A British expedition in 1897 brought back a number of artifacts from the Kingdom of Benin, and in the early 20th century other expeditions were launched to collect objects from central Africa. These expeditions unearthed naturalistic wood and ivory carvings and cast bronze figures that appealed to European taste. As collections of African art have grown, Westerners have gradually come to a fuller understanding of African art, its cultural functions, and its aesthetic values.
Aggression, form of animal behavior characterized by an assault or attack by one animal on another. Aggression can take two forms. One form of aggression is conflict between members of different species . It can include predatory aggression, defensive aggression, and aggression directed at competitors for resources such as food or water. Aggression of this sort typically does not involve emotions such as anger and can be regarded as a component of feeding and maintenance behavior. A more significant kind of aggression involves attacks directed toward members of the same species . Such fighting is observed in virtually all vertebrate species. Fish lock jaws and nip each other; birds attack one another, rats wrestle, kick, and occasionally bite; and steers, sheep, and goats butt their heads together. Animals fight in ways that are programmed by their genes-usually over some scarce resource. This kind of aggression exists because members of a given species have very similar needs and therefore find themselves in direct competition with one another for food, mates, and dwelling spaces.
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