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Muhammad Aurangzeb Ahmad's
eXploring intelligence









Computing

Whether human intelligence is 'purely' computational or not is another question but even more important is the fact that there are more than one ways to solve a problem and hence intelligence is not an exclusive domain of us biological beings. The topics included in this section indicate my preferences and thus I do not claim to cover the whole subject of computing. More will be added as time goes by and as such the coverage of these will be uneven, reflecting my choices and inclinations. Also many topics are over lapping with Artificial Intelligence and in such a case I have treated them under Artificial Intelligence.

Muhammad Aurangzeb Ahmad

Table of Contents

Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality and Real Virtuality
Bio-molecular Computing
Computing (Miscellaneous)
Discrete Mathematics and Set Theory
Optical Computing
Programming Languages
Supercomputing
Theory of Computing
Unconventional Computing
Quantum Computing

Computer Science Resources @ University of Albany

Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality and Real Virtuality

Bio-molecular Computing

DNA Computing: A Primer Ars Technica

DNA basis for new generation of computer August 18, 2003 CNN
DNA 'Motors' for Computer Processing Creates a Stir August 2002 Lucent Technologies
‘DNA computer’ cracks code March 15, 2002 Physics Web
Using 'Nature's Toolbox,' a DNA Computer Solves a Complex Problem March 14, 2002 JPL
Olympus Unveils DNA Computer February 1, 2002 PCWorld
Water drop holds a trillion computers Devices with DNA software may one day be fitted into cells 22 November 2001 Nature
Scientists build tiny computer from DNA November 22, 2001 ARN
Scientists Create RNA Computer January 14, 2000 Princeton University
Scientists report advance in DNA computing January 12, 2000 University of Wisconsin
Biological computer prototype unveiled June 16, 1999 BBC

Computing (Miscellaneous)

Things that just don't fit anywhere else in the current categories.

Feasible Chaotic Encryption January 3, 2003 Physics News Update
 Two Breakthroughs Achieved in Single-Molecule Transistor Research June 12, 2002 NSF
Controlling computers by thought February 1999 Personal Computer World

Dataflow computation or dataflow programming has a different architecture than the Von Neumann architecture. dataflow programming is best suited for parallel computing. It is difficult to program parallel computers because they require multiple threads of execution, global data has to managed in them and synchronization is very complicated. In the Von Neumann architecture the program accesses data from memory continuously. In dataflow programming data is not represented as memory but is a dynamic entity that can be generated once and then continuously updated. The program is represented as a graph where the nodes are a set of instructions.

Discrete Mathematics and Set Theory

Graph Theory Tutorials University of Tennessee
Set Theory and Topology Research Group at Budapest, Hungary

Mathematics: Does the proof stack up? July 3, 2003 Nature

Optical Computing

Although a very interesting subject, I have but a passing interest in it mostly as on of those emerging possibilities of the future.

Optical Computing Group, Colorado State University

Beyond Silicon: Optical Computing This is an article that I wrote for the the Nation. It appeared in the August 10, 2002 issue. Prospects for Optical Computing are discussed.

Rosy glow on information horizon January 26, 2001Nature
Now, Just A Blinkin' Picosecond! April 28, 2000 Science @ NASA
 Optical computing research at NASA April 28, 2000 Science @ NASA

Programming Languages

Resources

A Gentle Introduction to ML
CPlusPlus

C Resources on the web An excellent website
JAVA @ SUN The Source for Java Technology
Programming Links Page - Long page with many links to a wide variety of computer programming information
The Association of Lisp Users
The BASIC Archives An easy to learn language for beginners

Compilers and Interpreters

Borland C++ Version 5.5
Lispworks A LISP Interpreter from XAnalys

Books

Common Lisp the Language (2nd Edition) Guy L. Steele
LISP Primer Colin Allen Maneesh Dhagat
Thinking in C++, volumes 1 & 2 (2nd edition) Bruce Eckel

People

Paul Graham's website
Peter Norvig's website


Known Programming Languages
 The language list maintained by  Bill Kinnersley of University of Kansas listed a total of 2350 programming languages. The Language list available at the following URL:  http://wuarchive.wustl.edu/doc/misc/lang-list.txt
 

Supercomputing

The National Center for Supercomputing Applications is one of the five original centers in the National Science Foundation's Supercomputer Centers Program. NCSA is the place for Supercomputing.

