| History |
Graphic
Design in History |
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| In art, sculpture, architectural
drawings, page layout and design, the implementation
of linear perspective and three-dimensional space
on a flat surface was made possible by the use of
colour and mathematical calculations with harmony
and proportion by artist like Donatello, F. Brunelleschi,
S.Botticelli, Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. |
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| The creative thinking
and graphical connection with science
during Renaissance
can be found in
drawings based on mathematical calculations
in manuscripts by Nicolaus
Copernicus (1473-1543). |
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Copernicus
manuscript - 'De
Revolutionibus' - was a science diary
handwritten and bounded in vellum and metal
in its modern presentation style which remained
in Copernicus' hands until his death 24 May
1543. |
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| Drawings
from this manuscript were used by Andreas
Cellarius, in 1661, creating engraving
and illustration for various publication
showing the model of planetary motion
proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus. |
| View
source |
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| Above:
By Andreas Cellarius,
1661, Copernicus, Nicolaus," Microsoft®
Encarta® Online Encyclopaedia 2002,
http://encarta.msn.co.uk © 1997-2002
Microsoft Corporation. [b] |
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| During 1440,
the invention in printing of metal moveable
type by Johann
Gutenberg
[1398-1468] revolutionized the course
of typography and its history,
allowing a new profession of type
designer to emerge. The type designer had
a important task to do of inventing a working
type which had to be design in the upper and
lower case alphabet in which, standard letters
should be harmonized in to making up a legible,
printable
and well balanced design
and layout. |
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Propaganda
and outdoor posters become widely used during
this time as people were given 'freedom of
speech' so important issues were brought to
attention if in need of changes or reformations.
One of these issue needed attentions was slavery. |
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| OLD
CAMPAIIGNER - Slave Action Poster |
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| The Roman and Greek classical
text books set traditions in writing and uniform
system developed in book size known as folio
where page layout of the printed
word, was an inspiration
for many type designers. |
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| In book
publishing a 'Title page' was introduced around
1480s and it was a new feature at that time as for
e.g. the manuscript
or codex
(books of the past) did not have a Title page, instead
the first page began with the standard opening word:
incipit
- 'to begin'. The colophon
was the printers details which was always on the
back page introduced by the Italian Humanists. |
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| A news bulletins, short periodicals
and increased quantity of educational text books
entered into public life allowing scholars to pass
written intellectual knowledge to the ever growing
literate society. The earliest periodicals were
printed during this period as in Germany the monthly
Erbauliche Monaths-Unterredungen (1663-1668), in
France Journal des Sçavans (1665) and in
England the English Philosophical Transactions of
the Royal Society of London (1665) followed by Tatler
(1709-1711) and The Spectator (1711-1714) [b]
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| Printed newspapers
larger in size and volume entered the streets in
many European Cities and the First English newspaper
was the 'Corante' (1621) and 'Weekly News' (1622-1641)
with heavy restrictions (including licensing) imposed
by Charles I and under the government of Oliver
Cromwell. After the 1688 revolution the censorship
was relaxed and once again the first paper 'Daily
Courant'(1702), and the first true evening paper
the 'Courier' (1792) was published. |
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| In the USA the first newspapers (in
Boston, 1689) avoided controversy, but the Boston
Gazette (and the Massachusetts Spy, 1770) engaged
in political debate. The New York Times was founded
in 1851, its editors setting a pattern for the future
by appealing to a cultured, intellectual readership
instead of a mass audience. |
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| In 1752 the Gregorian
calendar, or New Style calendar, also called
as the Christian calendar (based on the Julian,
or Old Style, calendar) was adjusted for accuracy
by Pope Gregory XIII (1582) by dropping 10 days
and marking a fixed calendar of 13 equal months
and a universal calendar of four identical quarterly
periods, which was slowly adopted by other countries
throughout Europe. |
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| Entering in to the Victorian
Era (1819-1901) and search for
a style within design was closely linked with
the graphic pictorialism and inventions of
Lithography (literally 'stone printing') and
Chromolithography (colour lithography) which
allowed multiple reproduction of works of
art as posters, in books and magazines publication. |
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This Victorian period is also
known as decorative, ornamental and full of complex
composition elements within design styles, which
put a bit of fantasy, drama and exoticism into
ordinary product packaging and advertising campaigns.
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Beginning
of Modernism is marked on 1851, a date
to remember as the First International
Exhibition
'The Great Exhibition' took place
in London, comparing and competing in
every aspect of trade and commerce. |
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Source: Plan
for Crystal Palace, Scanned Photograph taken
during visit to V&A, December 2001 Exhibition,
A History of Britain London, UK
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| As we
are also in the time of the first Industrial Revolution,
I have to mention the vigor’s development and
the impact of technology and steam power which brought
high speed iron printing presses
and created new opportunity, new jobs and new professions
within industry. |
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| Victorian
printers were known for their skillful combining
of imagery (photomontage) with Victorian elements
like ribbons and decorative patterns, Louis
Prang (1824-1909) made most of
his printing and design ability in 1860s by
producing millions of album cards called 'scup'
which become a major Victorian pastime and
Art Collection available to all citizens.
In 1870s Prang invented advertising Trade
Cards which were distributed at the 1873 Vienna
International Exhibition. Prang was also
called 'The Farther of the American Christmas
Card' for his pioneering work in graphics
for holiday celebrations. |
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Harper
and Brother publishing firm founded
in 1817 become most famous for graphic
design and book production launching
their finest work in 1840s as - 'Harper's
Illuminated and New Pictorial Bible'
followed by the Harper's pictorial magazine
in 1850 and in 1867 published well-known
American first fashion magazine Harper's
Bazaar |
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In England Walter
Crane (1845 – 1915)
pioneered in Children book illustrations
and Greeting cards (example
left)
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| VALENTINE,
By Walter Crane (1845-1915), 1876, V&A
London, source:
leaflet from V&A,
UK, Exhibition & Events April – June
2001 |
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| By
the mid 1890's the golden era of chromolithography
was coming to close to give a way to photography,
photoengraving, photogram, photogravure and
photomechanical plait making in printing introduced
by English pioneer W.H.F.
Talbot [1800-1877].
Other photographic processes were also already
in use but with problems in colour reproduction
so further developments were carried out in
perfecting photomenical colour print. |
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| Printers
and graphic designers of this period could now incorporate
a new reality reproduction images into their creative
works and thanks to the fully developed mechanical
iron presses vast amounts of books, periodicals,
newspapers and other emphera was printed and available
to all. |
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