving from its origin at the velocity of light.
One of the principal characteristics of gravity is that it has the property of polarizing time, in our case towards the future. We can say that our direction is that of positive time, and this is what ensures that matter predominates over anti-matter.
When an electron is released from an atomic system such as that in figure 7, it no longer generates its quantum of gravity, and is thus no longer involved in the definition of the local time reference.
Next Chapter: 9. Our new Space-Time.