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Acetone body (See Ketone Body)
Acromegaly (Acromegalic)
A chronic disease of adults marked by enlargement of the bones of the extremities, face, and jaw that is caused by overactivity of the pituitary gland.
A disease caused by partial or total failure of adrenocortical function, which is characterized by a bronzelike pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes, anemia, weakness and low blood pressure.
Adenoma (Adenomatoid, Adenomatous)
A benign epithelial tumor having a glandular origin and structure.
The outer portion of the adrenal glands that produces several steroid hormones, including cortisol and aldosterone.
A pathological deficiency in the oxygen-carring component of the blood, measured in unit volume concentrations of hemoglobin, red blood cells volume, or red blood cell number.
Anencephaly (Anencephalies, Anencephalic)
Congenital absence of most of the brain and spinal cord.
Antidiuretic Hormone (See Vasopressin)
Aphasia (See Stroke)
Of or relating to a delicate membrane enclosing the spinal cord and brain.
An amino acid, C6H14N4O2, obtained from the hydrolysis or digestion of plant and animal protein.
Of no danger to health; not recurrent of progressive, not malignant.
Of or relating to bile, the bile ducts, or the gallbladder. Transporting bile.
Carcinoma (Carcinomas, Carcinomata, Carcinomatoid, Carcinomatous)
An invasive malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue that tends to metastasize to other areas of the body.
(L. cardiacus from Gr. kardiakos) pertaining to the heart.
Cardiac catheterization is a specialized cardiac diagnostic technique. A catheter is a long, flexible tube that is inserted through either an arm or groin vessel, and via x-ray guidance, is threaded to the heart. It allows physicians to find out exactly how well a heart is functioning, and to examine the condition of coronary arteries. Cardiac catheterization is a minimally invasive procedure that allows physicians to perform many types of tests.
Of or relating to the brain or cerebrum.
The serumlike fluid that circulates through the ventricles of the brain, the cavity of the spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space, functioning in shock absorption.
The large, rounded structure of the brain occupying most of the cranial cavity, divided into two cerbral hemispheres that are joined at the bottom by the corpus callosum. It controls and integrates motor, sensory and higher mental functions such as thought, reason, emotion and memory.
CerebroSpinal Fluid
(chole- + Gr. stereos solid) 1. a pearly, fatlike steroid alcohol, C27H45OH, crystallizing in the form of leaflets or plates from dilute alcohol, and found in animal fats and oils, in bile, blood, brain tissue, milk, yolk of egg, myelin sheaths of nerve fibres, the liver, kidneys, and adrenal glands. It constitutes a large part of the most frequently occurring type of gallstones and occurs in atheroma of the arteries, in various cysts, and in carcinomatous tissue. Most of the body's cholesterol is synthesized in the liver, but some is absorbed from the diet. It is a precursor of bile acids and is important in the synthesis of steroid hormones. 2. (USP) a commercial preparation of cholesterol is used as a pharmaceutic aid. Called also cholesterin.
Cirrhosis (Cirrhotic)
A chronic disease of the liver characterized by the replacement of normal tissue with fibrous tissue and the loss of functional liver cells. It can result from alcohol abuse, nutritional deprivation, or infection especially by the hepatitis virus. Chronic interstilitial inflammation of any tissue or organ.
Clofibrate (kloe-FYE-brate) is used to lower cholesterol and triglyceride (fat-like substances) levels in the blood. This may help prevent medical problems caused by such substances clogging the blood vessels.
Coagulant (Coagulable, Coagulation, Coagulator)
To change or be changed from a liquid into a thickened mass. Synonyms: Clot, Congeal, Curdle, Jell, Set.
Collagen (Collagenic or Collagenous)
The fibrous protein constituent of bone, cartilage, tendon or other connective tissue. It is converted to gelatin by boiling.
Congestive
To cause the accumulation of exessive blood or tissue fluid in (a vessel or an organ).
A condition marked by weakness, edema, and shortness of breath that is caused by the inability of the heart to maintain adequate blood circulation in the peripheral tissues and the lungs.
The temporary union of two bacterial cells during which one cess transfers part or all if its genome to the other. Conjugated: to under go conjugation. Unconjugated: to not undergo conjugation.
A naturally occurring corticosteroid, C21H28O5, that functions primarily in carbohydrate metabolism and is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, adreal insufficency, certain allergies and gout.
A congential condition caused by a deficiency of thyroid hormone during pernatal development and characterized in childhood by dwarfed stature, mental retardation, dystrophy of the bones and a low basal metabolism. Also called congenital myxedema.
