However, it is my goal to compile a rather comprehensive reference list
of spider conservation issues, research and actions. My research
emphasis has been on U.S. conservation issues, so any assistance in building
up the international list would be most appreciated. If you are aware of
any relevant publications missing from this bibliography, please send
the reference to me. I will update the page accordingly.
The Value
of Spiders
Spider Conservation
Issues and Actions
General References
Clarke, R. D. and P. R. Grant. 1968. An experimental study of the role of spiders as predators in a forest litter community. Part I. Ecology 49:1152-1154.
Hansell, M. 1993. Secondhand silk. Natural History 102:40-46.
Hogstad, O. 1984. Variation in numbers, territoriality and flock size of a goldcrest Regulus regulus population in winter. Ibis 126:296-306.
Nentwig, W. 1986. Non-webbuilding spiders: Prey specialists or generalists? Oecologia 69:571-576.
Nyffeler, M., Sterling W. L., and D. A. Dean. 1994. How spiders make a living. Entomological Society of America 23(6):1357-1367.
Peterson, A. T., Osborne D. R., and D. H. Taylor. 1989. Tree trunk arthropod faunas as food resources for birds. Ohio Journal of Science 89(1):23-25.
Riechert, S. E. 1974. Thoughts on the ecological significance of spiders. BioScience 24(6):352-356.
Utilitarian
Value (Silk, Venom, Biological Control)
Beattie, A. J. 1992. Discovering new biological resources - chance or reason? BioScience 42(4):290-292.
Breene, R. G., Sterling, W. L., and D. A. Dean. 1989. Predators of the cotton fleahopper on cotton. Southwest Entomologist 14(2):159-165.
Breene, R. G., Sterling, W. L., and M. Nyffeler. 1990. Efficacy of spider and ant predators on the cotton fleahopper [Hemiptera: Miridae]. Entomophaga 35:393-401.
Breene, R. G., Dean, D. A., Nyffeler, M., and G. B. Edwards. 1993. Biology, predation ecology, and significance of spiders in Texas cotton ecosystems. The Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 1711.
Carter, P. E. and A. L. Rypstra. 1995. Top-down effects in soybean agroecosystems: Spider density affects herbivore damage. Oikos 72(3):433-439.
Eisner, T. 1991. Chemical prospecting: A proposal for action. Pages 196-202 in F. H. Bormann and S. R. Kellert, editors. Ecology, Economics, Ethics: The broken circle. Yale University.
Fletcher, J. I., Smith, R., O'Donoghue, S. I., Nilges, M., Connor, Howden, M. E. H., Christie, M. J., and G. F.King. 1997. The structure of a novel insecticidal neurotoxin, omega-atracotoxin-HV1, from the venom of an Australian funnel web spider. Nature Structural Biology 4:559-566. (see Abstract)
Gosline, J. M., Denny, M., and M. E. DeMont. 1984. Spider silk as rubber. Nature 309(7):551-552.
Jackson, H., and P. N. R. Usherwood. 1988. Spider toxins as tools for dissecting elements of excitatory amino acid transmission. Trends in Neuroscience 11(6):278-283.
Lucas, F. 1964. Spiders and their silks. Discovery 25(1):20-27.
Mintz, I. M., Venema, V. J., Adams, M. E., and B. P. Bean. 1991. Inhibition of N- and L-type Ca2+ channels by the spider venom toxin omega-Aga-IIIA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 88:6628-6631.
Mintz, I. M., Venema, V. J., Swiderek, K. M., Lee, T. D., Bean, B. P., and M. E. Adams. 1992. P-type calcium channels blocked by the spider toxin omega-Aga-IVA. Nature 355(27):827-829.
Mintz, I. M., and B. P. Bean. 1993. Block of calcium channels in rat neurons by synthetic omega-Aga-IVA. Neuropharmacology 32(11):1161-1169.
Newman, J. and C. Newman. 1995. Oh what a tangled web: The medicinal uses of spider silk. International Journal of Dermatology 34(4):290-292.
Nyffeler M. and G. Benz. 1987. Spiders in natural pest control: A review. Journal of Applied Entomology 104:190-197.
