Message No. 31
Date: Saturday, 19 February 2000
Time: 6:50 P.M.

Subject: Discussion No. 2 (Application of Chemical Kinetics)
From: Jaclyn Abaygar

Hi guys! My name is Jaclyn Abaygar of EN1J.

We all knew that in the study of a chemical reaction, it is of great 
practical importance for us to know not only the products that are 
formed and how they are produced, but also what reaction velocity 
effect the condition of equilibrium of the reaction.

The factors are the nature of the reactants, temperature, catalysts 
and the concentration or the contact area of the reactants. 
In all those given conditions, rate of energy of chemical reaction is
definite. Some reactions take place so rapidly: the explosion of 
gun powder. Gun powder consists of a mixture of 75% potassium nitrate,
15% charcoal and 10% sulfur.

Explosive characteristics are specified by the Bureau of Mines. 
Explosives are commonly known as permissibles. They contain coolants 
to regulate the temperature of flame. It is important that explosive 
for used in mines be of such a type that an explosion the evolve
less the specified amount of allowable toxic gases specified by 
federal agencies and produce a minimum of flame.
   
Others take place slowly: the formation of coal from vegetable matter.

Likewise, in the storage batteries the chemical reactions occuring 
are reversible.

Message No. 32
Date: Monday, 21 February 2000
Time: 1:43 A.M.

Subject: Discussion No. 2 (Application of Chemical Kinetics)
From: Jethro Huelar


Hello. My name is Jethro Huelar of EN1C.

I. Application of chemical kenitics
  A. concentration of reactants
    Ex. Wood burns easily if there are more oxygen and if there is 
        less oxygenit will have a difficulty in burning.
  B. presence of a catalyst
    Ex.  A pure solution of hydrogen peroxide is stable when 
         hydrobromic acid is added and decompose into H2O and O2.
  C. surface area
    Ex. If the wood are chopped into smaller pieces it more easily 
        to burn than it is bigger.
  d. temperature
    Ex. An egg takes less time to boil at sea level than it does on a 
        mountain peak.

II. Chemical industry
 
    Chemical industries are very important to us. Without it life 
    would be more difficult. They are the ones who produce the
    plastics, soaps, etc. and without these things life would be more 
    difficult for the people. 
  
    In the United States, chemical industries contribute more than the
    automotive industries. If you have a degree in chemistry you can 
    work in the chemical industry as laboratory chemist and you can be 
    a manager or a company director if you have more experience.

III. Chemical reaction
    
    In a chemical reaction or chemical changes, a substance is changed
    or transformed into another substance. The substance changes its 
    physical properties and chemical properties and sometimes it 
    requires heat.
 
    Ex.
       Souring of milk 
       Oxidation
       Fermentation 

Message No. 33
Date: Tuesday, 22 February 2000
Time: 1:47 A.M.

Subject: Discussion No. 2 (Application of Chemical Kinetics)
From: Crizalyn Alcantara

Hi! I'm Crizalyn of EN1J.

"Chemical kinetics is the study of the rates and mechanisms of
chemical reactions."  

One of the  chemical industry that uses chemical kinetics is the
medicine industry.  They use chemical kinetics so that their products 
will be more effective for consumer.  Aside from that they can 
conserve chemicals.

Message No. 34
Date: Tuesday, 22 February 2000
Time: 1:53 A.M.

Subject: Discussion No. 2 (Application of Chemical Kinetics)
From: Manuel Luis Baylon


Hi. Peace to you all! My name is Mico Baylon of EN1C.

Chemical kinetics is applied to most of the industries. It also
provides information about how fast a reaction  may take place.
 
Many industries use this kinetics and reaction like the explosives 
industry. It is being used to react chemicals, but makes it more 
dangerous and bad for our health.

Message No. 35
Date: Tuesday, 22 February 2000
Time: 4:14 A.M.

Subject: Discussion No. 2 (Application of Chemical Kinetics)
From: Wendy Kriska Padilla

Hello all. My name is Wendy of EN1C.

Chemical kinetics is the study of the speed of rxns. The information 
we get from this is important for plant design. It is because the 
speed of reaction determines the size of the equipment they have to 
use.

Another: According to an expert in industrial chemistry, every year, 
more than 1 trillion dollars worth of goods are produced with the 
help of catalysts. Almost all manufactured items use catalysts. 
Without these catalysts, there will be insufficient supply of fuels 
and fertilizers.