A syndrome caused by an increased production of ACTH from a tumor of the adrenal cortex or of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, or by excessive intake of glucocorticoids. It is characterized by obesity and weakening of the musels.
An abnormal membranous sac or vesicle containing a gaseous, liquid, or semisolid substance in the body.
The protoplasm outside the nucleus of a cell.
The condition of being deprived (to take something away).
A chronic metabolic disorder characterized by intense thirst and excessive urination, caused by a deficiency of the pituitary hormone vasopressin.
A severe, chronic form of diabetes caused by insufficient production of insulin and resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. The disease, which typically appears in childhood or adolescence, is characterized by increased sugar levels in the blood and urine, excessive thirst, frequent urination, acidosis and wasting. Also called insulin-dependent diabetes.
It is also a mild form of diabetes that typically appears first in adulthood and is exacerbated by obesity and an inactive lifestyle. This disease often has no symptoms, is usually diagnosed by tests that indicate glucose intolerance and is treated with changes in diet and an exercise regimen. Also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
Tending to increase the discharge of urine. A substance or drug that tends to increase the discharge of urine.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is a rare inherited neuromuscular disorder and one of the most prevalent types of muscular dystrophy. This disorder is characterized by rapid progression of muscle degeneration which occurs early in life. Almost all affected children are male.
The beginning portion of the small intestine, starting at the lower end of the stomach and extending to the jejunum.
Eclampsia (Eclamptic)
Coma and convulsions during or immediately after pregnancy, characterized by edema, hypertension and proteinuria.
Ectopia (Ectopic)
An abnormal location or position of an organ or a body part occurring congenitally or as the result of injury.
Implantation and subsequent development of a fertilized ovum outside the uterus, as in a fallopian tube.
Edema (Edema, Edematam Edematous)
An exessive accumulation of serous fluid in tissue spaces or a body cavity.
Encephalitis (Encephalitic)
Inflammation of the brain.
Screting internally. Of or relating to endocrine glands or the hormones secreted by them. The Endocrine gland is any of the various glands, such as the thyroid, adrenal, or pituitary, having hormonal secretions that pass directly into the bloodstream. Also called ductless gland.
(Gr. en in + zym e leaven) a protein molecule that catalyses chemical reactions of other substances without itself being destroyed or altered upon completion of the reactions. Enzymes are classified according to the recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry. Each enzyme is assigned a recommended name and an Enzyme Commission (EC) number. They are divided into six main groups; oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases.
Epithelium (Epithelial)
Membranous tissue composed of one or more layers of cells separated by very little intercellular substance and forming the covering of most internal and external surfaces of the body and it's organs.
Any of a class of organic compounds corresponding to the inorganic salts and formed from an organic acid and an alcohol.
An estrogenic hormone, C18H24O3, found in the urine during pregnancy.
Estrogen (Estrogenic, Estrogenically)
Any of several steroid hormones produced chiefly by the ovaries and responsible for promoting estrus and the development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics.
The periodic state of sexual excitement in the female of most mammals, excluding human beings, that immediately precedes ovulation and during which the female is most receptive to mating; heat
Exophthalmos (Exophthalmic)
Abnormal protrusion of the eyeball.
A small, pear shaped muscular sac, located under the right lobe of the liver, in which bile secreted by the liver is stored until needed by the body for digestion.
Gastrooesophageal (esophageal)
pertaining to the stomach and oesophagus, as the gastrooesophageal junction.
Gigantism (Giantism)
Exessive growth of the body or any of its parts, especially as a result of oversecretion of the growth hormone by the pituitary gland.
The protein that is a constituent of hemoglobin.
Any of a class of proteins found extensively in blood plasma, milk, muscle, and plant seeds that are insoluble in pure water, soluble in diluted salt solution and coagulable by heat.
Any of a group of steroid hormones, such as cortisone, that are produced by the adrenal cortex, are involved in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory properties.
A syrupy, sweet, colorless or yellowish liquid, C3H8O3, obtained from fats and oils as a byproduct of saponification and used as a solvent, an antifreeze, a plasticizer and a sweetener and in the manufacture of dynamite, cosmetics, liquid soaps, inks and lubricants.
Goiter (Goitrous, Struma)
A noncancerous enlargement of the thyroid gland, visible as a swelling at the front of the neck, that is often associated with iodine deficiency.