Prince, J. T., McGrath, K. P., DiGirolamo, C. M., and D. L. Kaplan. 1995. Construction, cloning, and expression of synthetic genes encoding spider dragline silk. Biochemistry 34(34):10879-10885.
Provencher, L. and W. Vickery. 1988. Territoriality, vegetation complexity, and biological control: The case for spiders. American Naturalist 132(2):257-266.
Quickie, D. 1988. Spiders bite their way towards safer insecticides. New Scientist 26:38-41.
Quistad, G. B., Dennis, P. A., and W. S. Skinner. 1992. Insecticidal activity of spider (Araneae), centipede (Chilopoda), scorpion (Scorpionida), and snake (Serpentes) venoms. Journal of Economic Entomology 85(1):33-39.
Riechert, S. E. and T. Lockley. 1984. Spiders as biological control agents. Annual Review of Entomology 29:299-320.
Riechert, S. E. and L. Bishop. 1990. Prey control by an assemblage of generalist predators: Spiders in garden test systems. Ecology 71(4):1441-1450.
Rypstra, A. L. and P. E. Carter. 1995. The web-spider community of soybean agroecosystems in southwestern Ohio. Journal of Arachnology 23:135-144.
Simmons, A. H., Michal, C. A. and L. W. Jelinski. 1996. Molecular orientation and two-component nature of the crystalline fraction of spider dragline silk. Science 271 (5245):84
Tirrell, D. A. 1996. Putting a new spin on spider silk. Science 271:39-40. (See a press release on this topic)
Vollrath, F. 1992. Spider webs and silks. Scientific American 266:70-76.
Young, O. P. and G. B. Edwards. 1990. Spiders in United States field crops and their potential effect on crop pests. Journal of Arachnology 18:1-27.
Spiders
as Conservation/Monitoring Tools
Churchill, T. B. 1997. Spiders as ecological indicators: An overview for Australia. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria. 56(2): 331-337.
Clausen, I. H. S. 1986. The use of spiders (Araneae) as ecological indicators. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 7(3):83-86.
Gibson, C.W.D., Hambler, C. and V.K. Brown. 1992. Changes in spider (Areneae) assemblages in relation to succession and grazing management. Journal of Applied Ecology 29: 132-142.
Kremen, C., Colwell, R. K., Erwin, T. L., Murphy, D. D., Noss, R. F., and M. A. Sanjayan. 1993. Terrestrial arthropod assemblages: Their use in conservation planning. Conservation Biology 7(4):796-808.
McIver, J.D., Moldenke, A. R. and G.L. Parsons. 1990. Litter spiders as bio-indicators of recovery after clear-cutting in a western coniferous forest. Northwest Environmental Journal. 6:410-412.
New, T.R. 1999. Untangling the web: Spiders and the challenges of invertebrate conservation. Journal of Insect Conservation 3(4):253-258.
Oliver, I. and A. J. Beattie. 1993. A possible method for the rapid assessment of biodiversity. Conservation Biology 7(3):562-568.
Oliver, I. and A. J. Beattie. 1996. Invertebrate morphospecies as surrogates for species: A case study. Conservation Biology 10(1):99-109.
Threats
to Spiders
Anonymous. 1995. Tarantula trafficking. Endangered Species Bulletin 20(2):14.
Asquith, A. 1995. Alien species and the extiction of Hawaii's invertebrates. Endangered Species Update 12(6): ?
Carrel, J. E. 1995. Effect of fire on populations of rare burrowing wolf spiders in Florida scrub: Updated results and future studies. Abstract. American Arachnologist 53:3.
Clausen, I. H. S. 1990. Design of research work based on a pilot study dealing with the effect of pesticides on spiders in a sugar-beet field. Acta Zoologica Fennica 190:69-74.
Coyle, F. A. 1981. Effects of clearcutting on the spider community of a southern Appalachian forest. Journal of Arachnology 9:285-298.
Culver, D. C. 1986. Cave faunas. Pages 427-443 in M. E. Soule, editor. Conservation biology: The science of scarcity and diversity. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Deelman-Reinhold, C. L. 1990. Changes in the spider fauna over fourteen years in an industrial area in Holland. Acta Zoologica Fennica 190:103-110.
