This
printing system is mainly manifested in two different areas :–
viz the manuscripts and the banner or prayer flags. Small diagrams and
charms for rituals and as linear representation of thank a paintings
are also printed but the focus is generally on these two. The theme
of these printings are sutra, mantra, diagram symbol, mandala and icons.
The sutras are written in Tibetan language where all mantras are written
in Sanskrit. The symbols printed are stupa, Eight auspicious signs (Ashtamangala
Lakshanani in
Sanskrit, Tashi Taggye in Tibetan),
twelve animals depicting twelve years of Tibetan lunar calendar etc.
The eight auspicious symbols are (1) Jewel parasol, (2) Golden
Fishes, (3) Treasure vase, (4) Sacred lotus, (5) Conch
shell, (6) Knot of Eternity, (7) Banner of victory, (6)
Wheel of law.
The twelve animals of lunar calendar are (1) Rat,
(2) Ox, (3) Tiger, (4) Rabbit, (5) Dragon, (6) Snake,
(7) House, (8) Sheep, (9) Monkey, (10) Rooster,
(11) Dog, (12) Boar. As Mahayana Buddhist symbol stupa or
‘chorten’ Vajra or ‘Dorje’ (Thunderbolt), Visva Vajra on ‘Dorjegyatam’
(double thunderbolt) is printed .
From Mahayana iconography images of Buddha, Bodhisattva,
Tara, Mystics and Monks like Padmasambhava, Milarepa and wrathful deities
are printed. All these iconographies are manifested according to Tibetan
Painting tradition, thus resembles a graphical representation of icons
from Thankas and frescos.
Here we can discuss something more about the Tibetan Art
for clarification.
Tibetan art developed under the influence of two distinct
art heritage, one is Indian and the other is Chinese. Like the religious
and philosophical thinking Tibetans had inherited their iconography
from Indian art heritage. Indians had a rich treasure where the artist-craftsman
devoted their effort for idealization of human and divine figuration.
From China Tibetan artists got the decorative motifs of secular
nature. Chinese artists already developed a rich tradition of landscape
which was influenced by the Taoist world view of appreciating nature.
The styles of Tibetan art is mainly divided in to two types, one is
the schools of southeast, which is thematically close to indo-Nepalese
tradition (Notably at Shigyatse), the other is north eastern school
which is influenced by Chinese tradition. Example of this school is
Derge. The decorative motifs of Chinese influence did not arrive before
the last decades of 17th century A. D. Such motifs are generally landscapes,
flower, sky & cloud etc.
To Tibetans the act of painting itself is primarily a religious act
and the painting is a sacred thing so there was no need to explore new
forms or compositions. Every detail, the whole composition and color
is based on the sacred texts. The painter-monk is aware of it and he
has to go through meditation and hard work to execute this visual act.
The deities and mandalas represented in thankas and fresco are symbolically
colored according to tantric texts.
Despite the freedom of the artist being so restrained in
case of printing the traditional print makers enjoyed
much more liberty. In absence of such rigidity they made small pictures
of great charms, invention and fantasy, though they borrowed all their
icons from the printers.
But on the other hand the painting tradition has also been
benefited by the printmakers. In Tibet the largest monasteries, wooden
matrix of linear Diagrams of thankas are also kept beside thee texts.
Subjects of these thankas were the life of Buddha, portraiture of 16
or 18 arhats etc. The pilgrims when visited those monasteries collected
copies as sacred icons and carried it to their own village. There local
printer’s could see the diagrams and copied those. They did it with
meticulous care and without even a slight variation and these images
were much honored because they were printed from large monasteries.
Hence the diverse areas of Tibet had the similarity in execution of
iconography with such identical characteristics.
Now we shall discuss separately the different gestures of the two main
areas for execution of printing (I) the Banner
/ Prayer flags and (II) The manuscripts.