A disturbance of uric-acid metabolism occuring predominantly in males, characterized by painful inflammation of the joints, especially of the feet and hands, and arthritic attacks resulting from elevated levels of uric acid in the blood and the deposition of urate crystals around the joints. The condition can become chronic and result in deformity.
Small, fleshy, beadlike protuberances (Swelling outward, bulging), consisting of outgrowths of new capillaries, on the surface of a wound that is healing.
Granuloma (Granulomatous)
A mass of inflamed granulation tissue, usually associated with ulcerated infections.
Of, relating to, or associated with the stomach.
Graves' Disease (exophthalmic goiter)
A condition usually caused by excessive production of thyroid hormone and characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland, protrusion of the eyeballs, a rapid heartbeat, and nervous excitability.
Hematoma (Hematomas, Hematomata)
A localized swelling filled with blood resulting from a break in a blood vessel.
The iron-containing respiratory pigment in red blood cells of vertebrates, consisting of about 6 percent heme and 94 percent globin.
Hemolysis (Hemolytic)
The destruction of dissolution of red blood cells, with subsequent release of hemoglobin.
Hemorrhage (Hemorrhaged, Hemorrhaging, Hemorrhages)
Excessive discharge of blood from the blood vessels; profuse bleeding.
An inflammation of the liver.
Hydrolysis (Hydrolyte, Hydrolytic)
Decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water, such as the dissociation of a dissolved salt or the catalytic conversion of starch to glucose.
An excessive amount of calcium in the blood.
Hyperglycemia (Hyperglycemic)
The presence of an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood.
Hypertension (Hypertensive)
Arterial disease in which chronic high blood pressure is the primary symptom. Abnormally elevated blood pressure.
Insufficient production of thyriod hormones. A pathological condition resulting rom severe thyroid insufficiency which may lead to cretinism or myxedema.
Of, relating to, or designating a disease having no known cause.
A nonsteroidal anti-flammatory, astipyretic and analgesic drug C19H16CINO4, used especially in the treatment of some forms of arthritis.
Insulinoma (insuloma, islet cells adenoma)
A usually benign tumor of the insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas. Insulinomas secrete excessive amounts of insulin. This causes hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). The symptoms of hypoglycemia associated with this condition may be very severe to the extent of producing coma. There may be multiple tumors. Risk factors are a prior history of multiple endocrine neoplasia Type I (MEN I). The incidence is 1 out of 100,000 people.
Relating to or situated in the small narrow spaces between tissues or parts of an organ (cells or fluid).
A broad disk of fibrocartilage situated between adjacent vertebrae of the spinal column.
Ischemia (Ischemic)
A decrease in the blood supply to a godily organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels.
The yellow pigmentation of skin that is clinically recognizable when total bilirubin exceeds 50 umol/L. Types of jaundice include prehepatic jaundice, hepatic (parenchymal) jaundice and posthepatic (obstruction of the bile duct usually from gallstones) jaundice.
Ketone Body (Acetone Body)
A ketone containing substance, suche as acetoacetic acid, that is an intermediate product of fatty acid metabolism. Ketone bodies tend to accumulate in the blood and are excreted in the urine of individuals affected by starvation or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
Ketosis (ketotic)
A pathological increase in the production of ketone bodies. Ketone is any of a class of organic compounds having a carbonyl group linked to a carbon atom in each of two hydrocarbon radicals.
L-dopa (levodopa)
The levorotatory (of or relating to a chemical solution that rotates the plane of polarized light to the left or counterclockwise) form of dopa (an amino acid, C9H11NO4, formed in the liver from tyrosine and converted to dopamine in the brain), used to treat Parkinson's disease.
Any of a heterogeneous group of flats and fatlike substances characterized by being water-insoluble and being extractable by nonpolar (or fat) solvents such as alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, etc. All contain as a major constituent aliphatic hydrocarbons. The lipids, which are easily stored in the body, serve as a source of fuel, are an important constituent of cell structure, and serve other biological functions. Lipids may be considered to include fatty acids, neutral fats, waxes, and steroids. Compound lipids comprise the glycolipids, lipoproteins, and phospholipids.
Of, near or situated in the part of the back and sides between the lowest ribs and the pelvis.
Lupus (erythematosus)
Any of several diseases, especially systemic lupus erythematosus, that principally affect the skin and joints but often also involve other systems of the body. Lupus erythematosus is a chronic disease of unknown origin characterized by the appearance of red, scaly lesions or patches on the face and upper portion of the trunk.