Downie, I.S., W.L. Wilson, V.J. Abernethy, D.I. McCracken, G.N. Foster, I. Ribera, K.J. Murphy, and A. Waterhouse. 1999. The impact of different agricultural land-uses on epigeal spider diversity in Scotland. Journal of Insect Conservation 3(4) 275-288.
Gillespie, R. G. and N. Reimer. 1993. The effect of alien predatory ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on Hawaiian endemic spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae). Pacific Science 47(1):21-33.
Glück, E. and S. Ingrisch. 1990. The effect of bio-dynamic and conventional agriculture management on Erigoninae and Lycosidae spiders. Journal of Applied Entomology 110:136-148.
Gunnarsson, B. 1988. Spruce-living spiders and forest decline; The importance of needle-loss. Biological Conservation 43:309-319.
Hopkins, P. J. and N. R. Webb. 1984. The composition of the beetle and spider faunas on fragmented heathlands. Journal of Applied Ecology. 21(3):935-946.
Hafernik, J. E. Jr. 1992. Threats to invertebrate biodiversity: Implications for conservation strategies. Pages 171-195 in P. L. Fiedler and S. K. Jain, editors. Conservation biology: The theory and practice of nature conservation, preservation, and management. Chapman and Hall, New York and London.
Kajak, A. 1978. The effects of fertilizers on numbers and biomass of spiders in a meadow. Symposium Zoological Society of London 42:125-129.
Mader, H. J., Schell, C., and P. Kornacker. 1990. Linear barriers to arthropod movements in the landscape. Biological Conservation 54:209-222.
Martinat, P.J., Jennings, D. T., and R. C. Whitmore. 1993. Effects of diflubenzuron on the litter spider and orthopteroid community in a central Appalachian forest infested with gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Environmental Entomology 22(5): 1003-1008.
McIver, J. D., Parsons, G. L., and A. R. Moldenke. 1992. Litter spider succession after clear-cutting in a western coniferous forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22:984-992.
Pajunen, T., Haila, Y., Halme, E., Niemela, J. and P. Punttila. 1995. Ground-dwelling spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) in fragmented old forests and surrounding managed forests in southern Finland. Ecography 18(1):62-72.
Porter, S.D., and S.A. Savignano. 1990. Invasion of polygyne fire ants decimates native ants and disrupts arthropod community. Ecology 71(6):2095-2106.
Zulka, K. P., Milasowszky, N. and C Lethmayer. 1997. Spider
biodiversity potential of an ungrazed and a grazed inland salt meadow in
the National Park 'Neusiedler See-Seewinkel' (Austria): implications for
management (Arachnida: Araneae). Biodiversity and Conservation 6(1):75-88.
Conservation
Research/Actions (USA)
Asquith, A. 1997. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Endangered Status for Two Cave Animals From Kauai, Hawaii. Federal Register 62(234):64340-64347.
Chambers, S. M. and S. Jahrsdoerfer. 1988. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Final rule to determine five Texas cave invertebrates to be endangered species. Federal Register 53(180):36029-36033.
Cokendolpher, J. C. 1995. Report on the taxonomic status of arachnid candidate species. Report for the National Biological Survey, contract no. 89160-4-2289. Unpublished.
Coyle, F. A. 1977. Arachnida; Araneae; Linyphiidae (Sheetweb spiders). Page 211 in J. E. Cooper, S. S. Robinson, and J. B. Funderburg, editors. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina. N.C. State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, North Carolina.
Crawford, R. L. 1994a. Arachnid information for Columbia River Basin Terrestrial Assessment, Eastside Ecosystem Management Project. Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, Forestry and Range Sciences Lab, La Grande, Oregon. Unpublished report.
Crawford, R. L. 1994b. Arthropod habitat conservation information for DNR Habitat Conservation Plan Phase 1. State of Washington Department of Natural Resources. Unpublished report.
