The Problems of Sustainable Water Resources Management in Sudan. J V Sutcliffe & N J Widgery (Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners, Earley House, London Road Reading, Berkshire RG6 1BL, UK)

Abstract
Water resources management in Sudan illustrates many problems, from changes in river flow from contrasting areas, uncertainties of upstream use and erosion, to widespread evaporation losses in flood plain wetlands; the paper describes the problems and some measures taken to overcome them.
Event
This paper was presented by Dr Nigel Widgery, who described himself as not an expert in the River Nile as his co-writer Dr Sutcliffe who was in India. Nevertheless, Dr Widgery was a member of Jonglei Investigation Team (prior to the Sudan Indpendance), and a member of an investigation team for installing a hydropower unit in Jebel Aulia Dam in1977, and currently involved in the heightening of Rosereis Dam.
In the discussion session, he participated with many views concerning the solution to the power demand of Sudan and the optimization of managing dams for power and irrigation requirements. Also he commented on the effect of Ethiopian Projects on the Blue Nile on Sudan future needs of water and electricity.
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Climate Change and the Nile River. Dr D. Conway (University of East Anglia)

Abstract
This paper presents an assessment of the senstivity of runoff in the Nile Basin to climate change. This is achieved by using future climate change scenarios derived from General Circulation Models (GCMs). To drive hydrologic models of the Blue Nile and Lake Victoria subbasins. Together these two subbasins contribute over 70% of the Main nile discharge.
A number of assumptions are made about the response of runoff in the other Nile subbasins based on their similarities to the Blue Nile or lake Victoria Basins. Changes in runoff from all eight subbasins are then used to derive an overall estimat of change in the main Nile discharge. The implications of these scenarios of Main Nile discharge are then discussed with reference to future water supply and demand in the downstream riparians, particularly Egypt.
Event
Dr Declan Conway has chosen three GCMs scenarios for this study, namely: a dry case (GFDL), a wet case (GISS) and a composite case generated from a weighted mean of seven GCM experiments. He commented that Professor Abuzeid of Cairo University is currently working on a more advance model using Satallite-collected data. Many references to relavant work are given and listed in this paper.
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Water Availability and Water Resources Planning in Sudan. Mr Shihab Abd Elgadir Babiker (Consultant Engineer working in Sudan, now associated with Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners, Earley House, London Road Reading, Berkshire RG6 1BL, UK)

Abstract
The paper briefly reviews the Sudan's share of the Nile Waters, as determined by the bilateral Nile Waters Agreement with Egypt in 1959. It also covers the conservation projects for increasing the Nile Water yield especially in Southern Sudan and summarizes the expected water yield of these projects and the Sudan's share from them.
As Sudan nears full utilization of its entitlement of Nile River water, this coincides with the stopping of the work in Jonglei Canal (Phase I) due to instability in Southern Sudan, the importance of ground-water and its availability are briefly covered. Also, the importance of establishing a water resources planning unit within the structure of Ministry of Irrigation and its expected role are summarized.
Event
Mr Babiker mentioned that his paper is informative only. However, he is much aware of the current projects in Sudan, such as the heightening of the Rosereis Dam, utilization of ground water and other surfacial waters. He was involved in a project for providing drinking water for El-Obied city (Kordofan) by withdrawal from Bara Groundwater Basin or diversion from El-rahhad Toorda. In the discussion session he presented several views on these issues.
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Hydroelectrical Potentials in the River Nile within the Sudan Borders. Mr Kamal Osman Eltelib (Consultant Engineer now working on projects in UK and Uganda)

Abstract
A major part of the Nile Valley Plan study, which was concluded in 1958, had been concerned with establishing the hydroelectric potentials of the river Nile within the borders of the Sudan, and in particular the potential of that section of the Main Nile between Atbara and the Egyptian borders.
This paper would touch on the data and analysis relating to several projects formulated in the Nile Valley Plan. Also specific attention has been paid to hydroelectrical power potentials in Southern Sudan, focusing on Bahr El Jebel catchment area and other alternative smaller schemes.
Event
Mr Eltelib has a long experience in the river Nile. He identified several sites for hydropower generation and mentioned that the construction of dams at any of the proposed sites is generally hindered by the lack of economical viability and their remoteness from the centre of demand in Khartoum & Elgezeira. However, if they could be accommodated within an integrated development plan, then they are potentially the solution to Sudan energy demand. He also mentioned out that more effort should be put in co-operation between Sudan and his Neighbours concerning hydropower.
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