Of, relating to or involving the corpus luteum (a yellow, progesterone secreting mass of cells that forms from an ovarian follicle after the release of a mature egg.)
The lymph is a clear, watery, sometimes faintly yellowish fluid derived from the body tissue that contains white blood cells and circulates throughout the lymphatic system, returning to the venous bloodstream throught the thoracic duct. Lymph acts to remove bacteria and certain proteins from the tissue, transport fat from the small intestine, and supply mature lymphocytes to the blood.
Of or relating to lymph, a lymph vessel or a lymph node.
Lymphoma (Lymphomata, Lymphomas, Lymphomatoid, Lymphomatous)
Any of various usually malignant tumors that arise in the lymph nodes or in other lymphoid tissue.
Malignant (Malignantly)
Threatening to life, virulent. Tending to metastasize; cancerous. Used of a tumor.
Of, relating to, or affecting the meninges.
Meningitis (Meningitic)
Inflammation of the meninges of the brain and the spinal cord, most often caused by a bacterial or viral infection and characterized by fever, vomiting, intense headache and stiff neck.
Meninx (Meninges)
A membrane, especially one of the three membranes enclosing the brain and spinal cord in vertebrates.
Metastasis (Metastases, Metastatic, Metastatically)
A secondary cancerous groth formed by transmission of cancerous cells from a primary growth located elsewhere in the body.
To be transmitted or transferred by or as if by a pathogenic microorganisms or cancerous cells from an original site to one or more sites elsewhere in the body, usually by way of the blood vessels or lymphatics. (metastasis)
The branch of biology that deals with the form and structure of organisms without consideration of function. The form and structure or an organism or one of its parts.
Moving or having the power to move spontaneously.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
A chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system in which gradual destruction of myelin occurs in patches throughout the brain or spinal cord or both, interfering with the nerve pathways and causing muscular weakness, loss of coordination, and speech and visual disurbances. It occurs chiefly in young adults and is thought to be caused by a defect in the immune system that may be of genetic or viral origin.
Myeloma (Myelomatoid)
A malignant tumor formed by the cells of the bone marrow.
Myocradium (myocardial)
Myocardium is the middle layer of the walls of the heart, composed of cardiac muscle.
Myxedema or Myxoedema (Myxedematous, Myxedemic)
A disease caused by decreased activity of the thyroid gland in adults and characterized by dry skin, swelling around the lips and nose, mental deterioration and a subnormal basal metabolic rate.
Death of cells or tissues throught injury or disease, especially in a localized area of the body.
Neoplasm (Neoplastic)
An abnormal new growth of tissue in animals or plants; a tumor.
A disease of the kidneys marked by degenerative lesions, especially of the winding uriniferous tubules.
A small mass of tissue or aggregation of cells.
obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand.
Oestrogen (See Estrogen)
Oestrus (See Estrus)
Inflammation of the pancreas.
Of, relating to, or obtained from (the parathyroid glands) any of usually four small kidney-shaped glands that lie in pairs near or within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and secreate a hormone necessary for the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus.
The tissue characteristic of an organ as distinguished from associated connective or supporting tissue.
Parkinson's Disease (Paralysis agitans, Shaking palsy)
A progressive nervous disease orrucing most often after the age of 50, associated with the descruction of brain cells that produce dopamine and characterized by muscular tremor, slowing of movement, partial facial paralysis, peculiarity of gait and posture, and weakness.
The state or quality of being open, expanded or unblocked.
Pelvis (Pelvic, Renal Pelvis)
A basin shapped structure of the vertebrate skeleton, composed of the innominate bones on the sides, the pubis in front and the sacrum and coccyx behind, that rests on the lower limbs and supports the spinal column. Also the cavity formed by this structure. The pelvic is of, in, near or relating to the pelvis. The Renal Pelvis is the hollow funnel in the outlet of the kidney into which urine is discharged before intering the ureter.
Tending to cause death or serious injury; deadly (e.g. pernicious virus)
the symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases.
The fine vascular membrane that closely envelops the brain and spinal cord under the arachnoid and the dura mater.
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
A small oval endocrine gland attached to the base of the vertebrate brain and consisting of an anterior and a posterior lobe, the secretions of which control the other endocrine glands and influence growth, metabolism and maturation.
Placenta (Placental)
A membranous vascular organ that develops in female mammals during pregnancy, lining the uterine wall and partially enveloping the fetus, to which it is attached by the umbilical cord.
