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Empirical studies (described above, typically self-reported "observations") and anecdotal reports (case studies and gym lore, basically self-reported) agree that some AAS users show increased emotional instability, impulsivity, and aggression. female bodybuilding photos Anabolic-steroid-profiles. However, to interpret these reports means considering the prevalence of these characteristics. In what percent of users studied do clinically relevant levels of psychopathology occur? Do users and nonusers differ in this prevalence? Do these levels differ depending on where in a cycle the user is assessed? To get beyond generalizations, 30-second sound bites, and brief headlines about the psychological effects of AAS, these details are crucial. And these are only a few of the issues that need to be addressed to understand the relationship between negative psychological outcomes and AAS use reported in empirical studies. female bodybuilding photos Prescription-steroids. In spite of the apparent consistency of these reports, there is really little evidence of a direct link between AAS and negative psychological effects. Certainly, some AAS users show these effects, but there is no inevitable one-to-one relationship. And this leads to more questions. female bodybuilding photos Steroid-hormones. What individual characteristics predict the increased probability of psychopathology in some AAS users? Do certain individual characteristics predict the probabilities of use and subsequent aberrant behavior? What psychological processes predict such behavior in AAS users? How might pre-existing characteristics and current psychological processes interact to influence behavior in some AAS users?Dose and the Psychological Effects of AASTwo major differences between studies of real world AAS users and experiments that administer AAS are the doses and variety of drugs involved. The problem for experimental investigations is obvious - it is clearly impossible, when bound by protocols for the ethical treatment of human participants, to administer experimental volunteers the large array of drugs and astronomical doses used by some AAS users in the real world. As a result, the high-end dose used in experiments is 600 mg. weekly (Bhasin et al. , 1996; Pope, Kouri, & Hudson, 2000; Tricker et al. , 1996). However even at that dose, the results of the cited studies are not consistent. AAS exhibit a dose-response relationship.
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