Crawford, R. L. 1994c. Some spiders and related arthropods of mature and old-growth forests in western Washington and Oregon: Narrative species accounts. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Portland, Oregon. Unpublished report.
Cutler, B. 1988. Jumping spiders. Pages 422-431 in B. Coffin and L. Pfannmuller, editors. Minnesota's endangered flora and fauna. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Dellinger, B. and M. C. Hedin. 1994. Proposal for status review of rare Nesticus species (Araneae, Nesticidae) occurring in the southern Appalachians. Appendix B in Cokendolpher, J. C. 1995. Report on the taxonomic status of arachnid candidate species. Report for the National Biological Survey, contract no. 89160-4-2289. Unpublished.
Drewry, G. 1994. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Animal candidate review for listing as endangered or threatened species. Federal Register 59(219):58982-59028.
Drewry, G. and R. Sayers. 1996. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Review of plant and animal taxa that are candidates for listing as endangered or threatened species. Federal Register 61:7596-7613.
Edwards, G. B. 1992a. Eleuthra orb weaver. Pages 237-238 in M. Deyrup and R. Franz, editors. Rare and endangered biota of Florida: Volume IV Invertebrates. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Edwards, G. B. 1992b. Keys Cesonia spider. Pages 228-229 in M. Deyrup and R. Franz, editors. Rare and endangered biota of Florida: Volume IV Invertebrates. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Edwards, G. B. 1992c. Lake Placid funnel wolf spider. Pages 230-231 in M. Deyrup and R. Franz, editors. Rare and endangered biota of Florida: Volume IV Invertebrates. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Edwards, G. B. 1992d. Little Mountain jumping spider. Pages 238-240 in M. Deyrup and R. Franz, editors. Rare and endangered biota of Florida: Volume IV Invertebrates. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Edwards, G. B. 1992e. McCrone's burrowing wolf spider. Pages 232-233 in M. Deyrup and R. Franz, editors. Rare and endangered biota of Florida: Volume IV Invertebrates. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Edwards, G. B. 1992f. Red widow spider. Pages 250-251 in M. Deyrup and R. Franz, editors. Rare and endangered biota of Florida: Volume IV Invertebrates. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Edwards, G. B. 1992g. Workman's jumping spider. Pages 240-241 in M. Deyrup and R. Franz, editors. Rare and endangered biota of Florida: Volume IV Invertebrates. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Ekis, G. and P. Opler. 1978. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants. Proposed listing and critical habitat determination for two Hawaiian cave arthropods. Federal Register 43:26084-26087.
Elliott, W. R. 1991. Cave fauna conservation in Texas. Pp. 1-14 in: D. G. Foster, ed., Proceedings of the 1991 National Cave Management Symposium, Bowling Green, Kentucky. American Cave Conservation Association, Horse Cave, Kentucky.
Elliott, W. R. 1992. Fire ants and endangered cave invertebrates: a control and ecological study. Report prepared for Endangered Resources Branch, Texas Parks & Wildlife Department, Austin. ii + 30 pp.
Fridell, J. A. 1995. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Spruce-fir moss spider determined to be endangered. Federal Register 60:6968-6974.
Gibson, C. W. D., Hanbler, C. and V. K. Brown. 1992. Changes in spider (Araneae) assemblages in relation to succession and grazing management. J. Appl. Ecology 29:132-42.
Gillespie, R.G. 1999. Naiveté and novel perturbations: conservation of native spiders on an oceanic island system. Journal of Insect Conservation 3(4):265-273.
Harp, J.M. 1991. Status of the Spruce-Fir Moss Spider, Microhexura montivaga Crosby and Bishop, in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Unpub. report to the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 12 pp.
Harp, J. M. 1992. A status survey for the Spruce-fir moss spider, Microhexura montivaga Crosby and Bishop (Aranaea, Dipluridae). North Carolina Wildlife Commission, Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Unpublished report.
Luff, M.L. and S. P. Rushton.
1989. The ground beetle and spider fauna of managed and unimproved
upland pasture. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 25:195-205.