Platelet (Blood Platelet, Thrombocyte)
A minute, disklike cytoplasmic body found in the blood plasma of mammals that promotes blood clotting.
Characterized by the autonomous function of one or more thyroid adenomas producing hyperthyroidism.
Having a lobed nucleus. Used especially of neutrophil white blood cells.
(before the liver) which is the excessive breakdown of red blood cells that cannot be excreted by the liver.
Preeclampsia (Preeclamptic)
A condition of hypertension occuring in pregnancy, typically accompanied by edema and proteinuria.
A steroid hormone C21H30O2 secreted by the corpus leteum of the ovary and by the placenta that acts to prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum to maintain pregnancy and to promote development of the mammary glands.
Proteinuria may be the first and only evidence of renal disease. Most healthy persons excrete up to 150mg of urinary protein daily, which may vary on urine dipstick analysis from negative to 2+. Although the prevalence of proteinuria on routine screening of healthy individuals has been as high as 3.5 percent, the incidence of renal disease in this population is very low. It is clear that the discovery of proteinuria necessitates a thorough evaluation to separate these healthy individuals from those with significant renal disease.
Psychosocial (Psychosocially)
Involving aspects of social and psychological behavior.
Renal pertaining to the kidney; nephric
Rheumatoid (Rheumatism)
Any of several pathological conditions of the meuscles, tendons, joints, bones or nerves characterized by discomfort and disability. (e.g. Rheumatoid arthritis).
Rickets (Rachitis)
A deficiency disease resulting from a lack of vitamin D or calcium and from insufficient exposure to sunlight, characterized by defective bone growth and occuring chiefly in children.
A reaction in which an ester is heated with an alkali, such as sodium hydroxide, producing a free alcohol and an acid salt, especially alkaline hydrolysis of a fat or an oild to make soap.
Sarcoidosis (Sarcoid)
A disease of unknown origin characterized by the formation of granulomatous lesions that appear especially in the liver, lungs, skin, and lymph nodes.
Containing, secreting or resembling serum.
The clear yellowish fluid obtained upon seperating whole blood into its solid and liquid components.
narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal.
An abnormal narrowing of a duct or passage.
(a neg. + Gr. phasis speech) defect or loss of the power of expression by speech, writing, or signs, or of comprehending spoken or written language, due to injury or disease of the brain centres.
Struma (See Goiter)
Situated or occuring beneath the arachnoid membrane, or between the arachnoid and the pia mater: subarachnoid space; subarachnoid anesthesia.
Theelol (See Estriol)
Any group of durgs that block reabsorption of sodium in the distal tubules of the kidneys, used as diuretics in the treatment of hypertension.
An abnormal decrease in the number of platelets in circulatory blood.
A two-lobed endocrine gland found in all vertebrates, located in front of and on either side of the trachea in human beings, and producing various hormones, such as triiodothyronine and calcitonin.
Inflammation of the thyroid gland.
A toxic condition resulting from excessive amounts of thyroid hormones in the body, as occurs in hyperthyroidism, for example.
Concentration of a substance in solution or the strength of such a substance determined by titration. It is also the minimum volume needed to cause a particular result in titration.
A condition in which the blood contains toxins produced by body cells at a local source of infection or derived from the growth of microorganisms. Also called blood poisoning.
Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasmoses)
Is a disease caused by sporozoan. Toxoplasma gondii is a congenital disease characterized by lesions of the central nervous system that can cause blindness and brain damage. It is an acquired disease characterized by fever, swollen lymph nodes and lesions in the liver, heart, lungs and brain.
Treponema (Treponemata, Treponemas, Treponemal, Terponematous)
Any of a group of spirochetes of the genus Trepomena, including those that cause syphilis, pinta and yaws.
A naturally occurring ester of three fatty acids and glycerol that is the chief constituent of fats and oils.
An infectious disease of human beings and animals caused by the tubercle bacillus and characterized by the formation of tubercles on the lungs and other tissues of the body, often developing long after the initial infection. Tuberculosis of the lungs, characterized by the coughing up of mucus and sputum, fever, weight loss and chest pain.
The waste product secreted by the kidneys that in mammals is a yellow to amber-colored, slightly acid fluid discharged from the body through the urethra.
Vasioressin (Vasopressin)
A hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that constricts blood vessels, raises blood pressure, and reduces excretion of urine. Also called antidiuretic hormone.
A diagnostic test for syphilis involving the fixation or inactivation of a complement by an antibody in a blood serum sample.
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