In the 1860s Maxwell published a series of papers that analyzed mathematically the theory of electromagnetic fields and, in absence of supporting evidence, treated light as electromagnetic radiation. Under Maxwell`s theory, electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy waves arising from the oscillation or acceleration of an electric charge in a magnetic field. Maxwell treated both electromagnetism and light as radiant energy and not as actives forces. Even if there is such a thing as electromagnetic radiation, if light is not electromagnetic in origin, light could be an active force while electromagnetism might be radiant energy. In the Enfolding Universe light is not electromagnetic in nature and is an active force and not radiant energy. The Unified Theory that explains the Enfolding Universe and synchronous folds concludes that so-called electromagnetism is not radiant energy but is an active force similar to light.

Maxwell without any evidentiary support whatsoever made the following false assumptions:

1. That a variable electric field automatically generated a variable magnetic field.

2. That a variable electric field accompanied by his supposed variable electric field was an electric current.

3. That an electric current flowing through a wire would continue to act between the capacitor plates as a "displacement current."

If capacitor plates are connected with a copper wire, the electric field which had existed between the capacitor plates is neutralized in the dischargibng process. In physics the collapsing electric field is called a variable electric field. There was no reason in fact or in logic for Maxwell to assume that a variable electric field automatically generated a variable magnetic field. Along with this unproved presupposition, he added an even more unreasonable presupposition that a variable electric field accompanied by a variable electric field was an electric current.

The supposed accompanying magnetic field has never been detected by means such as iron filings or an induced current. Maxwell`s approach was a hypothesis that should not have been accepted uncritically. It is true that a real electric current, and not a hypothesized but non-existent electric current, is surrounded by an electromagnetic field, which may then generate electric inductive effects in a conductor. Maxwell, however, made the untenable conception that a variable electric current accompanied by his supposed magnetic field would already and necessarily constitute an electric current.

It must be stressed that the electric field between capacitor plates does not represent energy and its alteration would not signify any fluctuations in energy level. Along with his prior presuppositions, Maxwell then falsely assumed that an electric current flowing through a wire connected to capacitor plates would continue to act between the capacitor plates as a "displacement current" or as a form of energy. Although under the Unifield Theory an electric current is force and not energy, Maxwell necessarily assumed an electric current to be energy, and there would be no way that a displacement current or a form of energy could be manifested between the plates. An alteration of votage may occur between the capacitor plates but this fluctuation of a field has nothing to do with energy.

Although Maxwell`s non-mathematical reasoning left much to be desired, the Maxwell equations are of paramount significance as a major mathematical achievement. They are not static but dynamic formulas that not only describe field effects at a point in space but also the development of fields in .

According to the Maxwell equations, there would be a delay between impulses at the transmiiter and receiver equal to the velocity of light. Thus, the classical theory of Maxwell denies the simutaneity of interaction. Under the Enfolding Universe, however, the assumption inherent in the equations is false and does not conform to reality. The Unified Theory accepts the electromagetic theorem of Alfred Schmid, which is as follows:

If a bridge of field is expanding between two electrical systems with the speed of light, then a reaction between primary and secondary impulses either does not take place at all, because the field has not as yet been extended to the secondasry system, or (when it has) takes place simutaneously and not later.

Mendel Sachs agreed with many of the conclusions of Alfred Scchmid. He agreed with Schmid that light is not, in itself, a thing of energy. Sachs believed that light is rather a manifestation of electrically charged matter that transfers its energy to other matter. Thus, both Schmid and Sachs agreed that it does not take energy to transfer energy from one system to another system. The Unified Theory underlying the Enfolding Universe agrees with the conclusions of Alfred Schmid and Mendel Sachs, with the clarification that electricity is also not radiant energy and is not matter although matter may be electrically charged.

