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Quarter 4

Name: ___________________________-

Packet #5

The Nature of Matter
Standard 1:
The student understands that all matter has observ-able,
measurable properties. (SC.A.1.4)
1. knows that the electron configuration in atoms de-termines
how a substance reacts and how much
energy is involved in its reactions.
2. knows that the vast diversity of the properties of
materials is primarily due to variations in the
forces that hold molecules together.
3. knows that a change from one phase of matter to
another involves a gain or loss of energy.
4. experiments and determines that the rates of re-action
among atoms and molecules depend on the
concentration, pressure, and temperature of the re-actants
and the presence or absence of catalysts.
5. knows that connections (bonds) form between
substances when outer-shell electrons are either
transferred or shared between their atoms, chang-ing
the properties of substances.
Standard 2:
The student understands the basic principles of atomic
theory. (SC.A.2.4)
1. knows that the number and configuration of elec-trons
will equal the number of protons in an elec-trically
neutral atom and when an atom gains or
loses electrons, the charge is unbalanced.
2. knows the difference between an element, a mol-ecule,
and a compound.
3. knows that a number of elements have heavier,
unstable nuclei that decay, spontaneously giving
off smaller particles and waves that result in a
small loss of mass and release a large amount of
energy.
4. knows that nuclear energy is released when small,
light atoms are fused into heavier ones.
5. knows that elements are arranged into groups and
families based on similarities in electron structure
and that their physical and chemical properties can
be predicted.
6. understands that matter may act as a wave, a par-ticle,
or something else entirely different with its
own characteristic behavior.
Energy
Standard 1:
The student recognizes that energy may be changed in
form with varying efficiency. (SC.B.1.4)
1. understands how knowledge of energy is funda-mental
to all the scientific disciplines (e.g., the
energy required for biological processes in living
organisms and the energy required for the build-ing,
erosion, and rebuilding of the Earth).
2. understands that there is conservation of mass and
energy when matter is transformed.
3. knows that temperature is a measure of the aver-age
translational kinetic energy of motion of the
molecules in an object.
4. knows that as electrical charges oscillate, they cre-ate
time-varying electric and magnetic fields that
propagate away from the source as an electromag-netic
wave.
5. knows that each source of energy presents advan-tages
and disadvantages to its use in society (e.g.,
political and economic implications may deter-mine
a society’s selection of renewable or nonre-newable
energy sources).
6. knows that the first law of thermodynamics re-lates
the transfer of energy to the work done and
the heat transferred.
7. knows that the total amount of usable energy al-ways
decreases, even though the total amount of
energy is conserved in any transfer.
Standard 2:
The student understands the interaction of matter and
energy. (SC.B.2.4)
1. knows that the structure of the universe is the re-sult
of interactions involving fundamental par-ticles
(matter) and basic forces (energy) and that
evidence suggests that the universe contains all
of the matter and energy that ever existed.
Force and Motion
Standard 1:
The student understands that types of motion may be
described, measured, and predicted. (SC.C.1.4)
1. knows that all motion is relative to whatever frame
of reference is chosen and that there is no abso-lute
frame of reference from which to observe all
motion.
Grades 9-12
2. knows that any change in velocity is an accelera-tion.
Standard 2:
The student understands that the types of force that
act on an object and the effect of that force can be de-scribed,
measured, and predicted. (SC.C.2.4)
1. knows that acceleration due to gravitational force
is proportional to mass and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between the objects.
2. knows that electrical forces exist between any two
charged objects.
3. describes how magnetic force and electrical force
are two aspects of a single force.
4. knows that the forces that hold the nucleus of an
atom together are much stronger than electromag-netic
force and that this is the reason for the great
amount of energy released from the nuclear reac-tions
in the sun and other stars.
5. knows that most observable forces can be traced
to electric forces acting between atoms or mol-ecules.
6. explains that all forces come in pairs commonly
called action and reaction.
Processes that Shape the Earth
Standard 1:
The student recognizes that processes in the lithosphere,
atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere interact to
shape the Earth. (SC.D.1.4)
1. knows how climatic patterns on Earth result from
an interplay of many factors (Earth’s topography,
its rotation on its axis, solar radiation, the transfer
of heat energy where the atmosphere interfaces
with lands and oceans, and wind and ocean cur-rents).
2. knows that the solid crust of Earth consists of slow-moving,
separate plates that float on a denser,
molten layer of Earth and that these plates inter-act
with each other, changing the Earth’s surface
in many ways (e.g., forming mountain ranges and
rift valleys, causing earthquake and volcanic ac-tivity,
and forming undersea mountains that can
become ocean islands).
3. knows that changes in Earth’s climate, geological
activity, and life forms may be traced and com-pared.
4. knows that Earth’s systems and organisms are the
result of a long, continuous change over time.
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Standard 2:
The student understands the need for protection of the
natural systems on Earth. (SC.D.2.4)
1. understands the interconnectedness of the systems
on Earth and the quality of life.
Earth and Space
Standard 1:
The student understands the interaction and organiza-tion
in the Solar System and the universe and how this
affects life on Earth. (SC.E.1.4)
1. understands the relationships between events on
Earth and the movements of the Earth, its moon,
the other planets, and the sun.
2. knows how the characteristics of other planets and
satellites are similar to and different from those of
the Earth.
3. knows the various reasons that Earth is the only
planet in our Solar System that appears to be ca-pable
of supporting life as we know it.
Standard 2:
The student recognizes the vastness of the universe and
the Earth’s place in it. (SC.E.2.4)
1. knows that the stages in the development of three
categories of stars are based on mass: stars that
have the approximate mass of our sun, stars that
are two-to-three-stellar masses and develop into
neutron stars, and stars that are five-to-six-stellar
masses and develop into black holes.
2. identifies the arrangement of bodies found within
and outside our galaxy.
3. knows astronomical distance and time.
4. understands stellar equilibrium.
5. knows various scientific theories on how the uni-verse
was formed.
6. knows the various ways in which scientists col-lect
and generate data about our universe (e.g., X-ray
telescopes, computer simulations of gravita-tional
systems, nuclear reactions, space probes,
and supercollider simulations).
7. knows that mathematical models and computer
simulations are used in studying evidence from
many sources to form a scientific account of the
universe.
Processes of Life
Standard 1:
The student describes patterns of structure and func-tion
in living things. (SC.F.1.4)

