About Dragonball Races
Saiya-jin:
Saiyans (Or Saiya-Jin in Japanese) are one of the strongest races in the Dragonball world. Saiyans are natural born fighters, and are strong even at birth. Saiyans are not born with the ability to fly, but they are able to. Saiyans have the abilities to transform into ape like creatures, called Oozaru in Japanese. A Saiyan can only transform, if their tail is not removed, and when they see the full moon (they can also transform on artificial moon light). Once transform their powers increases ten fold. Naturally when transformed, a saiyan cannot control him or herself. But a few can rid of this weakness and control this state, like Vegeta for example. Saiyans can only transform back when their tail is cut when the saiyan is in this state. As long as their tail was not removed from their roots (like Gokou's), their tail can grow back. All Saiyans have black hair, black eyes, and are born with a tail. All saiyans have one weakness, when a person pulls on their tail, they are weakened. But once again, a saiyan can rid this weakness once they train hard enough. Even though naturally, they have black eyes and hair, there are only a few exceptions. When they transform into Super Saiyan.
What is Super Saiyan?
Super Saiyan is when a saiyan, pure of heart, goes into EXTREME rage, and eventually burst into a stronger state with a yellow aura surrounding them. Their hair are straight up and turns yellow, their eyes turn green, and their body has more bulk. The Saiyan can only transform, if they have a power level relatively higher than a normal saiyan, have to be pure, and has to go into extreme rage. It's also known that a saiyan usually goes Super Saiya-jin once their tails are removed. As this was the case of all male saiya-jins, or half bred saiya-jins. (i.e. Goten, Chibi Trunks, Gohan, etc). Once a Saiyan transform into this state the first time, they are able to transform back to this state much easier the next time.
Eventually a Saiyan can transform into different stages of this state. A Super Saiyan can transform into either Super Saiyan 2, Super Saiyan 3, or Super Saiyan 4. The abbreviation versions of these are SSJ1, SSJ2, SSJ3, and SSJ4.
In Super Saiyan 2, their hair is not as big, and are shorter. Their eyes once more are green. This state is a little bit stronger than the Super Saiyan state. In this state they are able to control their strength/speed/ and stamina. But once one factor is raised, the others are lower, and so on. Too much power makes the Saiyan to slow. Vegeta was one of the first Saiyans to successfully control his attributes at the right times.
In Super Saiyan 3, the Saiyan's hair are huge, and drops straight down instead of up. Their eyes once more are green. The difference between the first two stages is that they have no eyebrows whatsoever. Again, this stage is much more powerful than the previous stages.
The last, and final super Saiyan stage is Super Saiyan 4. This stage is actually based on monkey like abilities. This is the only super saiyan stage with the saiyan having black hair instead of yellow, but it is fairly long like a saiyan in super saiyan 3 (not as long), and red eyes. Once again, no eyebrows. They start having red hair all over their bodies, and have a monkey like tail. This stage is the fastest, and also strongest of the super saiyan stage.
Even in Super Saiyan 4 stage, they can still transform (since when they transform into this stage, they have a tail). Once a Super Saiyan 4 sees the Full "Earth" in space, they transform into a Golden Oozaru. But unlike normal Oozaru, a saiyan have more control, and still have the increase in power. (It's also believed that Super Saiya-jin 4, isn't really a Saiya-jin mode, at all. There are many factors which may support this, as well as the fact that Toriyama haven't no imput in the storyline of GT. So this form is also refered as "Super 4" >=)
The other exception when a saiyan does not have the normal black hair, and eyes, is when they're a half-bred saiyan. Meaning is they're not Full blooded saiyans, they can inherit their non-saiyan's parents genes, and not have black hair and eyes. Trunks is an example of this.
It also seems that 1/2 or 1/4 Saiyans are able to transform into Super saiyan at an early age. One theory says that when a Saiya-jin goes Super Saiya-jin, their physical attributes change, therefore their genes must have been altered at some time.
Gohan was born before his father went Super Saiya-jin so he did not already
carry the gene that changes physical appearance and strength. Goten was
born after Gokou had transformed to Super Saiya-jin giving him the gene to
go SSJ at an early age. Chibi Trunks went SSJ after his father went SSJ
during the Cell Saga. This theory makes sense, but it isn't 100 % positive that this is the
explanation. Maybe Akira Toriyama just made it so that Goten and Trunks are able to transform at an early age, without an
explanation why it is so. Probably didn't cross his mind at the time.
I credit Trunkdbz1 for informing me about the 1/2 and 1/4 Saiya-Jin theory.
Namek-sei-jin:
Nameks are one of the strongest races in the Dragonball world (next to the Saiyan race). Apparently all Nameks are born with the ability to fly, unlike the other races. The Nameks do not have any genders whatsoever, only one type. All Nameks are green, and have two antennae on their heads. Since there are only one type of nameks, all nameks reproduce assexually. When they reproduce, the Namek spits out an egg, and the egg later becomes a baby namek. Nameks don't eat anything whatsoever, because they don't need food to survive. All they need is water. They are two type of nameks, a healer, or warrior. A healer cannot fight, but has the ability to heal others. A warrior can fight, but does not have the ability to heal. An example of the two are, Healer: Dende, Warrior: Piccolo. All Nameks has the abilty to fuse with each other, and the result is a Namek with stronger power, and ability. Apparently, a Namek can transform into Super Namek. A Namek that can transform into this state, for example is Slug. Like saiyans, Nameks does not change in physical appearance from one to another. They don't have different color hair (or any hair), and does not have different color skin. They're always green.
Humans:
In the Dragonball world, humans are usually weak. (Compared to the other races, and the average humans). Their strengths increases as they train. Usually Humans can't fly. (In Dragonball only Piccolo and a few others could fly). By Dragonball Z, every major fighters can fly. Humans unlike Nameks, and Saiyans, are very diverse in physical attributes. They can have different color hair, eyes, and skin. Even though Humans are fairly weak, compared to other races, the half-bred humans are fairly stronger. A half Saiyan/Half Human, for example is stronger than a regular human, since they inherit both of their parents abilities. For some reason or another, most of the half saiyan/half humans, have the ability turn super saiyan at an earlier age, than their saiyan parent. Example of this is Gohan, Chibi Trunks, and Goten.
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