Solutions to Maxwell`s equations for the propagation of light, which are `hyperbolic,` take a period of time to radiate from the perturbation of a charge at a given point. Hyperbolicity is closely associated with the mathematics of the propagation of fields but it is not a part of the real world. Although it was a major achievement by Maxwell to formulate equations not only describing field effects at points in space but also in time, the assumption of a time delay once the bridge of field has been set up was incorrect.

Under one point of view, the assumption of a time delay should only be applicable to a finite, closed system that would require the use of the Cartesian reference system. In a system of an infinite number of finite and space-time units of manifestation, requiring the use of a synchronous reference system, the Maxwell equations need to be modified as to describe field effects only at a given point in space. The formulas should only describe in fields of time the setting up of the bridge of field.

The classical electromagnetic theory developed by Maxwell has consequences not only inconsistent with the Enfolding Universe but also with the views of a number of scientists. Maxwell assumed withou proof that light was electromagnetic in form. Under Maxwell`s theory an atom, as described by Rutherford, would be unstable. For this reason, Bohr postulated that in an atom the classical theory of Maxwell`s does not hold, with every change in an electron`s orbit corresponding to the absorption or emission of a quantum of radiation. The Bohr`s atom was necessarily required to be developed to overcome assumed consequences of Maxwell`s theory. What Bohr treated as the absorption or emission of a quantum of radiation was actually the origination or extinction of a photon of light as an active force and not as radiant energy. It is the inward and outward movement of unitons that gives birth to the phenomena of our segue, with the birth and death process not dependent upon matter.

Maxwell`s theory was undoubtedly correct in attempting to make the presuppostion of ether unnecessary, and the ether concept was thereafter treated as being dispelled by the Michelson-Morley experiment. Light is clearly not mechanical in nature and does not require a medium for its transmission. The treatment by Maxwell, of light as electromagnetic radiation was misguided and led to confusion as to the phenomenology of light.

The results, however of the Michelson-Morley experiment were either not accepted or not understood by many scientists, including Einstein. The experiment was much more consistent with the assumption that light is an active force than with the presupposition that light is radiant energy. Under the theory that light is an active force, there is no need for ether.

Contrary to the belief of many persons, Einstein did not really eliminate the need for ether as being the background of transmission of energy particles. He, in effect, used geometry of space as a substitute for ether, attributing to space many characteristics that would otherwuse be attrubuted to ether. A rose by any other name smells just as sweet. Einstein realized that gravity was a force that did not require a medium for its operation, but he failed to recognize that gravity, a centripetal force of apparent extinction, that when coupled with the centrifugal force of apparent original produce light as a phenomena.

Not only does light not need a medium for its transmission but also it does not need matter for its transmission. It is the two-way flow of the Unified Theory that gives rise to space asnd time, to unitons, and to the recessional reference system. The outward space-time recession of outons in conjunction with the inward recession of intons give rise to the phenomena of our segue. Necessarily that from which matter arises is not a radiation of matter and does not require matter for its transmission.

The origination of light in our segue, whether by centrifugal or by centripetal forces, is accompanied by a spark, which is light. Patterns of organization of these sparks thereafter create the difference between night and day, darkness and light and allow the capture of sparks in candles, light blubs, and so forth. The process by which light is originated is misconstrued as evidence of negatively and positively charged paticles, with an electric current being an illusory movement of charged particles. Many scientists ignore the evidence of origination in our segue and treat it as evidence for their presuppostion of charged particles. Thus, the active force of origination is converted, in absence of evidence to this effect, as radiant energy of charged particles, termed electrons. These "particles"are constructs only and the process of the two-way flow is misconstrued as the flow of an electruc current.

The centripetal force from a point of origination has been recognized as gravity, and few scientists have claimed that gravity is radiant energy. It is the centrifugal force from a point of origination to a point of extinction that many scientist believe to be radiant energy. Scientists have never explained why one force of two active forces is properly treated as a force but the other must be treated as radiant energy. Both are forces that operate independent of matter and do not require matter for their transmission.

Derivative Principles of Conservation and Equivalency

Four Natural Reference Systems

© Wilson Ogg