1. knows that the body processes involve specific bio-chemical
reactions governed by biochemical prin-ciples.
2. knows that body structures are uniquely designed
and adapted for their function.
3. knows that membranes are sites for chemical syn-thesis
and essential energy conversions.
4. understands that biological systems obey the same
laws of conservation as physical systems.
5. knows that complex interactions among the dif-ferent
kinds of molecules in the cell cause distinct
cycles of activity governed by proteins.
6. knows that separate parts of the body communi-cate
with each other using electrical and/or chemi-cal
signals.
7. knows that organisms respond to internal and ex-ternal
stimuli.
8. knows that cell behavior can be affected by mol-ecules
from other parts of the organism or even
from other organisms.
Standard 2:
The student understands the process and importance of
genetic diversity. (SC.F.2.4)
1. understands the mechanisms of asexual and
sexual reproduction and knows the different ge-netic
advantages and disadvantages of asexual
and sexual reproduction.
2. knows that every cell contains a “blueprint” coded
in DNA molecules that specify how proteins are
assembled to regulate cells.
3. understands the mechanisms of change (e.g., mu-tation
and natural selection) that lead to adapta-tions
in a species and their ability to survive natu-rally
in changing conditions and to increase spe-cies
diversity.
How Living Things Interact with
Their Environment
Standard 1:
The student understands the competitive, interdepen-dent,
cyclic nature of living things in the environment.
(SC.G.1.4)
1. knows of the great diversity and interdependence
of living things.
2. understands how the flow of energy through an
ecosystem made up of producers, consumers, and
decomposers carries out the processes of life and
that some energy dissipates as heat and is not re-cycled.
3. knows that the chemical elements that make up
the molecules of living things are combined and
recombined in different ways.
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Standard 2:
The student understands the consequences of using lim-ited
natural resources. (SC.G.2.4)
1. knows that layers of energy-rich organic materi-als
have been gradually turned into great coal beds
and oil pools (fossil fuels) by the pressure of the
overlying earth and that humans burn fossil fuels
to release the stored energy as heat and carbon
dioxide.
2. knows that changes in a component of an ecosys-tem
will have unpredictable effects on the entire
system but that the components of the system tend
to react in a way that will restore the ecosystem to
its original condition.
3. understands how genetic variation of offspring
contributes to population control in an environ-ment
and that natural selection ensures that those
who are best adapted to their surroundings sur-vive
to reproduce.
4. knows that the world ecosystems are shaped by
physical factors that limit their productivity.
5. understands that the amount of life any environ-ment
can support is limited and that human ac-tivities
can change the flow of energy and reduce
the fertility of the Earth.
6. knows the ways in which humans today are plac-ing
their environmental support systems at risk
(e.g., rapid human population growth, environ-mental
degradation, and resource depletion).
The Nature of Science
Standard 1:
The student uses the scientific processes and habits of
mind to solve problems. (SC.H.1.4)
1. knows that investigations are conducted to explore
new phenomena, to check on previous results, to
test how well a theory predicts, and to compare
different theories.
2. knows that from time to time, major shifts occur
in the scientific view of how the world works, but
that more often the changes that take place in the
body of scientific knowledge are small modifica-tions
of prior knowledge.
3. understands that no matter how well one theory
fits observations, a new theory might fit them as
well or better, or might fit a wider range of obser-vations,
because in science, the testing, revising,
and occasional discarding of theories, new and old,
never ends and leads to an increasingly better
understanding of how things work in the world,
but not to absolute truth.
4. knows that scientists in any one research group
tend to see things alike and that therefore scien-tific
teams are expected to seek out the possible

