DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
| •
DEFINITIONS
1. Learning - influence of experience (nurture) 2. Maturation - unfolding of biological patterns (nature) 3. Critical Periods - early development periods during which particular early experiences are essential 4. Stages - organization of behaviors and thoughts during particular early periods of development - defined by relatively abrupt change • COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 1. Piaget a. Assimilation - fit new information into what is known b. Accommodation - change existing beliefs in response to new knowledge c. Stages of development i. sensory-motor stage (birth - 2) - object permanence ii. preoperational stage (2 - 7) - use of symbols and language; egocentric; lack the principles of conservation iii. concrete operational stage (7 - 11) - understand conservation, identity, grounded in concrete experiences iv. formal operational stage (12 - adult) - abstract reasoning 2. Language development a. Acquisition depends on biological readiness and experience • SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 1. Attachment - emotional tie between infant and caretaker - Harlow's monkey studies 2. Sex typing - learning "masculine" or "feminine" a. Identification with the same sex parent b. Rewards and punishments for sex appropriate behavior • MORAL DEVELOPMENT - Kohlberg Theory: 1. Preconventional morality - obey because ordered to or will be punished 2. Conventional morality - based on trust, loyalty or understanding social order 3. Postconventional morality - laws are situational and can be changed • CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT 1. Newborn Child a. Reflexes - automatic behaviors, rooting, sucking, swallowing, startle, etc. b. Vision - nearsighted, interested in novelty c. Social skills i. Smile at 4-6 weeks in response to faces ii. Rhythmic "conversations" 2. Adolescence a. Biological development - increase hormone production; sex organs mature; growth spurt b. Intellectual development - formal operational (abstract reasoning), independence, questioning 3. Aging a. Transition Theories - unanticipated, anticipated, nonevent, chronic hassle b. Major Milestones - starting out, marriage or living alone, parenthood, empty nest, midlife crises, retirement, widowhood |
|