Catalysts are used in emission control for automobiles and power 
plants. The purpose of the catalysts is to ensure that the combustion 
of CO and hydrocarbons is complete.

                   Pt-NiO catalyst
   2CO(g) +  O2(g) --------------->  2CO2(g)

                  Pt-NiO catalyst
2C8H18(g)+25O2(g)----------------->16CO2(g)+18H2O(g)

It is also used to convert NO to molecules that are not so harmful to 
our environment. At high temperature of combustion, some nitrogen from
air reacts with oxygen to produce NO. The book I have read said it's a
serious air pollutant. NO is unstable and it should revert. 
Its rate of reversing is slow. Catalysts have been developed to speed 
up this reaction.
                        catalyst
                 2NO(g) --------> N2(g)  +O2(g)

Their role is to make the bonds of the reactants weak and to help in 
forming the products.

Message No. 36
Date: Tuesday, 22 February 2000
Time: 7:43 A.M.

Subject: Discussion No. 2 (Application of Chemical Kinetics)
From: Katherine Torres

Hi all. I'm Kate Torres.

We're talking about chemical kenetics. These are some of the examples 
where chemical kinetics is used:

Carbon disulfide is made by the reaction of carbon and sulfur. 
Carbon comes from natural gas, and the sulfur may be supplied in the 
elemental form, as hydrogen sulfide, or as sulfur dioxide. The chief 
uses of carbon disulfide are for the manufacture of rayon and for 
regenerated cellulose film. These two products are made in such large 
quantity that carbon disulfide is a heavy chemical, by any standard.

Chemical synthesis
------------------
The construction of complex chemical compounds from simpler ones. 
It is the process by which many substances important to daily life 
are obtained. It is applied to all types of chemical compounds, but 
most syntheses are of  organic molecules.

For example Diethyl ether is a by-product of the large-scale
synthesis of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) from ethylene. Both the alcohol 
and ether are valuable and can be separated easily.

Chemical kenetics also talk about the rate of a chemical reaction 
generally increases with temperature; chemical syntheses are thus 
often carried out at elevated temperatures. The industrial synthesis 
of nitric acid from ammonia and oxygen, for instance, is carried out 
at about 900º C (1,650º F). Frequently, heating will increase the 
rate of a reaction insufficiently or the instability of one or more 
reactants prevents application. In such cases catalysts--substances 
that speed up or slow down a reaction--are used. Most industrial 
processes involve the use of catalysts.

Some substances react so rapidly and violently that only careful 
control of the conditions will lead to the desired product. 
When ethylene gas is synthesized to polyethylene, one of the most 
common plastics, a large amount of heat is released. If this release 
is not controlled in some way--e.g., by cooling the reactor 
vessel--the ethylene molecules decompose to carbon and hydrogen.

Maybe my reply is too long...... till next discussion.

Message No. 37
Date: Tuesday, 22 February 2000
Time: 10:35 P.M.

Subject: Discussion No. 2 (Application of Chemical Kinetics)
From: Ramon Velasco

Hello everyone. My name is Ramon Velasco of EN1C.

Just a few years back, it was easy to define petrochemicals- they were 
relatively pure, identifiable substances derived from petroleum and 
used in the chemical trade. Now conversion processes are often built 
in as part of separation processes making original products more 
complex; oil companies are entering the chemical business; chemical 
companies are entering oil business; and the whole group is expanding 
greatly, so most organic chemical substances could be considered 
petrochemicals.
     
Most processes for separating individual species from petroleum 
involve using refined engineering methods, with distillation and 
selective adsorption the most important.  Discovering a suitable 
economical method to manage a known chemical reaction is not 
sufficient in these times. The control quality, environmental effects 
of the product and byproducts, sewage disposal, fire fighting 
procedures, start-up problems, safety, packaging and marketing 
must all be combined into a 'system' utilizing professionals from a 
variety of fields.  The most notable new developments are the 
extensive use of selective catalyst to effect increased reaction rates 
and the improved recovery of heat that was formerly wasted because 
fuel was very cheap.

Ethylbenzene is made from benzene and ethylene using several 
modifications of the older mixed liquid-gas reaction system using 
aluminum chloride as a catalyst. One catalyst is proprietary, but not 
so corrosive as the usual Friedel-Craft catalyst.
     