sources of bias in the design of their investigations
and in their data analysis.
5. understands that new ideas in science are limited
by the context in which they are conceived, are
often rejected by the scientific establishment,
sometimes spring from unexpected findings, and
usually grow slowly from many contributors.
6. understands that, in the short run, new ideas that
do not mesh well with mainstream ideas in sci-ence
often encounter vigorous criticism and that,
in the long run, theories are judged by how they
fit with other theories, the range of observations
they explain, how well they explain observations,
and how effective they are in predicting new find-ings.
7. understands the importance of a sense of respon-sibility,
a commitment to peer review, truthful re-porting
of the methods and outcomes of investi-gations,
and making the public aware of the findings.
Standard 2:
The student understands that most natural events oc-cur
in comprehensible, consistent patterns. (SC.H.2.4)
1. knows that scientists assume that the universe is
a vast system in which basic rules exist that may
range from very simple to extremely complex, but
that scientists operate on the belief that the rules
can be discovered by careful, systemic study.
2. knows that scientists control conditions in order
to obtain evidence, but when that is not possible
for practical or ethical reasons, they try to observe
a wide range of natural occurrences to discern pat-terns.
Standard 3:
The student understands that science, technology, and
society are interwoven and interdependent. (SC.H.3.4)
1. knows that performance testing is often conducted
using small-scale models, computer simulations,
or analogous systems to reduce the chance of sys-tem
failure.
2. knows that technological problems often create a
demand for new scientific knowledge and that
new technologies make it possible for scientists to
extend their research in a way that advances sci-ence.
3. knows that scientists can bring information, in-sights,
and analytical skills to matters of public
concern and help people understand the possible
causes and effects of events.
4. knows that funds for science research come from
federal government agencies, industry, and pri-vate
foundations and that this funding often in-fluences
the areas of discovery.
5. knows that the value of a technology may differ
for different people and at different times.
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6. knows that scientific knowledge is used by those
who engage in design and technology to solve
practical problems, taking human values and limi-tations
into account.

Chapter 7: Organic Chemistry

1. Worksheet: Organic Chemistry - Define questions 1-25
2 Graph of Boiling Points of Organic Compounds.
3. Textbook Work: Concept Check page 246 and 249, Practice Problems page 252 questions 11,12.
4. Worksheet: 26-1 Practice Problems.
5. Internet student web pages: Visit 10 web pages and describe by listing one fact from each web page
6. Worksheet: Practice Problems 26-1
7. Worksheet: Practice Problems 26-2
8. Worksheet: Esters questions 1-20
9. Laboratory Activity: Melting point of octadecanoic acid. Graph should be included.
10. Worksheet: Amines and Amides questions 1-20
11. Worksheet: Carbon and its Compounds