Course Examination

1. Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
   1. left atrium
   2. right atrium
   3. left ventricle
   4. right ventricle
   5. all of the above
2. Blood is supplied to the heart muscle by the:
   1. superior vena cava
   2. coronary arteries
   3. internal carotid arteries
   4. external carotid arteries
   5. inferior vena cava
3. Which of the following statements does not describe pulmonary circulation?
   1. During pulmonary circulation deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated.
   2. Pulmonary circulation begins as blood leaves the right ventricle and enters the pulmonary artery.
   3. Pulmonary circulation ends as blood returns through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium.
   4. Pulmonary circulation begins when oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle.
   5. The pulmonic valve prevents regurgitation from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle.
4. Which of the following substances are not normally carried by the circulatory system?
   1. Oxygen
   2. Carbon monoxide
   3. Hormones
   4. White blood cells
5. The muscular layer of the wall of the heart is called the:
   1. Endocardium
   2. Pericardium
   3. Myocardium
   4. Adventitia
   5. Serosa
6. The exchange of gases occurs in which component of the vascular system?
   1. venules
   2. capillaries
   3. veins
   4. arterioles
   5. lymphatics
7. The conducting system throughout the ventricles is called the:
   1. Purkinje system
   2. Sino-atrial node
   3. Bundle of His
   4. Atrioventricular node
   5. Parasympathetic nervous system

8. In most individuals the cardiac output changes with the cardiac rate.
9. A cardiac rate in excess of 100/minute is referred to as a bradycardia.
10. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood.
11. Valves exist in the veins of the lower extremities.
12. The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is the tricuspid valve.
13. The normal pacemaker of the heart is the sinoatrial node.
14. The inner lining of the heart wall is called the endocardium.
15. Peripheral vascular resistance plays little or no role in the determination and maintenance of blood pressure.
16. Cardiac output can be calculated by multiplying the heart rate by the stroke volume.
17. Ventricular systole is associated with relaxation and decreased intra-ventricular pressure.
18. Veins have a greater capacity to dilate than do arteries.
19. The Frank-Starling principle relates to the relationship of heart muscle stretching to cardiac output.
20. An increased preload can cause cardiac muscle fibers to stretch.
21. Myocardial contractility is depressed by sympathetic nervous system stimulation.
22. Afterload is the pressure that the ventricles must work against to pump blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery.