Lesson 11:
Syntax

Complete Utterances

Introduction

In this lesson we will review and clarify the syntax you've already learned, and you will learn some new syntactical rules. Qtwyqp Qly has a definite syntax that must be obeyed in most cases. When something new is covered, the use of such a structure will be explained.

The Basic Statement Structures

Any of the following structures constitutes a statement:

• objective noun + nominative noun + active finite verb
• nominative noun + passive finite verb
• cardinal + cardinal + relational operator
• ordinal + ordinal + relational operator
• adverbial ordinal + adverbial ordinal + relational operator
• number of occurance + number of occurance + relational operator
• statement + statement + intersentence conjunction
• statement + statement + binary logical operator
• statement + unary logical operator
• unary logical operator

Notes on the terminology: an "active finitive verb" is any active verb which is not an infinitive; similar for "passive finitive verb"; "binary" means it takes two operands (in this case, statements); "unary" means it takes one operand (in this case, statement).

The Basic Question Structure

The following constitutes a question:

• statement + interrogative unary logical operator

Note on terminology: "interrogative" refers to the h which begins question words.

The Basic Phatic Structures

Any of the following structures constitutes a phatic utterance:

• phatic
• objective noun + phatic

Partial Utterances

Introduction

These utterances may be used in informal circumstances, but mostly they are identified here in order to define the componets of complete utterances. Here I speak of replacement: unless noted, even a componet that was included in the replacement of another componet can be replaced by another set of componets as defined.

nominative noun

Any nominative noun may stand on its own or be replaced by one of the following:

• nominative noun + nominative noun + intrasentence conjunction
• objective noun + objective noun + active infinite verb
• objective noun + passive infinite verb

Or it may be replaced by the following, after which the nominative noun in the replacement may not be replaced by the following:

• nominative noun + adjective

objective noun

Any objective noun may stand on its own or be replaced by one of the following:

• objective noun + objective noun + intrasentence conjunction
• objective noun + objective noun + active infinite verb
• objective noun + passive infinite verb
• "ble" + statement + "dle"

Or it may be replaced by the following, after which the objective noun in the replacement may not be replaced by the following:

• objective noun + adjective

adjective

Any adjective may stand on its own or be replaced by one of the following:

• cardinal
• ordinal
• objective noun + postposition
• adjective + adjective + intrasentence conjunction
• para1

Or it may be replaced by the following, after which the adjective in the replacement may not be replaced by the following:

• adjective + para3

cardinal

Any cardinal may stand on its own or be replaced by the following:

• cardinal + cardinal + mathematical operator

ordinal

Any ordinal may stand on its own or be replaced by the following:

• ordinal + ordinal + mathematical operator

active finite verb

Any active finite verb may stand on its own or be replaced by the following:

• active finite verb + active finite verb + intrasentence conjunction

Or it may be replaced by one of the following, after which the active finite verb in the replacement may not be replaced by one of the following:

• active finite verb + adverb
• active finite verb + para4

passive finite verb

Any passive finite verb may stand on its own or be replaced by the following:

• passive finite verb + passive finite verb + intrasentence conjunction

Or it may be replaced by the following, after which the passive finite verb in the replacement may not be replaced by the following:

• passive finite verb + adverb

active infinite verb

Any active infinite verb may stand on its own or be replaced by the following:

• active infinite verb + active infinite verb + intrasentence conjunction

Or it may be replaced by one of the following, after which the active infinite verb in the replacement may not be replaced by one of the following:

• active infinite verb + adverb
• active infinite verb + para4

passive infinite verb

Any passive infinite verb may stand on its own or be replaced by the following:

• passive infinite verb + passive infinite verb + intrasentence conjunction

Or it may be replaced by the following, after which the passive infinite verb in the replacement may not be replaced by the following:

• passive infinite verb + adverb

adverb

Any adverb may stand on its own or be replaced by one of the following:

• adverbial ordinal
• number of occurance
• adverb + adverb + intrasentence conjunction
• para2

Or it may be replaced by one of the following, after which the adverb in the replacement may not be replaced by one of the following:

• adverb + para3
• adverb + para5

adverbial ordinal

Any adverbial ordinal may stand on its own or be replaced by the following:

• adverbial ordinal + adverbial ordinal + mathematical operator

number of occurance

Any number of occurance may stand on its own or be replaced by the following:

• number of occurance + number of occurance + mathematical operator