Dealkylation and hydrodealkylation are now practiced quite extensively
to convert available molecules int others more desired.  Two such 
processes practiced extensively are:

1. Toluene or xyline or C9 and heavier aromatics 
      + H2(presence of a dealkylation catalyst)= mainly benzene
2. 2 toluene + a little H2(presence of a fixed bed catalyst)
       = benzene + mixed xylenes
  
Tetraethyl lead is prepared commercially by two  processes.  
The first and older process involves the reaction between ethyl 
chloride and a sodium-lead alloy:
 
       4PbNa + 4C2h5Cl---> Pb(C2H5)4 +3Pb + 4NaCl

A newer electrolytic process uses the Grignard reagent and an 
electroytic cell to produce either TEL or TML:

       2RMgCl + 2RCl + Pb---elec.current---> PbR4 + 2MgCl2

Message No. 38
Date: Tuesday, 22 February 2000
Time: 10:42 P.M.

Subject: Discussion No. 2 (Application of Chemical Kinetics)
From: John Raymond Nales

Hello I'm John Nales En 1C. 

Benzaldehyde is used as favoring agent, as an ingredient of 
phamaceuticals, and as an intermediate in chemical syntheses.
 
Commercially, it is produce by several methods and in two grades, 
technical and refined. The technical grade is largely used as an 
intermediate in the synthesis of other chemicals, such as benzyl 
benzoate, cinnamic aldehyde, and dyes. Most of the technical grade 
is made by direct vapor-phase oxidation of toluene, although some 
is made by chlorinating toluene to benzal chloride, followed by 
alkaline or acid hydrolysis. For perfume and flavoring use, the 
refined, chlorine-free grade is required, which is economically 
produced by direct vapor-phase oxidation of toluene. This oxidation 
is sometimes carried out in the liquid phase
  
    C4H5CH3->C6H5CHO + H2O  change H= -382kj

Chemical kenetics is used in this industry because a catalyst 
mixture of 93% uranium oxide and 7% molybdenum oxide gives relatively 
high yields.

Message No. 39
Date: Tuesday, 22 February 2000
Time: 10:43 P.M.

Subject: Discussion No. 2 (Application of Chemical Kinetics)
From: Merlouine Palomar Gayondato

I'm Merlouine Gayondato EN1C. 

Chemical kinetics is used in manufacturing raw materials. 

The manufacture of alcohol from ethylene and other synthethic 
manufacturing procedures is now the most important source. 
Alcohol from cellulosic materials, wood, wood wastes and sulfite 
liquors is considered principally under wood hydrolysis. 
The procedure is not competetive except under special conditions. 

Corn is considered as the most promising industrial materials for 
fermentation to alcohol, specially for gasohol. The yeild of 25 kg 
of corn will be 9 to 11 L of alcohol. 
    
If the sugar is to be fermented it must be served inverted by the 
enzyme invertase to yield glucose and fructose which be converted 
to alcohol. 

Message No. 40
Date: Tuesday, 22 February 2000
Time: 10:43 P.M.

Subject: Discussion No. 2 (Application of Chemical Kinetics)
From: Ma. Soledad Llanto Pedraita

Hello. I'm Sol Pedraita of EN1C.

Chemical Industry 
-----------------
It is all about the hazardous waste incineration which is the process 
that involves exposure of the waste materials to oxidizing condition 
at high temperature, usually in excess of 900 degree celcius. 

Normally, the heat required for incineration comes from the oxidation 
of organically bound carbon and hydrogen contained in the waste 
materials or in supplemental fuel: 
        c[organic] + 02 --->C02 + heat
        4H[organic] + 02 ---> 2H20 + heat

These reaction destroy, such as the breaking of C-Cl bond in 
organoclorine compounds. 

A major consideration with hazardous waste incinerators and the 
types of wastes that are incinerated is the disposal problem posed 
by the ash, especially in respect to potential leaching of heavy 
metals.
 
WET AIR OXIDATION 
Wet air oxidation has been applied to destruction of cyanide in 
electroplating wastewaters. The oxidation reaction for sodium cyanide 
is the following: 
          2Na+  +  2CN-  +  02 ---> 
       2Na+  + 2HCO3-  +  2NH3   

Here are the four factors that affect the reaction: 
   1) Sufficient free oxygen in combustion zone 
   2) Turbulence for thorough mixing of waste
   3) Oxidant 
   4) and Supplemental fuel.