IBM wins fastest computer bid November 19, 2002 ZDNet
Temporary Supercomputer November 12, 2002
The Scientist
 Purdue, Indiana Create New "Tera-Scale" Supercomputer Grid July 12, 2002 Science Daily
 Supercomputing Suddenly Sexy July 8, 2002 Wired
 Smaller slower, supercomputers someday may win the race May 29, 2002 LANL
 Japanese 'Computenik' Earth Simulator shatters US supercomputer hegemony April 20, 2002 PrimEur Weekly

Supercomputing in Small Spaces (SSS) project was started by Dr. Wu-chun (Wu) Feng along with Michael S. Warren and Eric H. Weigle in September 2001 with a 24-node Bladed Beowulf cluster. The purpose of this project is to balance performance and price in the field of Supercomputing.

Canadian Internetworked Scientific Supercomputer

Theory of Computation

Theory of Computation is the study of mathematical model of computing independent of any physical media (Hardware.) Different formalisms like the Turing Machine, Recursive Functions, Lambda Calculus, Markov Algorithms, Post Systems etc. are used.

MIT LCS Theory of Computation Group
The Theory of Computation (TOC) Group is part of the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science. It is the largest theoretical computer science research groups in the world.

Theory of Computation @ Harvard

 An Introduction to the Theory of Computation Eitan Gurari, Ohio State University Yes, the whole book.
 Fundamentals of Computing These are notes for a course that Prof. Leonid A. Levin first taught in the Fall 1986 at UC Berkeley and then at Boston University.
On Computable Numbers with an application to the Entscheidunsproblem Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Ser. 2 Vol. 42, No. 1936 – 7, 230 – 265 Alan Turing

Quantum Computing

Quantum Computing is the final frontier of computing. The field of Quantum Computing is relatively new, owing its birth to a lecture by Richard Feynman in 1982. Later in 1985 David Deutsch of the University of Oxford published the first paper on a universal Quantum Computer. It would suffice to say that it would take a Classical computer 10 million billion billion years to factor a 1000 digit number, where as a quantum computer would take around 20 minutes.

The Final Frontier of Computing: Quantum Computers This is article that I wrote for the Orbit Magazine

 A Brief History of Quantum Computing Simon Bone and Matias Castro Imperial College London
Alternative or Advanced Computing A good site will many cool links.
 Center for Quantum Computation An informative website based at Oxford University. A good place to start
 Quantum Computing @ IBM

NMR Quantum Computation Project
This is the home page of quantum computation research project, a collaboration between researchers at Stanford University, U.C. Berkeley, MIT, and IBM.  Our project involves the experimental and theoretical study of quantum-mechanical systems, and how they can be utilized to process and store information.

Personal Homepages of people in Quantum Computing

 Christof Zalka's Homepage Los Alamos National Laboratory
 Ian Stewart Imperial College, London
 Manny Knill's Homepage Los Alamos National Laboratory
 Peter Shor's Page The man who found the first practical application of Quantum Computing IBM Research
 William Wootters' Page Williams University

QCL (Quantum Computation Language)
No you are not seeing things, this really is a language for Quantum Computers. According to Bernhard Ömer, "QCL is a high level, architecture independent programming language for quantum computers, with a syntax derived from classical procedural languages like C or Pascal. This allows for the complete implementation and simulation of quantum algorithms (including classical components) in one consistent formalism."

QDD : A Quantum Computer Emulation Library QDD is a C++ library for simple sets of quantum computing constructs within the context of the C++ programming environment. Also provided is the implementation of Shor's Algorithm!

In the News

Quantum Communication Between the Stars? 22 May 2003 Space.com
Energy  needs may limit size, ability of Quantum Computers November 20, 2002 University of Arkansas
Quantum Leaps May Solve Impossible Problems October 2, 2002 NewsFactor
 Quantum cryptography takes to the skies October 2, 2002 New Scientist
 Single atom memory device stores data September 2, 2002 New Scientist
 Coherent Computing Making qubit superpositions in superconductors last longer August 2002 Scientific American
 Quantum net for atom angling July 30, 2002 Nature
 Towards Quantum Memory July 29, 2002 inSight
 Silicon quantum computer A quantum computer might be built using today's technologies June 19 2002 Nature
 Sci-Tech: Transistors Spin Toward Quantum Computing July 12, 2002 NewsFactor Network
 
Spin doctors create quantum transistor July 8, 2002 ZDNet
 Quantum Computers: One Step Closer June 18, 2002 NewsFactor Network  Quantum Leap in Computing March 23, 2000 Wired News

Dilbert on quantum computing! A little bit of Humor

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