Marshall, S. D. 1992. Escambia Burrowing Wolf Spider. Pages 233-235 in M. Deyrup and R. Franz, editors. Rare and endangered biota of Florida: Volume IV Invertebrates. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Marshall, S. D. 1995. Natural history, activity patterns, and relocation rates of a burrowing wolf spider: Geolycosa xera archiboldi (Araneae, Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology 23(2):65-70.
Marshall, S. and M. Deyrup. 1995. What can Geolycosa wolf spiders tell us about Florida biogeography? Abstract. American Arachnologist 52:5.
Norris, K.C. 1999. Quantifying change through time in spider assemblages: sampling methods, indices and sources of error. Journal of Insect Conservation 3(4):311-327
O'Donnell, L., W. R. Ellicott, and R. A. Stanford. 1994. Recovery plan for endangered karst invertebrates in Travis and Williamson counties, Texas. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Ramirez, M.G. and T.A. Saunders. 1999. Allozyme diversity in non-social spiders: pattern, process and conservation implications. Journal of Insect Conservation. 3(4): 329-342.
Reiskind, J. 1987. Status of the rosemary wolf spider in Florida. Univ. Fl. Coop. Fish. Wildl. Res. Unit. Tech. Rep. 28:1-13.
Skerl, K.L. 1997. Spider conservation in the United States. Endangered Species Update 14 (3&4): 9-14.
Skerl, K.L. 1999. Spiders in conservation planning: a survey of US natural heritage programs. Journal of Insect Conservation 3(4):343-349.
Stanford, R. and A. Shull. 1993. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; 90-day finding on a petition to list nine Bexar County, TX, Invertebrates. Federal Register 58:63328-63331.
Wallace, H. K. 1992. Rosemary wolf spider. Pages 235-236 in M. Deyrup and R. Franz, editors. Rare and endangered biota of Florida: Volume IV Invertebrates. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Wallace, H. K. and G. B. Edwards 1992a. Blue purseweb spider and Red-legged purseweb. Pages 247-249 in M. Deyrup and R. Franz, editors. Rare and endangered biota of Florida: Volume IV Invertebrates. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Wallace, H. K. and G. B. Edwards 1992b. Florida trap-door spider. Pages 244-246 in M. Deyrup and R. Franz, editors. Rare and endangered biota of Florida: Volume IV Invertebrates. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Wallace, H. K. and G. B. Edwards 1992c. Torreya trap-door spider. Pages 242-244 in M. Deyrup and R. Franz, editors. Rare and endangered biota of Florida: Volume IV Invertebrates. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Wolff, R. J. and T. Mason. 1995. Conservation needs of arachnids: Proposal to TITAG Arachnid Specialist Group to develop a Statement of Purpose and agenda. Pages 91-95 in Proceedings of the 1995 Invertebrates in Captivity Conference. Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute., Tuscon, Arizona.
Conservation
Research/Actions (International)
Alderweireldt, M. and J-P. Maelfait. 1989. Recommendations for the conservation of endangered lycosid spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae). Pages 183-187 in Comptes Rendus du Symposium "Invertebres de Belgique".
Baert, L., Desender, K., and J-P. Maelfait. 1991. Spider communities of Isla Santa Cruz (Galapagos, Ecudor). Journal of Biogeography 18:333-340.
Brennan, K.E.C., J.D. Majer, and N. Reygaert. 1999. Determination of an optimal pitfall trap size for sampling spiders in a Western Australian jarrah forest. Journal of Insect Conservation 3(4):299-309.
Churchill, T.B. and J. M. Arthur. 1999. Measuring spider richness: effects of different sampling methods and spatial and temporal scales. Journal of Insect Conservation 3(4): 289-297.
CITES. 1991. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service.
DeWet, J. J. and H. J. Schoonbee. 1991. The occurrence and conservation status of Ceratogyrus bechuanicus and C. brachycephalus in the Transvaal, South Africa. Koedoe 34(2):69-75.
Doran, N.E., K. Kiernan, R. Swain, and A.M.M. Richardson. 1999. Hickmania troglodytes, the Tasmanian Cave Spider, and its potential role in cave management. Journal of Insect Conservation 3(4):259-264.
Gajdos P. and J. Svaton. 1994. Research and conservation spiders in Slovac Republic. Pages 11-116 in D. Balaz (ed.), Proceedings from Scientific Conference on Conservation and biodiversity in Slovac Republic.
Griswold, C. 1997. Occurrence and significance of the Afromontane spider families Cyatholipidae and Phyxelididae at Bwindi-Impenetrable Forest National Park. Report to BINP, Ugana, march 1997, 3 pp.
IUCN. 1996. The 1996 red list of threatened animals. IUCN. Gland, Switzerland.
Kelso, B. J. 1995. Ninth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES. TRAFFIC Bulletin 15(2):63-76.
Loksa, I. 1991. The spider (Araneae) fauna of the Batorliget nature conservation areas (N.E. Hungary). Studia Naturalia 1(2): 691-704
Leech, R., Moser, C., and R. R. Campbell. 1994. The Mexican red-legged spider Euathlus smithi (F. Picard-Cambridge, 1897) (Aranaea: Theraphosidae): Its listing and status in C.I.T.E.S. and its successful breeding in captivity. American Arachnology 49:11-13.
Main, B. Y. 1987. Ecological disturbance and conservation of spiders: Implications for biogeographic relics in southwestern Australia. Pages 89-97 in J. D. Majer, ed., The role of invertebrates in conservation and biological survey. Western Australia Department of Conservation and Land Management Report.
Main, B. Y. 1987. Persistence of invertebrates in small areas: Case studies of trapdoor spiders in Western Australia. In D. A. Sunders et al., eds., Nature conservation: The role of remnants of native vegetation. Surrey Beatty, Sydney, Australia.
Main, B. Y. 1990. Restoration of biological scenarios: the role of museum collections. Proceedings of the Ecological Scociety of Australia 16:397-409.
Meads,Mike (1990) Forgotten
fauna: the rare, endangered, and protected invertebrates of New Zealand.
DSIR Publishing, Wellington. 95pp.
Olson, D. M. 1994. The distribution of leaf litter invertebrates along a Neotropical altitudinal gradient. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 10:129-150.
Scharff, N., C. Griswold, and D. Ubick. 1996. Biodiversity and biogeography of the spider fauna of the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania: preliminary report. Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology, Dar es Salaam, 10 pp.
Skerl, K.L and R.G. Gillespie. 1999 Spiders in conservation – tools, targets and other topics. Journal of Insect Conservation 3(4):249-251.
Smith R. L., Sleeman J. M., Haworth R. I. and Batchelor J. H. 1992. Euathlus smithii, the Mexican red-kneed tarantula: observations in the wild with comments on status and conservation. Pages 158-166 in J. E. Cooper, P. Pearce-Kelly and D. L. Williams (eds.), Arachnida: Proceedings of 'One day Symposium on Spiders and their Allies'. Chiron Publications, London.
Watts, C.H.S. 1992. Conservation of non-commercial invertebrates in South Australia. Pages.8-1 - 8-7 in Threatened Species and Habitats in South Australia. A Catalyst for Community Action. Conservation Council of South Australia, Inc.
Wolff, R. J. and T. Mason. 1995. Conservation needs of arachnids: Proposal to TITAG Arachnid Specialist Group to develop a Statement of Purpose and agenda. Pages 91-95 in Proceedings of the 1995 Invertebrates in Captivity Conference. Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute, Tuscon, Arizona.
Yen, A. L. 1995. Australian spiders: An opportunity for conservation. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52:39-47.
Yaginuma T. and Y. Nishikawa. 1975. Other Invertebrates : Araneae. Studies in conservation of natural terrestrial ecosystems in Japan. Ann. Rep. JIBP/CT-S 9:76-78.
Ramirez, M. and R. Beckwitt. 1986. Genetic diversity among isolated populations of the California trapdoor spider Bothriocyrtum californicum (Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae). Pages 95-99 in W. Eberhard, Y.Lubin, and B. Robinson, eds. Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Arachnology, Panama 1983. Smithsonian Publications, Washington, DC.
Ramirez, M.G. and L. B Fandino. 1996. Genetic variability and gene flow in Metepeira ventura (Araneae, Araneidae). Journal of Arachnology 24:1-8.
Ramirez, M.G. and J.L. Froelig. 1997. Minimal genetic variation in a coastal dune arthropod: The trapdoor spider Aposticus simus (Cyrtaucheniidae). Conservation Biology 11(1):256-259.
Captive
Breeding
(Follow links to order some of these books from 
)
Clarke, D. 1991. Captive-breeding programme for the red-kneed bird-eating spider. International Zoo Yearbook 30:68-75.
Drummond, B. A. 1995. Complex life histories and diverse reproductive physiologies of endangered invertebrates: Implications for captive conservation. Pages 21-35 in E. F. Gibbons, B. S. Durrant, and J. Demarest, editors. Conservation of endangered species in captivity: An interdisciplinary approach. State University of New York Press, New York.
Frye, F. L. 1992. Captive Invertebrates: A guide to their biology and husbandry. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida.
Hodge, D. 1992. Display, breeding and conservation of theraphosid spiders. Pages 526-533 in AAZPA Annual Conference Proceedings 1992. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria, Washington DC.
Hughes, D. G. and P. M. Bennett. 1991. Captive breeding and the conservation of invertebrates. International Zoo Yearbook 30:45-51.
Leech, R., Moser, C., and R. R. Campbell. 1994. The Mexican red-legged spider Euathlus smithi (F. Picard-Cambridge, 1897) (Aranaea: Theraphosidae): Its listing and status in C.I.T.E.S. and its successful breeding in captivity. American Arachnology 49:11-13.
Pearce-Kelly, P., Clarke, D., Robertson, M., and C. Andrews. 1991. The display, culture and conservation of invertebrates at London Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 30:21-30.
Pearce-Kelly, P. 1994. Invertebrate propagation and re-establishment programmes: The conservation and education potential for zoos and related institutions. Pages 329-337 in P. J. S. Olney, G. M. Mace and A. T. C. Feistner, editors. Creative conservation: Interactive management of wild and captive animals. Chapman & Hall, London.
Reichling, S. B. 1995. A technique for measuring thermoregulation in theraphosid spiders. Pages 87-90 in Proceedings of the 1995 Invertebrates in Captivity Conference. Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute, Tuscon, Arizona.
Riechert, S. E. and J. M. Harp. 1986. Nutritional ecology of spiders. Pages 645-672 in F. Slansky and J. G. Rodriguez, editors. Nutritional ecology of insects, mites, spiders and related invertebrates. John Wiley & Sons, Nevada.
Wolff, R J. 1995. Notes on tarantulas: Research, smuggling, and protecting Brachypelma. Pages 99-102 in Proceedings of the 1995 Invertebrates in Captivity Conference. Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute, Tuscon, Arizona.
Wolff, R.J. 1995. Bacterial flora of tarantulas and its loss in captivity (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Pages 96-98 in Proceedings of the 1995 Invertebrates in Captivity Conference. Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute, Tuscon, Arizona.
Education/Public
Perceptions
(Follow links to order some of these books from
)
Hodge, D. 1992. Display, breeding and conservation of theraphosid spiders. Pages 526-533 in AAZPA Annual Conference Proceedings 1992. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria, Washington DC.
Kellert, S. R. 1986. Social and perceptual factors in the preservation of animal species. Pages 50-73 in B. G. Norton, editor. The preservation of species: The value of biological diversity. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Pearce-Kelly, P., Clarke, D., Robertson, M., and C. Andrews. 1991. The display, culture and conservation of invertebrates at London Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 30:21-30.
Pearce-Kelly, P. 1994. Invertebrate propagation and re-establishment programmes: The conservation and education potential for zoos and related institutions. Pages 329-337 in P. J. S. Olney, G. M. Mace and A. T. C. Feistner, editors. Creative conservation: Interactive management of wild and captive animals. Chapman & Hall, London.
Prchal, S. J. 1991. Sonoran Arthropod Studies, Inc.: A new concept in environmental education. International Zoo Yearbook 30:40-45.
Robinson, M. H. 1991. Invertebrates: Exhibiting the silent majority. International Zoo Yearbook 30:1-7.
Turner, J. 1995. ARACHNAMANIA! Interpreting arachnids at the Louisville Zoo. Pages 79-86 in Proceedings of the 1995 Invertebrates in Captivity Conference. Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute., Tuscon, Arizona.
Coddington, J. A., Larcher, S. F., and J. C. Cokendolpher. 1990. The systematic status of Arachnida, exclusive of Acari, in North America north of Mexico. Pages 5-20 in M. Kosztarab and C. W. Schaefer, editors. Systematics of the North American insects and arachnids: Status and needs. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station Information Series 90-1. Virginia Polytech Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.
Riechert, S. E., Uetz, G. and B. Abrams. 1985. The state of arachnid systematics. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 31:4-5.
Spider
Diversity Measurements
(Follow links to order some of these books from
)
Coddington, J. A., Griswold, C. E., Dávila, D. S., Peñaranda, E., and S. F. Larcher. 1991. Designing and testing sampling protocols to estimate biodiversity in tropical ecosystems. Pages 44-60 in E. C. Dudley, editor. The unity of evolutionary biology: Proceedings of the fourth international congress of systematic and evolutionary biology. Dioscorides Press, Oregon.
Coddington, J. A. and H. W. Levi. 1991. Systematics and evolution of spiders. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22:565-92.
Edwards, R. L. 1993. Can the species richness of spiders be determined? Psyche 100:185-208.
Edwards, R. L. 1997. A useful procedure in estimating the species richness of spiders. Journal of Arachnology 25(1):99-105.
Platnick, N. I. 1992. Patterns of biodiversity. Pages 15-24 in N. Eldredge, editor. Systematics, ecology, and the biodiversity crisis. Columbia University Press, New York.
Spider
Biology/Identification Keys
)
Foelix,
R. F. 1996. Biology
of spiders. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, New York.
Kaston, B. J. 1978. How to know the spiders. Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, Iowa.
Kaston, B. J. 1981. Spiders of Connecticut. State Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin 70:1-874. Updated edition 1020 pp.
Levi,
H.W and L. R. Levi. 1990. Spiders
and their kin. Golden Guide.
Nentwig,
W. 1990. Ecophysiology
of spiders. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Roth, V. D. 1993. Spider genera of North America. Third edition. American Arachnological Society, Gainesville, Florida.
Witt, P.N. and J. S. Rovner (eds.). 1982. Spider Communication. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Wise,
D. H. 1993. Spiders
in ecological webs. Cambridge University Press. 328 pp.
Invertebrate
Conservation (General)
(Follow links to order some of these books from
)
Collins, N. M. and J. A. Thomas. 1989. The conservation of insects and their habitats. Academic Press, London.
Hafernik, J. E. Jr. 1992. Threats to invertebrate biodiversity: Implications for conservation strategies. Pages 171-195 in P. L. Fiedler and S. K. Jain, editors. Conservation biology: The theory and practice of nature conservation, preservation, and management. Chapman and Hall, New York and London.
Howarth, F. G. 1983. The conservation of cave invertebrates. Pages 57-64 in J. E. Mylroie, editor. Proceedings of the first international cave management symposium. Murray, Kentucky.
Lattin, J. D. 1993. Arthropod diversity and conservation in old-growth northwest forests. American Zoologist 33:578-587.
Murphy, D. 1991. Invertebrate conservation. Pages 181-198 in K. A. Kohm, editor. Balancing on the brink of extinction. Island Press, Washington, DC.
New, T. R. 1993. Angels on a pin: Dimensions of the crisis in invertebrate conservation. American Zoologist 33:623-630.
New, T. R. 1995. An introduction to invertebrate conservation biology. Oxford University Press, New York.
Pullin, A. S. 1997. The challenge of insect conservation. Journal of Insect Conservation 1:1-4.
Wells, S. M., Pyle, R. M., and Collins, N. M. 1983. The IUCN invertebrate red data book. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Wilson, E. O. 1987. The little things that run the world (The importance and conservation of invertebrates). Conservation Biology 1(4):344-346.
